Early Childhood Education Test
When can children create shapes from other shapes?
Five to six
Egocentrism
Focuses on self and thinks only from one's own perspective
Which is true about orthographic skills?
They develop side by side with phonics skills
(3a−2b)(4b−5a+1)(3a−2b)(4b−5a+1)
22ab−15a2+3a−8b2−2b
A child typically has a vocabulary of at least 450 words by what age?
3 years of age
Johan speaks in simple, grammatically correct sentences, like, 'Let's go.' and 'She came late.' Johan is in stage ____ of grammar development.
3
A child should be able to recognize a parent's voice by what age?
3 months
An adult is watching a two-year-old play with a set of colored blocks. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to ask a child of this age to help promote her emergent numeracy development?
"Can you count after me as we put away the blocks?"
The concept of object permanence is best characterized as:
"Out of sight, still exists"
Kira speaks in mostly two-word sentences, like, 'Gimme.' and 'I want.' Kira is in stage ____ of grammar development.
1
Stage ____ of punctuation development involves being able to correctly use simple end-sentence punctuation.
1
Which numbers do children aged one and two know?
1 and 2
Formal Operational Stage in Adolescence
11 to Adulthood Children begin thinking in more complex ways (Abstract & detailed). Can solve problems, consider various ideas and perspectives.
According to emotional development theories, _____
11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds.
A child should be able to imitate spoken words by what age?
12 months
In Brown's Stages of Syntactical and Morphological Development, which age ranges is associated with stage I?
12-26 months
Based on recent research by the CDC, what is the prevalence rate of developmental disabilities in the United States?
13.87%
According to Piaget's theory, in what age range do children begin representing things with symbols?
18-24 months
Stage ____ of punctuation development involves being able to use complex punctuation, and coincides with stage four of grammar development.
2
Language or speech delays:
2 or older: cannot use language to express anything other than immediate needs 4 or older: spoken language is hard to understand Age 1: a child does not use gestures (waving or pointing) 18 months: Difficulty imitating sounds
Preoperational Stage
2 to 7 years old Imagination and use of mental representations for object Two subgroups: symbolic function and intuitive thought.
Typically, young children eat most of the same foods as adults by the age of ___.
2 years old
Student R has four fewer pencils than student S, and student T has twice as many pencils as student R. If student S has n pencils, which of the following represents the number of pencils that student T has?
2(n - 4)
Leo is in the two-word period of linguistic development. He's able to say short phrases like 'play dog' and 'food mommy'. What likely age is Leo?
20-30 months
How much usable play space at minimum do experts reccomend for early childhood learning environments?
35 sq. ft indoors & 75 sq. ft outdoors
Leslie speaks and writes in complex sentences, which means she is in stage ____ of grammar development.
4
Preschematic
4-6 years old. begin to develop a visual schema
b2(7−b)−4b2(7−b)−4
46
A child can identify and correctly use spatial relations by age:
5 years
What is the most typical age for children to understand common opposites like big/little, hot/cold, ect.?
5 years old
What age do children typically undergo the second of three periods of language/communication development?
6-18 months
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years old Children begin to think logically about objects and events.
A seven month old baby repeatedly babbles 'bababa' and 'dadada'. This is an example of
A baby's use of phonemes from his native language.
Which of the following best explains the difference between a developmental language disorder and an acquired language disorder?
A developmental language disorder is one that begins in childhood and can involve delays in speech, while an acquired language disorder usually starts in adulthood and is cause by injury or illness
What is the correct meaning of cognitive dissonance?
A feeling of discomfort due to contradictory information
Which of the following best explains the difference between a language delay and a language disorder?
A language delay occurs when a child is slower to learn speech but eventually catches up. A language disorder is more serious and the child might experience lifelong problems.
Which of the following is NOT a possible manifestation of a specific learning disability?
A middle school student with muscular dystrophy has difficulty holding a pencil.
According to Roger Brown's (1973) Stage I sentence types, which is classified under "Operations of Reference"?
A negation
Specific Learning Disability
A neurological disorder that produces a learning deficit that delays or impairs learning. Often affects Reading, Writing, and Written Expression
Phonological Process
A pattern of speech errors that follows predictable rules Substitution Processes Syllable Structure Process Assimilation Process
Combinability
A phenomenon Where sounds and words are combined together to create a variety of meanings
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
A special education law that requires schools to educate students with disabilities in least restrictive environments to the greatest extent of their abilities using plans tailored to the individual needs of the students.
Evaluate the metaphors below and indicate which one best aligns with a general definition of sensory dysfunction.
A traffic jam of information.
Speech Sound Disorder
A type of communication disorder associated with challenges of pronouncing words and sounds.
What is a phoneme?
A unit of sound
An adult recently experienced a stroke and now has difficulty finding words, though her cognitive ability is not affected. Which of the following is she likely suffering from?
Aphasia
Expressive language
Ability to express ideas in words
LANGUAGE DOMAIN Developmental Milestones:
Ability to imitate sounds Use words to identify objects and people Increased vocabulary Longer, more complex sentences Pronunciation improves Able to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings with words
What is literacy?
Ability to read and write
Print awareness is the:
Ability to understand that the printed text conveys context
When children construct meaning, they may address new information that does not fit into their existing concepts or schemes by either forming a new scheme or changing an existing one. What is this process called?
Accomodation
Which of the following refers to a skill that focuses on the number of words the student is able to read correctly?
Accuracy
Which of these stages includes near native speaking ability?
Advanced fluency
Development
Advancement of thinking and physical characteristics
What is the factor that contributes most to native-like second language acquisition?
