earth and enviornmental unit 3b

All of the following would contribute to viscous (thick) lava EXCEPT ___ a. increased temperature b. increased amounts of dissolved gases c. increased amounts of silica d. decreased temperature

a. increased temperature

The inference that Earth's interior has an outer core and an inner core is based on studies of a. earthquake wave data b. glacier core samples c. recent fossil discoveries d. celestial observations

a. earthquake wave data

Which of the following is NOT a major component of soil? a. earthworms b. humus c. mineral matter d. air

a. earthworms

The 2 main types of lava are... a. Felsic / Mafic b. Magma / Manga c. Felsic / Wuzsick

a. Felsic / Mafic

The diagram shows a topographic map of the big island of Hawaii. Which volcanic mountain is the highest? a. Mauna Loa b. Mauna Kea c. Hualalai d. Kilauea

a. Mauna Loa

Exfoliation a. Mechanical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering

a. Mechanical Weathering

Ice wedging/ Frost action/ Frost wedging a. Mechanical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering

a. Mechanical Weathering

Plant Roots/Lichen & Moss a. Mechanical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering

a. Mechanical Weathering

Wetting/Drying a. Mechanical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering

a. Mechanical Weathering

Which seismic waves travel most rapidly? a. P-waves b. S-waves c. Surface waves d. Tsunamis

a. P-waves

Why are seismic waves of an earthquake more strongly felt at the epicenter of an earthquake? a. The epicenter is directly above the focus, the place inside the Earth where the earthquake starts. b. Most faults converge at the epicenter. c. Millions of small movements of the crust occur here. d. Crustal plates rise and fall with the ocean tides.

a. The epicenter is directly above the focus, the place inside the Earth where the earthquake starts.

Plants can break large rocks into tiny pieces. How is it possible for plants to be able to mechanically weather rocks by breaking them into smaller pieces? a. The roots of the plant grow into the cracks of the rock forcing the rock to break. b. The plant absorbs all the water from the soil leaving the rocks dry and brittle. c. The plant wraps itself around the rock and forces it to crumble. d. The acidity of the plant forms new types of smaller rocks.

a. The roots of the plant grow into the cracks of the rock forcing the rock to break.

Near which geologic structure are the youngest rocks on Earth found? a. active volcano b. kettle hole c. normal fault d. glacial striation

a. active volcano

Over time, non-volcanic mountains can form due to the interaction of plate boundaries. Which interaction is most likely associated with the formation of non-volcanic mountains? a. continental plates colliding with continental plates b. oceanic plates separating from oceanic plates c. oceanic plates colliding with oceanic plates d. continental plates separating from continental plates

a. continental plates colliding with continental plates

Earthquake Waves An earthquake occurs when pieces of Earth's crust move, producing waves of energy called seismic waves. Two types of seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior are called P-waves and S-waves. P-waves can travel through solids and liquids, but S-waves can only travel through solids. Identify one Earth layer in which earthquakes may occur. a. crust b. mantle c. inner core d. outer core

a. crust

Around the edges of many dry areas, sensitive ecosystems depend on local plant life to maintain cool, moist conditions. When humans deplete these areas of vegetation, soil rapidly disappears. Which characteristic of plants most likely helps to prevent soil erosion? a. root systems b. pollination cycles c. photosynthetic activities d. release of moisture from leaves

a. root systems

Volcanic Eruption In 1783, a volcano in Iceland erupted with enormous force, pouring out large amounts of lava and volcanic ash. After the eruption, a cloud of suspended ash particles shadowed western Europe for months, resulting in unusually cold weather that summer. The diagram below represents a side view of a volcanic eruption similar to the one that occurred in 1783. The arrow on the diagram represents the direction that the ash cloud spread after the volcanic eruption occurred. Identify one factor that caused the ash cloud to spread in the direction indicated by the arrow in the diagram. a. wind direction b. density of the ash c. rainfall

a. wind direction

Carbonic Acid a. Mechanical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering

b. Chemical Weathering

Hydrolysis a. Mechanical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering

b. Chemical Weathering

Oxidation a. Mechanical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering

b. Chemical Weathering

The scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake. a. Mercalli b. Richter c. Fujita d. Bathroom

b. Richter

Earthquake Waves An earthquake occurs when pieces of Earth's crust move, producing waves of energy called seismic waves. Two types of seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior are called P-waves and S-waves. P-waves can travel through solids and liquids, but S-waves can only travel through solids. How does the properties of P-waves and S-waves have been used to determine that Earth's outer core is liquid a. S-waves travel through liquid b. S-waves can only travel through solids and P-waves can travel through solids and liquids. c. P- waves can not travel through solids

b. S-waves can only travel through solids and P-waves can travel through solids and liquids.

When trees are removed from an area in a tropical rain forest, the area experiences an increase in soil erosion. Which statement best explains why removing the trees can lead to soil erosion? a. Less bedrock will be available to make soil. b. There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place. c. The number of soil-eating insects in the area will increase. d. The amount of solar radiation reaching the ground will increase.

b. There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place.

