EAB 3002 final

_____________ means that the probability of response is highest in the presence of the stimulus value used in training.

Absolute stimulus control

___________ is concerned with the distribution of operant behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement.

Choice

A _____________ schedule occurs when two or more simple schedules are available at the same time.

Concurrent

Each response in a behavior chain serves as a/an:

Conditioned reinforcer for previous response Sᴰ for the next response

Conditioned = Learned = Tertiary

False

You can establish new behavior by using an MO

False

When rules alter the function of other stimuli and, thereby, strength of relations among these stimuli and behavior, the rules are called _________.

Function-altering events

Janet is teaching a child named Aly different animals. Today, she is teaching Aly all about dogs. She shows Aly pictures of big dogs, little dogs, brown dogs, white dogs, etc. After a couple days of teaching Aly about dogs, she is walking with her mother at a park, and she sees a really furry cat. She instantly says, "Dog!" with lots of excitement. What has Aly demonstrated?

Generalization

Selecting a smaller (but immediate payoff) over the larger, delayed benefits is considered which type of behavior?

Impulsive

_______ is exhibited when an organism selects the smaller, immediate payoff over the larger, delayed benefits.

Impulsive behavior

If you are hungry, there will be a(n) _________ in the effectiveness of food as a reinforcer, and this operation is called ___________.

Increase; establishing

When establishing a ratio of exchange you should _______.

Keep initial ratios low

Which of the following is considered to be part of the class of verbal operants?

Manding Tacting Intraverbal Behavior

Generalization and discrimination refer to differences in the precision of ____________________:

Stimulus control

Samantha always sits in the front row in the seat closest to the professor's desk. For years, she has received good grades on exams because she always sits in the same location. Samantha's behavior is a demonstration of which of the following?

Superstitious behavior

An example of this type of CMO is the sight of a screw.

Transitive CMO

Learning about the difference between rule governed behavior and contingency shaped behavior can be confusing (Answer is true)

True

You an tell when a behavior is the result of a rule when there has never been any punishment or reinforcement for the behavior, including automatic reinforcement, but there is a rule in effect.

True

The matching law performs two functions, allows scientists to _______ and to ______

_Precisely describe data, and predict behavior

An unconditioned motivating operation is _______.

A motivating operation whose value altering effect does NOT depend on a learning history

Mary lying on the couch and deciding not to get up to pick up a slice represents what effect on the frequency of moving towards the table to get pizza:

Abative

Mary, an FIU student, spends the whole day at the subway inside GC eating meatball foot-long subs with extra cheese and marinara sauce while she is studying for her final exams. In total Mary ends up eating 5-foot long subs during a 6 hour duration. Mary finishes her studying and goes home where she immediately lies down on the couch. Manny, her boyfriend, returns home and immediately orders a pizza with extra marinara sauce and cheese. When the pizza gets there, Manny asks Mary if she is interested in having a slice of pizza. She immediately turns her head away in disgust and says "No". Mary tells Manny that if she wants some pizza later on she will get up and get some. The rest of the night passes and Mary does not get up to get a slice of pizza and instead goes to sleep. Mary turning her head away in disgust represents what effect on the value of the pizza as a reinforcer:

Abolishing

In the past, tantrumming has positively reinforced Johnathan's behavior with attention and getting what he wants. Because of his history of conditioning, whenever things do not go his way, he throws a fit. Jonathan's parents are tired of this behavior and are successful at reducing the frequency of this behavior by taking away his privilege of watching TV and ignoring him completely when he screams and cries. However, at school, Johnathan's teacher still allows Johnathan to get his way when he tantrums because it is highly disruptive to the rest of the class and this behavior increases. This is an example of _______________.

Behavioral contrast

A motivating operation alters ____________:

Both A and B The effectiveness of some stimuli, object, or event. The current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event

The matching law is used to:

Both A and C Demonstrate rules of correspondence Show that rate of response equals the relative rate of reinforcement

Achieving status on LinkedIn is an example of a ______ in the 21st century.

CMO

Some environmental variables, as a result of our experiences, make us want something different from what we wanted prior to encountering those variables, and induce us to try to obtain what we want. This is an explanation for what type of variable?

CMO

Turning on a faucet to a sink, putting soap in your hands and rubbing them back and forth, then washing the soap off with water and ending with drying them is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

Chain Schedule

When performance is attributed to direct exposure to reinforcement contingencies it is called:

Contingency Shaped Behavior

A _____________ alters the probability of an operant and a response is more or less likely to occur when the stimulus is present.