Age
Stage 3 of Physical Development
Ages 3 to 7 Advances in gross and fine motor skills; provides a foundation for sports performance and independent daily living. Throwing and catching a ball, jumping in rhythm, buttoning, zipping, and pouring drinks or preparing food items.
Which of the following games can be used to teach phonics?
All answers are correct
Which of the following is a step in the development of language?
All answers are correct
How can teachers of non-native English learners support the development of the alphabetic principle?
All answers are correct.
Which is an important component of teaching letter identification?
All of the above
Which are signs of emergent literacy?
All of the answers are correct
How are temper tantrums of children with ASD different than temper tantrums of children without ASD?
All of the answers are correct.
Which is a way to encourage the growth of number sense?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of developmental delay in children?
All of the options are causes of developmental delay in children.
What is one way to help children learn sight words?
All of these answers are correct
Which principle holds that letters and groups of letters combine to create words and meaning?
Alphabetic
Which one of the conditions below is NOT considered a developmental disability?
Alzheimer's disease
The animation of letters and number in Sesame Street, or of objects in Spongebob Squarepants, appeals to children in Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development because of their:
Animistic thinking
The term 'developmental disabilities' describes:
Any one of three main conditions that emerge during key developmental periods in adulthood which significantly impact a person's physical, cognitive, or behavioral health
Delay in physical development
Due to a physical disability, social and emotional development may be affected
A child has a hard time forming words to speak because his brain is not properly working with the muscles needed to produce speech. What condition is this child likely suffering from?
Apraxia
Cognitive strategies _____.
Are active studying techniques, like notetaking
Which of the following have research studies found regarding the relative individualism or collectivism of different world cultures?
Asian and Latin American cultures are both interdependent
To promote children's developing abstract thinking, which technique(s) should be used during and after shared readings are best suited for children who are younger, rather than older, ages of childhood?
Asking children to identify vocabulary words and describe story details
A three-year-old and a four-year-old have been competing for opportunities to ride the swing. Both children are capable of seating themselves in the swing and pushing it. Which of the following responses from their preschool teacher will best serve to foster the children's social problem-solving skills?
Asking the children to explain the situation and helping them decide what to do
What should a teacher do before beginning phonics instruction?
Assess students' phonological awareness
Which step for teaching reading includes creating a rubric?
Assessment
A toddler sees a large brown dog and says, "Moo!" This is an example of:
Assimilation
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, (blank) and (blank) are processes included in the overall process of (blank).
Assimilation; accommodation; adaptation
What is automaticity?
Automaticity refers to how rapidly and effortlessly students can read.
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development corresponds to ages 2-3 years in early childhood?
Autonomy vs. Shame
What is defined as an imaginary line drawn through the North and South Poles?
Axis
The holophrastic stage refers to the time when
Babies can use a few words and understand many more.
Why are most stages of development described as occurring within an age range rather than a specific time?
Because there are normal individual differences in the rates of development.
Why are the universal principles of growth and development important?
Because they describe the stages of biological development.
At what age do children begin learning number sense?
Before school ever begins
Atypical Development
Behaviors that are different from typical developmental expectations based on the child's age There can be physical delays or cognitive dysfunctions, and there can be social or emotional manifestations.
All of the following always represent atypical development in a child, EXCEPT:
Being in the 10th percentile for height for age
This simple act is often the first step in learning to read:
Being read to.
Synaptic pruning
Between 4 and 6 years old When unused connections are pruned and eliminated
At what age does emergent literacy occur?
Between birth and first grade
How are the effects of physical disabilities and chronic illnesses similar?
Both lead to physical limitations, lower socioeconomic statuses, emotional challenges and high medical costs.
The orthogenetic principle of growth and development, which is also called Werner's orthogenetic theory, compares the progression of psychological and physical development. Which of the following best represents Dr. Werner's position on the subject?
Both psychological and physical development continuously progress from simple to complex.
Which statement correctly compares the function of Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Broca's area is involved with production and Wernicke's area with understanding.
Metabolic Disorders
Can be due to genetic predisposition. Lethargy, apnea, vomiting, or lack of appetite.
Which of the following mathematical assessments is NOT an appropriate expectation for a preschool learner of ages 3 and 4?
Can count to fifteen
Proximodial Principle
Center of body outward
Among the following auditory disabilities, which ones does not involve any part of the hearing mechanism?
Central auditory processing disorder
Which if the following processes occurs earliest in children?
Centration
Social Development
Changes during life stages, related to the way one interacts with others
Emotional Development
Changes in life stages with behaviors related to emotions Ability to identify own feelings and the feelings of others
Modifications
Changes to the curriculum
Accommodation
Changing the mental schema to reflect a new schema
Cognitive Delays
Child over 2 who is unable to follow simple instructions Child over 2 who is not able to imitate actions or speech Child over 1 who does not search for objects that are hidden as the child watches
Emotional Domain of Development
Child's ability to control their own reactions and feelings. Sensorimotor & Preoperational stages of development don't see themselves a part of the world around them.
Which of the following occurs during the preoperational stage of development?
Children become inquisitive and use mental representations for objects
Giving preschool children an activity using different body postures and movements to portray different emotions can accomplish which of these?
Children participate in physical exercise while having fun
Which statement correctly describes some benefits to young children of the language Experience Approach (LEA)?
Children realize they acquire knowledge and understanding from their own experiences
All of the following statements are true about language development in children EXCEPT:
Children who are emotionally reactive develop language quickly
Sequential second language learners are _____.
Children who are fluent in one language, then introduced to another
What statement correctly represents how the whole language instructional approach addresses young children's mechanical errors in earl literacy learning?
Children's overall engagement, comprehension, and appreciation precede correction
Which is true about providing affective learning experiences for preschoolers?
Children's social development and interactions require emotional development
Who proposed that children are born with a language acquisition device?
