EAB 4764 midterm

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic communications techniques used to facilitate joint goal and intervention selection?

Empathy

Behaviors that terminate an unpleasant consequences are called

Escape behaviors

The purpose of research is to:

Evaluate the effects of the independent variable as unambiguously as possible

Which of the following situations would be considered positively reinforcing for Mike's behavior?

Ex mother is teaching him to walk in the house instead of running. To accomplish this she spanks him every time she observes him running. After 30 days of this intervention Mike's running increased above previous levels

Which of the following does NOT form a basis for ABA?

Existentialism

Edible reinforcers work every time because food is a basic need

False because it is a primary reinforcer and these are not likely to work when the organism is satiated

During training of program implementers, which is most important to sustaining program implementation:

Follow-up support and feedback from significant others

From a behavioral point of view, which one of the following is the most important reason to avoid depending on food as a primary source of reinforcement?

Foods are unstable reinforcers because they are subject to the influence of motivational operations

A major goal of applied behavior analysis is to:

Help individuals function more independently without outside interference

A three term contingency refers to a(n):

Interdependencies or relationships of contingencies with

After an extended period of time, data indicated that treatment has had no impact on a young adult's hallucinatory behavior. This probably means that the:

Interventionist should stop or modify his procedure

ABA has shown that human behavior:

Is lawful and subject to scientific investigation

Promising specific reinforcers in ABA:

Is not a form of bribery because it is used primarily for the benefit of the client

ABA is a scientific approach in that:

It experimentally investigates variables that influence behavior

Contingency managers must participate in selecting procedures because:

It helps make their consistent implementation more likely

The field of applied behavior analysis (ABA) began applications to human behavior during the:

Late 1950's to early 1960's

when selecting or matching reinforcers to individuals it is least important to:

Make sure the reinforcer has been used successfully with everyone else

Terrance decided to see what effect giving out coupons for the ward store would have upon keeping the desk clean, engaging in group activities, and medication taking. Select the best design to examine this situation.

Multiple-baseline across behaviors

Professor Caresalot has been having a continuing problem with one of her students. He is always interrupting her by asking irrelevant questions, first in class because she was very patient, polite and answered his questions. Then he began to come to her office and finally he began seeking out the good professor during lunch and dinner. She decided that something had to be done. First, she ignored his irrelevant questions at lunch. Then she began ignoring when he came to her office and asked irrelevant questions. Finally, she began to ignore his talking about irrelevant subjects in class. Results indicated that ignoring reduced irrelevant questions each time it was introduced. This illustrate a:

Multiple-baseline across situations

Many teachers in different schools are in need of consultation services regarding the effective use of reinforcement in the classroom. You cannot possibly work with all of them at the same time. The best design to evaluate your effectiveness is:

Multiple-baseline across subjects

Mary starts to cry when her mother scolds her. Mother stops scolding Mary when she cries. Mary's crying has increased. The increase in crying may be due to what procedure?

Negative reinforcement

Sue is sitting in front of the TV. Her brother can't see his program. He hits her and she leaves crying. The term we would use to describe the function, or purpose, of the brother's hitting is?

Negative reinforcement

A student, Michele, was causing a disruption. The teacher yelled at her to be quiet. She stopped her disruption. Yelling by the teacher was:

Negatively reinforced

An SΔ is an antecedent stimulus in which:

Non-reinforcement occurred as a result of the response

At the school level, who or what is responsible for primary prevention?

PBST

A parent is teaching her child to play in the backyard by slapping the child every time he steps in the front yard. Over a weeks. Of time the child is stepping into the front yard more than previously. What procedure did the parent use?

Positive reinforcement

Many stimuli, such as receiving food when hungry, putting on a coat when cold, and receiving sought after attention, can be:

Positively and/or negatively reinforcing

Which of the following is NOT a constructive guideline for preventing the misuse of ABA procedures?