Controlling stimulus

The relationship between "saying" and "doing" is formally a _________ relation:

Correspondence

Stimuli that signal a decrease in time to positive reinforcement, or an increase in time to an aversive event, are more effective conditioned reinforcers, this is an explanation of _______.

Delay reduction hypothesis

Adults watching their teenage children dancing may repeat aspects of this behavior at neighborhood parties. This is an example of:

Delayed Imitation

Trent constantly rubs his hands together and does this 45 times within 30 minutes. He has blisters on his hands from frequent irritation. Trent also loves physical touch by others and touch is considered a reinforcer for him. A behavior analyst wants to decrease the maladaptive behavior of rubbing his hands together and put any reinforcement for this behavior on extinction. The behavior analyst gives Trent a high five or a pat on the back for every behavior that is not the targeted behavior and does not provide reinforcement to Trent when he rubs his hands together. Eventually, Trent only rubs his hands together 10 times in 30 minutes and has shown great improvement. What technique is the behavior analyst using in reducing Trent's maladaptive behavior?

Differential reinforcement

One way to measure stimulus control is by using a __________.

Discriminative index

Tokens should be _______.

Durable

Mary apparently has a likeness for marinara sauce and cheese, however, if she would not have eaten anything during the day and her boyfriend returned home and ordered the pizza, she would have most likely gotten up off the couch to pick up a slice of pizza. Her behavior of getting up off the couch probably would have increased that night exhibiting what effect:

Evocative

Establishing operations have a(n) ________ effect, and abolishing operations have a(n) ___________ effect.

Evocative; Abative

Headaches will _________ any behavior that has been reinforced with pain reduction.

Evoke

Generalized reinforcement depends on a particular EO for any form of reinforcement to be effective.

False

Observing responses were maintained when they produced information about both reinforcement and punishment.

False

Relative stimulus control occurs when an organism does not respond to differences between two or more stimuli.

False

Someone learning a language by reading grammar books and memorizing the dictionary (rule-governed) will have the same experience of the language than someone who has learned it from the verbal community (contingency-shaped).

False

The only difference between chain schedules of reinforcement and tandem schedules of reinforcement is that chain schedules require more than one simple schedule to produce reinforcement and tandem schedules do not.

False

There are two types of motivating operations: Unconditioned and semi-conditioned

False

When planning to withdraw a token economy the first step should be to make the price of more desirable items less expensive.

False

Praise, compliments, and good grades are all examples of:

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

A behavioral interpretation of the BoBo doll experiment suggests that complex observational learning builds on the process of _____________.

Generalized Imitation

_____________ is mediated by the behavior of others.

Generalized Social Reinforcer

Submissiveness is a type of _______

Generalized satiated punisher

John, a CEO for a large corporation decided to implement a token system in the form of a scorecard and pay for performance system. He select tokens, identified target behaviors, selected backup reinforcers, established a ratio of exchange, and wrote procedures for what happens when requirements are not met. He then implemented the system company-wide. The system immediately failed and caused a lot of people at the company to lose money. What did John do incorrectly?

He did not field test the system

All of the steps required for making a bowl of cereal are an example of which type of chain?

Heterogenous Chain

Exclusive preference develops for the alternative with the _______ rate of reinforcement.

Higher

When the topography of a response is similar in each component it is called a ___________ chain.

Homogenous Chain

In a chained schedule of reinforcement, only the __________ link of the chain results in unconditioned reinforcement.

Last

With increased earnings, increase the number of _______

Luxury items

Which of the following is true about MO's and SD's?

MO's alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer, while SD's alter the probability of a reinforcing consequence occurring

Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned reinforcer?

Money

If reinforcers from one unchanged source are depleted and responding in another source increases, we call this

Negative contrast

Imitation requires that the learner emits a ________ response that could only occur by observing a _______ emit a similar response:

Novel; model

For the Bobo doll experiment, Bandura suggested that there was a difference between learning and performing modeled aggression, he labeled this process as:

Observational Learning

Generalized imitation is based on principles of:

Operant Conditioning

Precurrent behavior is

Operant behavior that precedes some other response

Spontaneous imitation is most closely associated with:

Phylogeny

Jaime is a college student that lives by herself and thus has become frugal with her money and spending. Every Sunday morning, she cuts out and saves clippings of coupons to be used whenever she has the opportunity. Once she has collected two weeks-worth of coupons, she goes to the grocery store and stocks up on groceries for the next two weeks. Jaime's behavior of cutting out coupons every Sunday is an example of which of the following?