Chomsky
Innate Hypothesis
Chomsky Hypothesis that humans are born ready to learn language
Highlighting important information in a text is a _____ strategy.
Cognitive
Sanjay is in Pre-Algebra, and his teacher explains the concept of solving an equation for the 'x' variable. Sanjay learns how to do this by thinking about it quietly and practicing several problems on a worksheet. What kind of learning did Sanjay use in this example?
Cognitive
A child has severe emotional disabilities that manifest as acting out aggressively toward other students and so they are restricted from participating in free play outside. This is an example of the impact of emotional development on which of the following developmental domains?
Cognitive Development
Learning how to do multiplication is an example of _____.
Cognitive development
All of the following are characteristics of pre-linguistic language development, EXCEPT:
Complex utterance
Understanding the events of a story and their meaning is:
Comprehension
Developmental disability
Conditions due to a physical impairment or difference in the ability to acquire language, learning skills, or behavior.
Pre-talking Stage of Language Acquisition
Cooing or making sounds to communicate 0 - 6 months
Which type of teaching involves students separated into groups?
Cooperative learning
The stage of spelling development that involves using a complete understanding of language is the _____ stage.
Correct spelling
What is the best example of numeration?
Counting sheep.
Which of the following strategies could a teacher use most effectively to help emergent and early readers better understand and use semantic cues?
Covering up various words in a big book text and having students use meaning to guess the hidden words
A student who is hyposensitive to proprioception will:
Crave excessive amounts of vigorous sensory input.
Which is not a metacognitive strategy?
Creating a mnemonic
Which of these is part of the Earth's lithosphere?
Crust
What two social/personal factors are most closely linked?
Culture and motivation
Which aspect of reading is most closely related to phonics?
Decoding
Which of these accurately reflects research findings on gender differences in early childhood motor development?
Despite certain differences, preschool motor development between genders is more similar than different.
In which step should you create proof that shows your students have learned the material?
Determine the evidence
In a kindergarten classroom, the teacher has set out several wordless books for the children to look at. Periodically, she asks one of the children to "read" the book to her. Asking the children to participate in this activity will be most effective as a way to:
Develop the children's oral language skills.
When a toddler begins to shout, "NO!" often, Erikson would characterize this behavior as:
Developing autonomy
What is the term for the advancement of thinking and physical characteristics?
Development
The study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and relationships change as they grow is referred to as _____.
Developmental psychology
Which of the following materials should a first-grade teacher include in the writing center to best encourage the students to write for various audiences?
Different sizes and types of paper, envelopes, and cards
Which of the following is an example of the phonological process disorder called fronting?
Dot for got
Which of the following specific learning disabilities is characterized by difficulty understanding mathematical concepts or learning math facts?
Dyscalculia
Which of the following specific learning disabilities is named after the Greek term for ''difficulties with writing?''
Dysgraphia
Which of the following specific learning disabilities is primarily a reading disorder but can also affect writing, spelling and speaking?
Dyslexia
What is included in benefits of instructional activities teaching preschoolers about the visual art element of shape?
Early geometric math skills are developed
When children write words without spaces between them, they are likely in the _____ stage of writing development.
Early words
Articulation deficits include all of the following EXCEPT:
Eliminations
A child has few opportunities to interact with other students outside their family and so they have not learned appropriate ways to express their feelings. This is an example of the impact of social development on which of the following developmental domains?
Emotional Development
Social Emotional Skills
Enable social development with skills like communication, forming relationships, and how one develops a sense of self.
Physical Development
Encompasses gross motor skills and fine motor skills
Of the following, which is true of Siegfried Engelmann's contributions to early childhood education?
Engelmann demonstrated that Piaget's conservation of liquid volume did not depend only on a child's stage
A three-year-old recognizes a word on a sign for a fast-food restaurant and understands that people go inside that building to eat. This is an example of a child making meaning from which of the following?
Environmental print
What is the factor that contributes most to second language acquisition?
Exposure or input
Which of these is more typical of the language development of a two to three year old compared to a preschooler?
Expressing opinions/preferences
How are expressive language and receptive language different?
Expressive language refers to the ability to communicate through speech, while receptive language refers to the ability to comprehend spoken language.
Cognitive Development Milestones: 1 to 3 year olds
Find hidden objects Understand simple directions (may ignore them!) Identify colors, shapes, develop ability to classify them Increasingly greater vocabulary
Phonology
First step of the process of language acquisition A child interprets the clustering of both consonants and vowels but states them incorrectly
Five observable behaviors that characterize sensitive periods
First, child is engaged in an activity (beginning, middle, and end). Second, activity will be irresistible to the child. Third, child will continuously return to the activity. Fourth, child develops an emotional attachment to activity. Fifth, child starts to be satisfied when the activity is completed.
How could you BEST describe the role that grammar plays in language?
Grammar enables complexity of meaning in language
The component of language that involves two parts, syntax and morphology is known as _____ development.
Grammatical
A teacher asks a student, 'Does that look right?' The teacher is using ____ cueing.
Graphic
Teaching phonics and root words promotes ____ cueing.
Graphic
Which of the following types of development is NOT impacted by socioeconomic status?
Gross motor skills
Physical Domain of Development
Growth in size and weight *Gross Motor Skills: lifting the head, pulling up, walking, running, jumping, climbing, playing sports Fine Motor Skills: using hands, grasping, holding objects, using utensils, holding a pencil/crayon, using scissors, and drawing *Eye-hand coordination: many fine motor skills require the brain to process input from vision to control fine motor movements such as reaching and holding objects
Global Developmental Delay
Has developmental delays in all or most of these areas
What should a parent of a child who does NOT achieve key developmental milestones by a reasonable age do?