Primary caretakers should be trained to keep clients with mental disorders or retardation from becoming familiar with behavioral procedures

Liquids for a liquid deprived individual is an example of a:

Primary positive reinforcer

Behaviors in a response class:

Produce the same reinforcers under similar circumstances

An SDp is an antecedent stimulus in which:

Punishment occurred as a result of the response

There are a number of different types of discriminative stimuli due to what the individual's experience has been with the response-consequence pairings in the presence of specific antecedents. An SDr is an antecedent stimulus in which:

Reinforcement occurred as a result of the response

Negative reinforcement involves:

Removing a consequence to the behavior resulting in its increase or maintenance

When changing unwanted behavior, the behavior analyst:

Teaches alternative replacement behaviors

A major difference between the PBST and the SST is:

The SST conducts regular screening while the PBST determines the areas of need within the school

The schoolwide Positive Behavior Support Team (PBST) and the Student Success Team (SST) are similar and/or different in that:

The SST identifies staff skilled in conducting functional and mental health assessments and the PBST addresses and prevents problem behavior for the majority of student.

Avoid selecting the across behaviors multiple baseline design when:

The behaviors may be interrelated

Which of the following is an example of a tangible reinforcer?

The car keys

An example of the matching law is when:

The client proportionally matches his behavior under choice conditions to the rates of reinforcement of each choice.

Stimulus generalization is said to occur when:

The response occurs in the presence of a variety of stimuli that share certain characteristics

A brief baseline phase is used when:

The target behavior never or hardly ever occurs

A teacher asked Maria, "What is 3x3?" Maria responds, "6." The teacher then asks Tyrone, "What is 3x3?" He responds, "9." The teacher then says, "Yes, that's correct Tyrone. Maria, what is 3x3"? Maria responds, "9," and receives praise. In this example,

The teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an SDr for Maria to say 9 and an SΔ for saying 6.

Token reinforcers are reinforcing because

They are exchanged for back-up reinforcers

Reinforcers that are natural to an individual or a better choice than artificial reinforcers. From the following, choose the answer that clearly supports this statement:

They provide an already present or natural form of unobtrusive reinforcement in that situation

Select the true statement:

Training, inspiration, and initial commitment without follow-up support are usually worthless.

To inform clients, advocates, supervisors, and others of the results of a behavioral program:

Use the client's or advocate's vocabulary whenever possible.

The advantages of single subject designs include:

Using ipsative data Demonstrating functional relations (both a and c)

A lottery system was introduced at Jellystone National Park to decrease frequency and amount of littering on park grounds. A chance of winning a camper was obtained by depositing a 10-gallon bag of litter collected on the park grounds. Results showed that the amount of litter per square yard decreased dramatically from the amount measured during three weeks of baseline. When the lottery was removed, the amount of litter increased substantially. Park officials then re-instituted the lottery system. After three weeks, a lottery ticket was also obtained by depositing trash in specifically designated containers. Results showed that the number of individuals observed littering per week decreased from the amount counted per week during the initial phases of the litter system. This illustrates a(n):

Withdrawal ABAB

Extinction involves:

Withholding all reinforcement from the behavior's occurrence

Which of the following is a facet of ABA? Applied Behavioral Conceptual a and b only a, b, and c

a and b only

Changes in a subject's behavior as a result of treatment are also known as:

a dependent variable

An aversive stimulus that strengthens the behavior by being removed from the situation as a consequence is called:

a negative reinforcer

a main difference between positive and negative reinforcement is that positive reinforcement involves the ____________ of a stimulus and negative reinforcement involves the _______________ of a stimulus contingent upon the behavior it follows

addition - removal

ABA is applied to individual's behaviors:

all the above

What is the most important similarity between positive and negative reinforcement?

both result in an increase in or maintenance of the behavior

When conducting research a behavior analyst will vary the:

conditions of the treatment

An applied behavior analysis program tends to incorporate all but which of the following:

determination of diagnostic categories

Which of the following does NOT form a basis for ABA?

existensialism

The treatment and behavior change is the condition that is manipulated. It is usually the ________ variable. The measure of the behavior is usually the ________ variable

independent - dependent

Typically, multiple-baseline designs are avoided when:

interdependence exists

A high school student is observed to curse in the classroom, in the cafeteria, and on school grounds. His behaviors carefully observed in all three settings. Behavior analysis procedures are first introduced in the classroom, but his behavior is monitored in the other two settings. Subsequently, behavior analysis procedures are also used in the cafeteria and on school grounds this design is referred to as a:

multiple- baseline across situations

Joe Honeygrain scratches a mosquito bite... scratching has been increased by which consequential procedure?

