E.1.3 Analyze various sentence structures

phrasal verb

A verb made up of a main verb and a preposition, adverb, or both. The phrasal verb usually has a meaning completely different to its main verb, which can confuse beginners. → I asked you to drop by after seven. (The phrasal verb "drop by" means "visit") → She broke in to his apartment. (The phrasal verb "broke in" means "entered illegally")

Preposition

A word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and another word in the sentence. about after against among around at before beneath between beyond by down during for from in of off on over past through to toward under until up with within without EX -The napkin is in the drawer. -The Earth rotates around the Sun.

pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun -act as the object of a verb or as the object of a preposition, it must appear in the objective case -object---objective case

Pronoun

A word that takes the plce of a noun

Objective

Identify patterns of simple, compound, complex, amd compound-complex sentences Combine dependent and independent clauses Use the eight parts of speech Use sentences parts to create coherent sentence structures

clause

a group of words with a subject and a CONJUGATED verb

transitive verb

a verb whose action points to a receiver -drive -run -jump EX. He plays the piano. The piano was played by him.

collective <NOUN

act as one unit : -need singular verb EX the majority of Senators -has now voted- for the bill act as individually : -need plural verb EX The majority of courts -have followed- Roe v. Wade.

2. verb

action types : -transitive -intransitive

compound adj

noun + past particle government-controlled economy compute-generated image shark-infested water star-spangled banner

noun type

proper noun common noun collective noun possessive noun

plural add s or es or apostrophe

proper nouns : capital letters : as long as not confusing -She write her Ns in a strange way. but -She writes her I's in a strange way. lower case : use ' -Mind your p's and q's decades or other numbers : add s -She was stuck in the 1960s. acronym or abbreviation : add s (if period do not appear) -The young couple set up two IRAs. BUT -He roomed with two M.D.'s words referred to as words-italicize the word and add a non italicized -s -He use too many howevers (italicized however) in his style

conjugated verb

show three things : -tense -person -number

possessive <NOUN

singular noun : -add s plural noun ends in s : -add ' *if singular noun ends in s : -add ' + s except : biblical names -Jesus' disciples - Moses' followers EX -The boss's rules governed our acts -Congress's policy showed up in the statute -Bridget Jones's Diary plural proper nouns that end in s: -The Harrises' house -The Smiths' vacation two or more possessors possess the same entity : -San and Linda's children if possessors possess separately : -Sam's and Linda's children

The Indefinite Article

two forms. *a* when it precedes a word that begins with a consonant. *an* when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel. - indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than a particular thing. For example, you might ask your friend, "Should I bring a gift to the party?" Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item. "I am going to bring an apple pie," your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend probably doesn't even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears with -singular nouns. Please hand me a book; any book will do. Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

Compound sentence

two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. Usually, the independent clauses are joined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or they can be joined with a semicolon EX The time has come, and we are ready. I woke up at dawn; then I went outside to watch the sun rise

Predicate

The part of a sentence that explains what the subject does is like

action verbs vs linking verbs

*action verb* -what the subject is doing in a sentence -shows action -a sentence can be complete with one word : an action verb *linking verb* -are transitive verb that shows condition -the subject is described but does no action function of linking verb : 1. link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun 2. link a subject with an adjective **linking verbs always need a verb EX. appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, seem, smell. sound, and taste EX I feel. (wrong) I feel tired.(correct) I smell. (wrong) I smell roses. (correct)

Use the eight parts of speech

1--noun 2--verbs 3--adjective 4--adverbs 5--pronouns 6--prepositions 7--conjunctions 8--interjections

simple sentence

>> formula << -subj + verb + object subject : noun or pronoun or group of word acting a noun modifier : other words modifying with noun or pronoun Predicate : includes the verb and other words modifying or associated with , the verb 1) who or what--the subj 2) does what--verb 3) to what--direct object

phrase

A group of words that work together as a unit NO conjugated verbs EX -under the table--prepositional p. -available to him--adjectival phrase -when in doubt--truncated clause