Have the child seen by a physician.
A two-and-a-half-year-old is showing signs of a language delay. She produces only a few, single-syllable words, and her pronunciation is much more difficult to understand than that of her peers. Her language delay is likely to have been influenced most significantly by:
Having had frequent ear infections in the past 18 months.
Cephalocaudal Principle
Head to toe
Growth and Development
Hereditary factors: genes, sex, and race Environmental factors: hormones, chemical messengers, pollution, and chemicals Nutritional factors: proper diet and malnutrition Lifestyle factors: socioeconomic status and negative habits
Toddler Andrea recently began saying the word 'play' very excitedly. Her parents understand she is saying she wants to play now. This is an example of which type of speech?
Holophrase
Cognitive Development
How a child's thoughts change and grow as the individual through the process of learning (Problem-solving, abstract thinking, reading comprehension, and math comprehension) ***Can be affected by age, but also by one's environment or disabilities.
Language acquisition
How humans learn a language
The term 'sensitive periods' is associated with the following researchers:
Hugo de Vries and Maria Montessori
Which of the following activities would provide the best opportunity for third-grade students to apply critical-thinking skills in science?
Identifying problems in the way an experiment was carried out
Learning Disabilities
Impairment that interferes with the student's academic performance.
Kelly is a four-year-old who has mild cognitive delays. She attends preschool for five half days each week. A special education teacher comes to the classroom to work with Kelly three times per week. Her preschool teacher is beginning a unit that involves new concepts related to nutrition. He is planning to introduce several concepts during large-group circle time, then provide follow-up activities for small-group centers. In this situation, the preschool teacher can most appropriately address Kelly's learning needs by:
Including her in all lessons to the fullest extent possible.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Inclusion, mainstream in regular classroom Teachers need specialized training
EMOTIONAL DOMAIN Developmental Milestones:
Increased ability to respond to others Develop feelings of trust Expresses emotions Develops logical, abstract thinking, and problem solving Manages feelings (frustration, disappointment, anger) Empathy Develop self-esteem and self-confidence
SOCIAL DOMAIN Developmental Milestones:
Increased awareness of others Ability to share opinions and ideas Respect opinions and ideas of others Increase ability to work collaboratively Develop friendships Follows rules
Which of the following is NOT a physical change that occurs during early childhood?
Increased vocabulary
Cognitive Development Milestones: 6 to Adulthood
Increasing ability to understand complex ideas Develop abstract thought Engage in logical thinking Understand cause/effect Increased reading and language skills
Phonemes
Individual sounds (vowels and consonants)
Stage 1 of Physical Development
Infancy Birth and one years old Children develop gross motor control to help hold up their heads, move arms and legs, roll over, and sit up without support.
Child Development Stages
Infancy and Toddlerhood: birth - 2 years Early Childhood: 2 - 6 years Middle Childhood: 6 - 11 years Adolescence: 11 - 18 years
Language Domain of Development
Infants babble, toddlers imitate. Around age of two, vocabulary increases to about 150 word.
Which foundational science skills is best illustrated by an activity comparing non-standard measures, such as using scales to find the weight ratio when comparing apples and grapes?
Inference
Which theory places the most emphasis on social interaction in the development of language?
Interactionist
Presenting students with authentic opportunities to use their second language increases their _____.
Intrinsic motivation
How does egocentrism evolve through the stages of development?
It first appears in the preoperational stage, subsides in the concrete operational stage, and re-appears in the formal operational stage.
Which of the following statements about child-directed speech is FALSE?
It helps the child develop multiple languages concurrently
How does the study of human development help us understand atypical development in children?
It helps us understand what most children should be capable of doing at different stages of their life.
Which of the following statements about pre-linguistic speech is FALSE?
It involves hand signals
How would you describe the milestone of decentration in the concrete operational stage of development?
It is a way of considering matters from multiple perspectives, rather than just one.
Which of the following is true of sensitive periods?
It is easy for a child to learn certain abilities during these periods without being aware of it.
Why is the development of fine motor coordination in early childhood so important?
It is involved in countless activities that children and adults may take for granted, such as playing sports, drawing, and writing.
Why is an increase in balance so important to a child's physical development in early childhood?
It makes additional exploration of the child's environment possible, which leads to learning.
Which of the following is true about biological development?
It occurs in an organized, sequential order.
The importance of the 'Read Aloud/Think Aloud' strategy is:
It teaches students how to read fluently and think critically about the text as they read
Why is early intervention for atypical development important?
It will likely lead to increased self-confidence, academic success, and improved social interactions.
Which of the following is true of phonics instruction?
It works best alongside other aspects of literacy instruction.
Which of the following is an example of atypical development in children?
Jake's learning abilities as well as social interactions are impaired and less developed than those of other children of his same age.
Which of these is the BEST definition of atypical development?
Physical, cognitive, emotional, or social development that is significantly delayed or different from that of peers.
Sasha is in a mechanics class, and she needs to learn how to put together an engine. She gets confused by reading the book or by watching others do it, but she learns quickly when given the chance to actually work with an engine and put it together herself. Based on this information, what kind of learner is Sasha most likely to be?
Kinesthetic
Those who learn best by doing are considered:
Kinesthetic learners
What is the first step to planning reading lessons?
Know the standards
Riley is two-years-old and is very sensitive to vocal sounds and mimicking. He repeats new words he hears and enjoys having stories read to him. Which sensitive period does Riley's behavior suggest he is in?
Language
First Sensitive Period
Language Birth-6 years old Child becomes sensitive to vocal sounds and mimicking. ***Delay in language and communication
A child is born with a hearing disability and was delayed in learning to speak. This is an example of the impact of physical development on which of the following developmental domains?