negative reinforcement

Sue is sitting in front of the TV. Her brother can't see his program. He hits her and she leaves crying. The term one would use to describe the function of hitting on watching TV (Sue's behavior) in the above example is?

negative reinforcement

Which of the following is most likely to be an independent variable? The:

number of aversive stimuli delivered to a rat's tail

The teacher compliments Slim for completing his homework...What procedure did the teacher use?

positive reinforcement

A student, Michele, was causing a disruption. The teacher yelled at her to be quiet. She stopped her disruption. Over time, it is discovered that Michele's disruptions are increasing even through the teacher keeps yelling at her when she is disruptive. It appears that the teacher's yelling is __________ Michele's disruptions.

positive reinforcing

The following critical features - a stimulus, added as a consequence, that decreases the behavior - identifies which procedures?

punishment

Which is the most valid method for determining reinforcer effectiveness for an individual?

reinforcer preference assessment

Which of the following is not likely to serve as a motivational operation for a reinforcer?

the premack principle

The generalized reinforcer is effective for a wide range of behaviors because:

the reinforcer was paired with a variety of previously established reinforcers

The ABAB design is called the:

the withdrawal design

Ms. Pantfeld decided to see what effect a special class activity would have on her first period class attendance. Select the most appropriate design to research this dilemma

withdrawal

When using a multiple baseline design, which of the following is not true

you can never be sure your procedure is working without a probe (reversal)

A stimulus class is:

A group of stimuli that have a common effect on behavior

John ate two hamburgers before coming home... John's reply of no thank you.

A motivational operation (MO) or Establishing Operation

a reward is:

A specific contingent consequence that was selected on the assumption that it will increase or maintain behavior

Which of the following can be considered a stimulus? Temperature Question/response A dream All of the above

All of the above

Treatment integrity: Refers to the program being implemented as planned. Is related to intervention effectiveness. Is related to contextual fit. All the above.

All the above

Treatment integrity: -Refers to the program being implemented as planned. -Is related to intervention effectiveness. -Is related to contextual fit. -All the above.

All the above.

ABA primarily attempts to:

Alter an individual's behavior

The definition of stimulus is:

An object or event that may influence behavior

Before the process of negative reinforcement can take place:

Anniversary of stimulus must be present

the person who typically systematically applies behavioral procedures, or is primarily responsible for doing so, is called a (an):

Applied behavior analyst

Unconditioned respondents:

Are reliably elicited by stimuli that preceded those behaviors

Being correct in itself fails to reinforce a clients performance. Which of the following would be least helpful to you in attempting to identify an alternative reinforcer confidently?

Ask him to state his preference for a set of potential reinforcers

If teachers are to implement a program that they have been trained to implement during a workshop, the training must:

Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback for program implementation

Which of the following activities is or are important to establishing a supportive environment for program development and selection? Establish a support base (e.g., a team or involve others). Assure contextual fit. Select and request the program implementer apply the intervention that research shows is the most effective for the client. All the above. Both a and b.

Both a and b.

When selecting an intervention: Contextual fit is not important. Select one that is effective and fits the skills, schedules, resources and values of the program implementers. Select one that can be implemented with relative ease and is acceptable to the program implementers while improving client adjustment, competence, or habilitation. Both b and c.

Both b and c.

Operant behavior is: Controlled primarily by its antecedents Controlled primarily by its consequences Elicited Voluntary Both b and d

Both b and d

Representative baselines are established by:

By repeatedly assessing the behavior as it typically occurs

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of ABA?

Concerned with inner processes

The person who typically systematically applies behavioral procedures, or is primarily responsible for doing so, is called a (an):

Contingency Manager

ABA focuses on objective and observable behavior because:

Covert behavior is difficult to study scientifically

The term contingency refers

Dependencies or relationships between behavior and its antecedents and consequences

The term reinforcement is used to:

Describe both a process and procedure

Which of the following assertions is most consistent with a behavioral orientation to development?

Developmental functioning should be described in terms of responses that are both measurable and observable