Precurrent behavior

The statement of a rule, controls the _______

Response

If a person knows the rule describing the immediate consequences of a given behavior, then that behavior is:

Rule-governed

If the contingency for a behavior is delayed by at least 60 seconds, then that behavior is probably:

Rule-governed

When people obey laws such as expressed by posted speed limits, signs that say "no smoking" and proscriptions not to steal, the behavior is ________________.

Rule-governed

When hailing a cab, you signal only when a taxi has no passengers and never signal when a taxi has passengers (because in the past, taxis with passengers have not stopped for you). The taxi with passengers signals function as a(n):

S-Delta

For the behavior analyst, observing Trent engaging in behavior that is not rubbing his hands is considered a __________ for providing reinforcement.

SD

Jill and her friend Kerry wear the same size clothes. However, Jill's friend Stacy wears a smaller size. Jill asks to borrow clothes from Kerry, but not Stacy. With regard to Jill's behavior of asking to borrow clothes, Kerry is a _________ while Stacy is a __________.

SD, S-delta

Coupons are considered to be ___________ for Jaime's behavior of going grocery shopping.

Sd's

_______ Is demonstrated when an organism chooses a larger, delayed reward while rejecting the smaller, immediate payoff.

Self-control

Which of the following is NOT considered a UMO for humans?

Social deprivation

When the "Hot" sign is turned on in the Krispy Kreme donut shop window, Randy always stops to buy a donut. When the "Hot" sign is turned off, Randy does not stop to buy a donut. The "Hot" sign is exerting ___________ over Randy's behavior.

Stimulus Control

This type of CMO accomplishes what the MO it was paired with accomplishes.

Surrogate CMO

In a self-contained autism classroom, a teacher is working on arts and crafts with her students. While working on his project, a student signs "flower" after he sees the teacher's plants. With much enthusiasm, the teacher says, "That's right! Those are flowers!" What type of verbal operant is the student emitting?

Tact

It may be necessary to weaken the effects of an MO; both reinforcer-establishing and evocative effects of UMO's can be _______weakened by the relevant reinforcer-abolishing and abative operations.

Temporarily

Diana, a 10 year old girl diagnosed with autistic disorder, frequently displays inappropriate behavior by getting out of her seat when asked to sit down. During sessions, a behavior analyst uses an FI 10 schedule to provide reinforcement. After every 10 minutes of sitting appropriately in a chair, the analyst gives Diana a token. After collecting 5 tokens, Diana can exchange them for cookies, toys, or a variety of other things that she loves. This system is called _____________.

Token Economy

A difference between rule-governed and contingency-shaped is one of knowledge. To understand the rules, we must be taught the rules and commit them to memory and then learn when to apply them. Contingency-shaped behavior is learned because of the reinforcement or punishment that the individual is exposed to by their actions. Their future actions are modified in a way based on that past experience of reinforcement and punishment.

True

Attention tends to be reinforcing because it necessarily precedes other types of reinforcement from people.

True

Conditioned reinforcers remain effective in chain sequences because the terminal link continues to provide unconditioned reinforcement.

True

Formal similarity requires that the verbal stimulus and the product of the response be in the same mode, and have exact physical resemblance.

True

Level systems are a type of token economy

True

Level systems can be found in video games

True

Mos and Sds both are antecedent events that can evoke or abate responses, but their simple occurrence does not change the organism's repertoire of functional relations.

True

Rule governed behavior is behavior under the control of a rule

True

Rule-governed behavior can also be characterized by one instance of reinforcement causing a large increase in the frequency of the behavior, behavior changing without reinforcement, consequences not being immediate, or no immediate consequence is apparent.

True

The Ainslie—Rachlin Principle refers to the facts that reinforcement value decreases as the delay between making a choice and obtaining the reinforcer increases and leads to preference reversal

True

The distribution of time and behavior among the response options is the behavioral measure of choice and measurement.

True

The term "occasioned" dictates that the operant is under the stimulus control of an antecedent stimulus.

True

Token economy has similarities to the world's economy.

True

Value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned are called _____________:

UMO's

Factors that influence the reinforcing effectiveness of conditioned stimuli are all but which of the following:

Who delivers the reinforcer

Contingency control involves _______ control of behavior by a contingency, without the involvement of rules.

direct

21st century examples of generalized conditioned social reinforcers are _______

likes, retweets, and reposts

IN regards to approval, we tend to _______ the type of behavior that we approve of and any sign of this approval

reinforce

The _______ of a rule, controls the _______, described by that _______

statement, response, rule

Trust is the correspondence between _______ and _______ behavior

verbal and non verbal