Language Development
An English speaker may be able to guess the meaning of the German word haus due to its resemblance to the English word house. This is an example of _____.
Language transfer
The five categories of sensitive periods are:
Language, order, sensory skills, motor skills, and social skills
_____ is a chemical that can cause stunted growth and development.
Lead
A second-grade teacher reads aloud to the class often, from a wide variety of genres and with great expression. This activity primarily helps students to:
Learn what fluent reading sounds like.
Knowing the alphabet along with the way individual letters look and sound is called:
Letter recognition
A child at the phonetic stage of spelling development usually writes:
Letters for every sound heard within a word.
Which of these is NOT one of the major personality structures proposed by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory of development?
Libido
When a young child believes their thoughts caused something external to happen, which is the most specific Piagetian term to describe this phenomenon?
Magical thinking
Piaget coined the term "schema" to describe:
Mental concepts of categories or classes
Intellectual disability is the current term, which replaces the old diagnostic label:
Mental retardation
Drawing a picture to go along with each of your vocabulary words because images help you remember information is an example of a _____ strategy.
Metacognitive
A child who draws things that look like letters, but aren't really letters is likely in the _____ stage of writing development.
Mock writing
Which of these is an example of intentional lap reading?
Mother and child looking at book as mother reads it
What is typically the strongest factor in second language development?
Motivation
What is true regarding children's motor development from infancy to preschool ages?
Motor skills development involves learning new physical movements over a course of time.
In Maslow's theory, which needs are at the base of the pyramid?
Physiological
The HighScope Curriculum for preschoolers (Weikart etal) identifies 58 key developmental experiences for active learning, dividing them into 10 main categories. Which does NOT correctly represent one of the first five of these 10 categories?
Music, including being able to write musical notation and compositions
A teacher tells a class that anybody who gets 100% on the next quiz will be excused from doing homework for that day. According to behaviorist terminology relative to motivation theory, this incentive is an example of what technique?
Negative reinforcement
A young child wakes up early one day and enjoys not being rushed by his mother in getting ready for school. This child then makes a point of waking up early again on subsequent days. According to behaviorist theory, this illustrates which principle?
Negative reinforcement
_____ refers to the brain's ability to grow and change and is at highest point during _____.
Neuroplasticity; early childhood
During language pre-production, a child will usually _____.
Nod rather than speak
The Two Word Stage of Language Acquisition
Noun-noun and noun-verb phrases, short but not complete sentences, usually two words are the entire sentences 18 - 24 months
How is numeration different than number sense?
Numeration is represented by counting on your fingers, where number sense is understanding that the 2 in the tens place actually means 20 and not 2.
Saying 'geen ake' for 'green snake' is an example of:
Omission
Print awareness is:
One of the first steps in learning to read
The first time Joe complimented his grandmother, she smiled and gave him a hug, a consequence he enjoyed. He learned that every time he is nice to his grandmother, she rewards him in a similar way. Now, he's more likely to be nice every time he sees his grandmother, due to this anticipated reward. What kind of learning did Joe use in this example?
Operant Conditioning
When baby Terrell says 'wa-wa-wa' and points to a cup, his mother responds with 'you want water,' and reinforces his learning by giving him a drink of water. This is an example of the _____ perspective of language development.
Operant Conditioning
Every time young Haley says the word 'teddy,' she is given her favorite stuffed bear, which reinforces her understanding and continued use of the word for getting the toy. According to behaviorist theory, this is an example of:
Operant conditioning
Second Sensitive Period
Order One to three years old Child is learning to draw conclusions and organize information to make sense of the environment. Four subgroups: Spatial order, Social order, Sensory order, and Temporal order. ***If unable to learn these skills child may experience delay in reasoning/ learning.
Sensitive periods are:
Overlapping periods of child development where children are sensitive to particular stimuli or interactions
Which of the following is NOT true about second language development?
Personal desire to learn a language does not have much effect.
The smallest unit of language is called a:
Phoneme
These are the sounds a word makes:
Phonemes
Vowels and consonants are examples of
Phonemes
What do students first need to understand for success with the alphabetic principle?
Phonemes
Recognizing phonemes is the key quality of _____ awareness.
Phonemic
Substitutions of letters and blends to make new words is a good way to teach _____ awareness.
Phonemic
A child who spells based on sound alone is likely in the _____ stage of spelling development.
Phonetic
The link between written and spoken language is called:
Phonics
Which is true about reading instruction?
Phonics and reading books are equally important
The ability to recognize that words are made up of a variety of sound units is called _____ awareness.
Phonological
The component of language that involves the rules of structure and speech sounds is called _____.
Phonology
Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of developmental delay?
Physical
Which of the following is typical of a child with Asperger's syndrome?
Physical clumsiness
Developmental Domains of Child Development
Physical, Cognitive, Social, Emotional, & Language
Which of the following is a lifestyle choice that may enhance growth and development?
Playing outside every day
Josh is talking with his teacher; each time the teacher is talking, Josh waits for him to stop before he starts talking again. Which component of language is represented in this example?
Pragmatics
When a child just puts together a string of random letters, numbers, and symbols, they are likely in the _____ stage of spelling development.
Pre-communicative
Economy of Language
Precision Language can be used with speed or with accuracy.
In which of the six stages of art growth and development do children begin to develop a visual schema?
Preschematic
Which of the following is an example of a fluency disorder?
Prolongation
Which has to do with ensuring there is appropriate spacing between students in the classroom?
Proximity
Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor that may impact growth and development?
Race
A child who scribbles on a paper, but does not fully realize that the way they move their hand determines what type of scribbles they make, is likely in the _____ stage of writing development.
Random scribbling
How can children be taught directionality of print?