1 noun

A person, place, thing, or idea job : 1. subject -a noun or group of words acting as a noun -could be pronoun 2. >>object ( of a verb )<< -noun can serve as a direct object* -direct object receives the action from a transitive verb -most verbs fall into a class is called transitive verb -transitive verb (takes the action expressed by the verb from the subject and carries it across to the recipient of that action aka direct object) EX John hit the ball John-agent or the do-or hit-transitive verb ball-recipient of the action or the do-ee >> object (of a preposition) << -prepositions is your glue word -pronoun takes the place of a noun that is acting the object or a verb or as the object of preposition -*it must appear in the objective case 3. COMPLEMENT -noun can act as the subj of the sentence. -when the verb in the sentence is trans. verb, then another noun can attach to that verb and act as the direct obj of the sentence *what if the verb is not action verb , but the verb is to be EX am, is, are, was, were, been, being, be EX John is... we will usually follow this expression in 2 ways : 1) an adj -John is big. (the adj big modifies the noun John.) 2) a noun -John is my friend (friend is the noun) *the noun friend follows the verb -to be- is called complement /predicate noun/predicate nominative *the complement noun requires the subjective case when pronoun take the place of a predicate noun

Complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

article

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples: After *the* long day, *the* cup of tea tasted particularly good. By using the article the, we've shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good. After *a* long day, *a* cup of tea tastes particularly good. By using the article a, we've created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.

The Definite Article

The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, "Are you going to the party this weekend?" The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about. The definite article can be used with - singular, -plural, or -uncountable nouns. Please give me the hammer. Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small. Please give me the nail. Please give me the large nail; it's the only one strong enough to hold this painting. Please give me the hammer and the nail.

Subject

The main noun of sentence that is doing or being

Exceptions: Choosing A or An article

There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start with consonants and an before words that begin with vowels. The first letter of the word honor, for example, is a consonant, but it's unpronounced. In spite of its spelling, the word honor begins with a vowel sound. Therefore, we use an. My mother is a honest woman. (wrong) My mother is an honest woman.(correct) Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but is pronounced with a consonant sound *use a* She is an United States senator. (wrong) She is a United States senator.(correct) This holds true with acronyms and initialisms, too: -an LCD display, -a UK-based company, -an HR department, -a URL.

Adverb

Word or phrase that modifies -verb -adj -another adv adverb : usually answer these question -when? -where? -how? -why? *negatives NOT and NEVER are known as adv* an adv that modifies an adj and other adverbs either strengthen or weaken the words that they modify EX -He walks quickly. -The water flows smoothly on the rocks. *Notes* most adverbs end in ly but could be also adj EX -friendly -early -holy -silly -lonely -ugly Check if it is adv or adj by asking those questions EX He is never angry. You talk too loud.

Adjective

Words or phrase that describes or modifies a noun

ExAlthough he had the flu, Harry went to work. Marcila got married after she finished college

apotrophe https://www.grammarly.com/blog/apostrophe/

clause type

dependent/subordinate clause independent clause

intransitive verb

do not point to a receiver of an action -does not point to a subject of object EX He plays. John writes well.

subjunctive mood

for wishes and statements that go against fact Wish: I wish that I were going to do this Statement against fact: If I were you, I would do this. (This goes against fact bec I am not you)

subordinating <CONJUNCTION

include -after -althouhg because before on order that since so that unless until when whenever where wherever whether while EX -I am hungry because I did not eat breakfast. -He went home when everyone left.

coordinating<CONJUNCTION

include -and -but -yet -or -nor -for -so EX : -The rock was small, but it was heavy. -She drove in the night, and he drove in the day.

correlative<CONJUNCTION

include -either...or -neither...nor -not only...but also EX -Either you are coming, or you are staying. -He ran not only three miles, but also swam 200 yards

mood

indicative imperative sunjunctive

conjunction

join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the joined pieces type : -coordinating -correlative -subordinate

Phrase vs. Clause

phrase : -the absence of conjugated verbs EX over the rainbow clause : -the presence of conjugated verbs EX when i fall in love ---love is conj verb

comparison with adv

the same rules for adj *the positive degree is the standard form of an adv.* EX -He arrives soon. -She speaks softly to her friends *the comparative* -He arrives sooner than Sarah. -She speaks more softly than him. *the superlative* -He arrives soonest of the group. -She speaks most softly of any of her friends.

indicative mood

used for facts ,opinions, and questions Fact: You can do this. Opinion: I think that you can do this Question: Do you know that you can do this?

imperative mood

used for orders or request Order: You are going to do this? Request: Will you do this for me?