Read with children sliding your finger under the words
Three-year-old children typically acquire which of the following music appreciation skills first?
Recognizing whether music is being played loudly or softly
Social Domain of Development
References the ability to understand and interact with others.
Brandon is a toddler whose vocabulary consists of labels, such as 'doggie' for all four-legged animals and 'ball' for anything round. His neighbor Cara, who is a few months older, says 'thank you' when given something, and 'good doggie' when she sees the family pet respond to a command. Brandon exhibits the _____ language style, while Cara is developing _____ language.
Referential; Expressive
Sensitive periods
Refers to several overlapping periods of development where a child is sensitive to a particular stimuli or type of interaction.
Receptive language
Refers to the ability to understand words
Syntax
Refers to the order of words, necessary for written and oral communication.
Cognitive Development Milestones: Birth to 1 year olds
Responds to feeding and care Recognize faces Develop ability to make sounds Develop ability to reach and grasp objects
Decentration
Seeing things from multiple perspectives, rather than one.
Which of the following skills is NOT a part of the social domain as it pertains to intellectual disabilities?
Self-care (Practical Skill)
When AJ, who is diagnosed with ASD, gets very frustrated, he bangs his head on the wall. This _____ is very worrisome to his parents.
Self-injurious behavior
A student asks another student, 'Does that make sense?' The student is using ____ cueing.
Semantic
Using meaning and context to figure out an unfamiliar word is ____ cueing.
Semantic
If a child uses the letter 'R' to represent the word 'are,' she or he is likely in the _____ stage of spelling development.
Semi-phonetic
Third Sensitive Period
Sensory Skills Birth to 4 years old The brain is rapidly developing and taking in information about the world through sensory input. ***Delay in distinguishing between what sensory stimuli is important and not.
Sensory Disorders
Sensory modulation disorder (SMD), sensory-based motor disorder (SBMD), and sensory discrimination disorder.
The Telegraphic Stage of Language Acquisition
Sentences follow syntax and grammatical rules much more accurately, but there are still some mistakes 24 - 30 months
At what age do children begin measuring with a tool?
Seven to eight
Which age group can recognize this pattern? 7, 14, 21, 28, . . .
Seven to eight
Which of the following is a hereditary factor that can influence growth and development?
Sex
Laura is enjoying her debate class and the views her other classmates are bringing up. How would you describe the stage of development she has reached?
She is now in the formal operational stage of development.
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the large-scale movement of continents over the earth's surface over long periods of time?
Shifting of tectonic plates
During early production, students will generally use _____.
Short familiar phrases
These are words that are recognized as a whole, rather than by individual letters:
Sight
Grammar
Significant component of all languages; helps everyone who speaks understand one another, talk, and teach the language
Orthogenetic Principle
Simple to complex development
Gross Motor Skills
Skills that use large and multiple muscle groups to produce big movements such as running, walking, and climbing.
In indoor EC learning environments, which is most related to providing for children's privacy needs?
Small inner rooms and partitions
Morphemes
Smallest units of meaning in a word
A child has trouble understanding how to interact with peers and struggles to understand lessons taught in a group setting. This is an example of the impact of cognitive development on which of the following developmental domains?
Social Development
A child who was born nonverbal struggles to articulate themselves and express their needs to others, so they are extremely shy and have trouble making friends. This is an example of the impact of language development on which of the following developmental domains?
Social Development
Fourth Sensitive Period
Social Skills 30 months to 6 years old Child begins to notice the social environment Begins to observe behavior closely and learn what's expected of them, as well as others, in various situations. ***Will be less socially confident and may not handle social situations in an acceptable way.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is primarily a _____ and _____ disorder, although some people with ASD also have intellectual and learning disabilities.
Social and communicative
How are social development and emotional development different?
Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.
Social Emotional Delays
Social play skills that are inappropriate for the child's age Having trouble reading social cues Trouble regulating emotions, or becoming easily upset
_____ is the social and financial status of an individual in society.
Socioeconomic status
Babbling Stage of Language Acquisition
Sounds are more articulate and refined but cannot be recognized as words, can have repetitive or alternating syllables; a baby's first speech-like sounds 6-8 months
Language development is the process in which a child learns to _____.
Speak in full, complete sentences
When characterizing young children, what did Vygotsky mean by the term "private speech" that he coined?
Speaking aloud to themselves during activities
When English Language Learners reach the early production stage of second-language acquisition, they are typically most comfortable performing which of the following language tasks?
Speaking in single words or two-word phrases
Which of the following is NOT true of specific learning disabilities?
Specific learning disabilities can be caused by physical disabilities, intellectual disabilities or emotional disorders.
Articulation Errors
Speech sound errors where a person is unable to pronounce a sound correctly
According to Roger Brown, a child who indicated the regular plural by saying "My toys" is in which of his stages of Syntactical and Morphological Development?
Stage II
A child who correctly uses irregular past tenses of verbs, e.g. went, fell, froze, etc., would be in which of Roger Brown's stages of Syntactic and Morphological Development?
Stage III
Synaptic growth
Starts at birth and continues Children interact with the environment and make connections.
What is one of the biggest emotional blocks to proper emotional development in lower socioeconomic status children?
Stress
It is required by law that students with learning disabilities are provided an education in the least restrictive environment. This means that:
Students should not be unnecessarily removed from traditional classrooms or isolated from peers.
In order for an education to be considered nondiscriminatory, it must meet the following guideline:
Students with disabilities cannot be denied an education.
Human Development (ECE)
Study of how humans grow and change across the stages of life.
Which of the following is a common developmental language disorder in children?
Stuttering
Symbolic function
Subgroup of Preoperational stage 2 to 4 years old Mental representations for imagination (Symbols)
Intuitive Thought
Subgroup of Preoperational stage 4 to 7 years old Growth in curiosity and basic reasoning (Attaining a lot of knowledge but doesn't know how to use it)
Saying 'wailwoad' for 'railroad' is an example of
Substitution
SODA
Substitutions, where one sound replaces another sound, Omissions, where the sound is omitted Distortions, where the sound is incorrectly pronounced Additions, where an extra sound is included
Which of the following statements regarding symptoms of developmental delays is NOT correct?
Symptoms of cognitive delay include a child whose spoken language is hard to understand at age 4.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Symptoms of developmental delay are the same no matter the type of developmental delay.
Eighteen-month-old Wally witnesses his older brother place a school permission slip in a kitchen drawer and assumes others know where it has been placed. Later, when Wally sees his father looking for the permission slip, Wally says, 'I like ice cream, that not there.' Which type of speech does this describe?
Syncretic
When four-year-old Mauricio hears a loud fire alarm, he is overwhelmed by the sound but puts his hands over his mouth instead of his ears. This is an example of _____, which is an abnormal sensory confusion behavior of children with ASD.
Synesthesia
Using the structure of language to figure out a word is ____ cueing.
Syntactic
Which method of reinforcing letter identification relies on using touch to practice letters?
Tactile
Which is true for phonics instruction?
Teach a few easily distinguishable letters at a time
What should be kept in mind when deciding which sequence to teach letters?
Teach similar sounds at different times
What is one way to assess sight word automaticity?
Teachers can assess sight word automaticity by having students read leveled word lists.
How can writing be used to teach directionality of print?
Teachers can write on calendars, letters, and white boards to model directionality.
Two-year-old Caroline wakes up from her nap and repeatedly says, 'go park', which her mother interprets as a desire to play at the park. This an example of which type of speech?
Telegraphic
Directionality of print is the concept that:
Text is written and read from left to right
Which of the following is an argument against Noam Chomsky's theory of universal language?
The Pirahã people speak a language that doesn't follow usual language rules.
What is number sense?
The ability to take numbers and relate them to real life problem solving.
Later multi-word Stage of Language Acquisition
The child has now learned most of the syntax and grammar rules and speaks similarly to an adult. This stage is last and continues for the individual's entire life, but the person may use slang and not speak grammatically correct at all times. 30+ months
All of the following are true regarding accommodations, EXCEPT:
They change the curriculum.
At the beginning of the school year, a second-grade teacher finds that several students have not retained some of the skills they learned in first grade. Which of the following factors is likely to have the greatest impact on a student's ability to retain learned academic skills over the extended break?
The degree of adult to student interaction in using the skills over the break
Which of these is not true?
The earth's axis is not tilted.
According to Piaget's theory, the term conservation means which of these?
The idea that amounts/numbers are the same regardless of shape or appearance
Phonological Errors
The incorrect use of one sound in place of another sound
Which of the following situations best illustrates the principle of due process of law?
The judge in a criminal trial appoints a lawyer to represent a defendant who cannot afford one.
Regarding the three basic temperament types identified by psychologists in infants, which of these is true?
The majority of infants are found to have the Easy temperament
What factor distinguishes developmental disabilities from other types of disabilities?
The onset interferes with the achievement of developmental milestones.
Which principle states that development proceeds from simple to complex?
The orthogenetic principle
How are the proximodistal principle and the cephalocaudal principles different?
The proximodistal principle states that development occurs from the center of the body outward, while the cephalocaudal principle states that development occurs from top to bottom
What does the alphabetic principle describe?
The relationship of letters and sound
What is reversibility?
The understanding that objects can go back to their original state.
What is phonics?
The way letters and sounds work in written language
Which of the following is true about the whole language approach to early childhood literacy instruction?
The whole language approach is based on the philosophy and psychology of constructivism
Replacement theory
Theory that children can listen for patterns in their language acquisition
The term learning disability is used as an umbrella term because:
There are many different types of learning disabilities.
Which of the following statements describes children's language development in Asian cultures?
They are more likely to be expressive-style language learners
If a student's accent persists for many years, it is likely because _____.
They began learning the second language after childhood
Which is true about bilingual and non-native English learners?
They follow a similar process for learning the alphabetic principle with the addition of vocabulary development.
Which of the following is true regarding modifications?
They make changes to the curriculum.
Alex and Betty are the exact same age, but Alex has a learning disability. Should we expect their respective levels of cognitive development to be the same or different? Why?
They may be different, because Alex has a disability.
What teaching method is important to use when teaching letter identification?
Think aloud
At what age do children begin performing basic math operations such as addition and subtraction?
Three to four
How do children learn syntax?
Through a process that consists of a series of developmental stages, starting with understanding language and speech.
Which of the following skills is NOT a part of the conceptual domain as it pertains to intellectual disabilities?
Time management skills
According to the provisions of FERPA, when can schools furnish students records without consent?
To some doing studies, if on behalf of the school
What is the goal of the whole-language approach?
To understand the function of reading over understanding the actual content
Stage 2 of Physical Development
Toddlerhood Ages 1 and 3 Basic motor skills are developed and refined Allows children to stand, walk, climb, kick a ball, jump, pick up items using their fingers, draw, color, feed themselves using fingers and later utensils, and dress themselves.
Spelling based on both sounding out words and some basic patterns occurs in the _____ of spelling development.
Transitional
Motor Delays
Trouble putting puzzles or toys together Inability to walk, sit, stand, or crawl at the appropriate age Extreme reactions to pain, being touched, or textures
Degenerative Disorders
Tuberous sclerosis with degeneration, West disease, idiopathic degenerative encephalopathy associated with infantile spasms, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, and hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Cognitive Development Milestones: 4 to 6 year olds
Understand more complex instructions Increased vocabulary Longer attention span Begins to learn counting and alphabet Understand directions such as up, down, left, right Increased ability to tell stories, more complex pretend play
Conservation
Understanding that quantities don't change when appearance is changed
Reversibility
Understanding that things can be changed and then returned to original state.
How might you best address learning styles in a classroom setting?
Use a variety of activities to address every learning style.
A first-grade teacher notices that several students are having difficulty with simple arithmetic operations. Which of the following would be the most effective way to help these students?
Use concrete examples to model how to solve the problems.
Overextending language is when a baby
Uses a single word to mean many different things.
Which is most typical of language development of a 2-year-old?
Using at least two pronouns correctly
Assimilation
Using existing schemas and adapting new schemas to fit alongside existing schemas.
Fine Motor Skills
Utilizes small muscle groups in the hands to produce small movements for activities like; writing, cutting, and unfastening buttons or zippers.
Lakeisha sometimes gets confused when her psychology professor explains statistics using only words, but she always gets the concept immediately if she can look at a graph or chart. Based on this information, what kind of learner is Lakeisha most likely to be?
Visual
What is a graphic organizer?
Visual method of showing knowledge
What do students need to be able to do to correctly identify letters?
Visually analyze
During speech emergence, learners will have _____.
Vocabulary of about 3,000 words
Developmental Delay
When a child does not achieve developmental milestones within the normal age range
What is developmental delay?
When a child does not achieve developmental milestones within the normal age range.
Morphology
When children apply the rules they have learned about language correctly or incorrectly
Substitution Processes
Where a sound substitutes another sound
Syllable Structure Process
Where a syllable is decreased, left out, or repeated
Assimilation Process
Where sounds are used in a way that sounds like proximal sounds
Intellectual Disabilities
Wide range of cognitive and behavioral impairments associated with a significantly impaired intelligence level. Conceptual - academic skills Social - navigating the social world Practical - self-care and time management
A child who writes phrases, but does not use punctuation, and misspells many words, is likely in the _____ stage of writing development.
Words and phrases
Holophrastic Stage of Language Acquisition
Words or phrases that have meaning but not complete sentences, babies can understand a few words and produce additional words 9 -18 months
What are sight words?
Words that appear frequently in text.
The most effective social strategies are ones that give learners authentic social opportunities to practice a skill. Which social strategy would be most effective for second language learners?
Working on a group project
Which is an example of orthographic processing?
Writing a word in the air
When children write a random string of letters, they are likely in the _____ stage of writing development.
Writing letters
What is emergent literacy?
Writing that occurs outside of school Reading chapter books The period before students can read and write on their own Reading and writing in elementary school
As part of a unit on gardening, teachers in the toddler classroom are planning a series of thematic activities. These will include teaching some simple songs, selecting several big books to read during story times, digging and planting an outdoor garden, measuring and graphing plant growth, and harvesting and preparing vegetables to eat. Using such a wide variety of garden-themed activities best addresses which of the following aspects of child development?
Young children develop critical social skills through engaging in different kinds of interactions.
Which statement accurately reflects principles of emergent literacy theory?
Young children learning reading and writing concurrently rather than sequentially
Which of the following is true about age as a factor in second language development?
Young children tend to develop more quickly.
One morning, a group of kindergarten students come into class talking excitedly about the fire trucks they saw on their way to school. The teacher decides to use the event as the basis for a lesson about community and the people who keep communities safe. Which of the following best explains why this would be a particularly effective opportunity for exploring this topic?
Young students tend to be highly motivated when engaged in learning activities based on subject matter they can relate to their personal experience.
Which of the following is an important consideration when creating a positive classroom space for a child with visual sensory issues?
aesthetics
Nervous System Disorders
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, learning disabilities, intellectual disability, conduct disorders, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and vision and hearing impairments.
As a child begins learning to spell and write words on his or her own, he or she is engaged in utilizing skills pertaining to:
encoding
Cognitive skills continue to...
develop throughout childhood
According to Piaget, between the ages of seven and eleven children are in the concrete operational stage. During this stage, children begin to think logically about events and things. Which of the following is not a hallmark of this stage?
egocentrism
When early childhood learners participate in science learning, which is the step of the scientific process that will enable a learner to answer a question he or she might be wondering about?
hypothesis
Growth
increase in size
Cognitive Domain of Development
intellectual abilities
Which of the following is NOT a strategy to encourage positive behavior?
negative reinforcement
When a child is engaged in learning the sounds that letters make, he or she is using:
phonemes
A learner in music class responds best to kinesthetic opportunities. Which of the following demonstrates this?
playing a musical instrument
Accommodations
provide an alternate way of learning the curriculum.
The two processes that allow children's brains to learn more in less time and become overall more functional during early childhood are _____ and _____.
synaptic growth; synaptic pruning
Mrs. Jones is looking to help her students become better writers, and asks them to write frequently to practice their skills. Mrs. Jones has been emphasizing each stage of the writing process, and urges her students to slow down and consider their options, especially in the prewriting stage. Which of the following activities might Mrs. Jones assign her students in the prewriting stage?
use a graphic organizer to create an outline
Which of the following is NOT an important component of promoting reading fluency?
vocabulary
Mr. Oliver is teaching his students how to express themselves through writing. His students have no trouble grasping the mechanics of writing, and can write grammatically correct stories, though Mr. Oliver wants to help them learn how to differentiate between casual writing and writing for a more formal audience. Which of the following activities might Mr. Oliver consider to help his students learn this concept?
write a letter to the principal of the school
Solve the following equation: 4y−2/3=3/4
y=17/48
Early childhood is a very important time of change and growth that occurs between the ages of _____ and _____.
zero; eight