How could the removal of trees and other vegetation impact an environment? a. by increasing transpiration b. by increasing erosion c. by increasing soil formation d. by increasing oxygen production

b. by increasing erosion

Which type of volcano is made up of mostly silica-rich (thick) magma? Explosive eruptions... a. shield cone b. composite cone c. none of the volcanoes have d. silica-rich magma

b. composite cone

Which is a farming technique that could improve the soil and the environment? a. using fueled machines that will turn the soil continuously b. creating undisturbed layers of mulch in the soil c. placing inorganic chemical fertilizers in the soil d. irrigating the soil with salty water

b. creating undisturbed layers of mulch in the soil

How did the ash cloud caused the unusually cold summer in Western Europe in 1783. a. it rained too much b. sunlight could not pass through the ash filled sky c. it wasn't cold

b. sunlight could not pass through the ash filled sky

The name given to all rock material produced in volcanic eruptions is a. lahar b. tephra c. ash d. lapilli

b. tephra

What is most responsible for the presence of groundwater in an area? a. the movement of water from a confined aquifer into surface water b. the movement of surface water and precipitation through soil and rock c. the movement of water from streams and rivers to watersheds d. the movement of surface water through impermeable rock

b. the movement of surface water and precipitation through soil and rock

Which agent of erosion leads to the formation of sand dunes? a. ice b. wind c. water d. gravity

b. wind

Cracks in rocks widen as water in them freezes and thaws. How does this affect the surface of the Earth? a. It reduces the rates of soil formation. b. It changes the chemical composition of the rocks. c. It exposes rocks to increased rates of erosion and weathering. d. It limits the exposure of rocks to acid precipitation.

c. It exposes rocks to increased rates of erosion and weathering.

8. Along the west coast of South America, volcanic mountains are found due to movement along a plate boundary. The diagram illustrates the movement that is taking place.Which is the most likely reason for the formation of the volcanic mountains? a. The volcanic arc is sliding from the continental crust into the trench. b. A fault line, created by the sinking lithosphere, is filling with water. c. Oceanic crust collides with continental crust, heating as it subducts. d. As a result of an earthquake, multiple volcanic arcs are appearing.

c. Oceanic crust collides with continental crust, heating as it subducts.

What is the minimum number of seismic stations required to determine the location of an earthquake's epicenter? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

c. Three

A volcano found in the center of a tectonic plate tends to be a result of which phenomenon? a. pressure in thick sediments that produce heat b. a strong earthquake c. activity at a hot spot d. unusually excessive erosion that wears away bedrock

c. activity at a hot spot

Whether a volcano erupts quietly or violently depends on all of the following EXCEPT ___ a. composition of magma b. temperature of magma c. depth of magma d. dissolved gases in magma

c. depth of magma

Tectonic motion caused tension between plates within Earth's crust. A sudden release of this energy occurred. Based on this information, which event happened? a. meteorite impact b. volcanic eruption c. earthquake d. subsidence

c. earthquake

In a well-developed soil profile, which horizon is the uppermost layer? a. the parent horizon b. the C horizon c. the A horizon d. the B horizon

c. the A horizon

Which of the following affects the amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations? a. The intensity and duration of the vibrations. b. The design of the structures. c. The nature of the material on which the structures are built. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Which would produce the most severe earthquake damage along the surface of Earth? a. An earthquake with a deep focus and magnitude of 2.5 b. An earthquake with a shallow focus and magnitude of 2.5 c. An earthquake with a deep focus and magnitude of 4.5 d. An earthquake with a shallow focus and magnitude of 4.5

d. An earthquake with a shallow focus and magnitude of 4.5

How do weathering and erosion affect Earth's surface? a. Both force tectonic plates to move across the ocean floor b. Both cause sedimentary rocks to form igneous rocks c. Both cause mountain ranges to become taller d. Both break down rocks and create new soil

d. Both break down rocks and create new soil

Why do earthquakes often cause damaging fires? a. Magma from deep underground escapes through faults. b. Tsunamis from earthquakes generate enough heat to start fires. c. Lightning strikes are common during earthquakes. d. Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines.

d. Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines.

What scale measures the intensity of (damage from) an earthquake? a. Richter Scale b. Enhanced Fujita Scale c. Moment Magnitude Scale d. Mercalli Scale

d. Mercalli Scale

At what type of plate boundary would an explosive volcano most likely occur? a. continental-continental divergence b. transform boundary c. oceanic-oceanic divergence d. Subduction Zone

d. Subduction Zone

Earthquakes can be severe along the San Andreas Fault in Southern California, but volcanoes are nonexistent. Which statement BEST explains this pattern? a. The crust is thin and weak at the location of this fault. b. The material along this fault is smooth and fine grained. c. The material in the mantle solidified due to cooling under this fault. d. The crustal plates slide along each other without subducting at this fault.

d. The crustal plates slide along each other without subducting at this fault.

During what season would you expect mass movements to be a greater threat? a. a dry summer b. a wet spring with lots of growing vegetation c. a dry autumn after the leaves have turned d. a wet spring before vegetation is growing

d. a wet spring before vegetation is growing

What factor commonly triggers mass movements? a. earthquakes b. saturation of surface materials with water c. removal of vegetation d. all are correct

d. all are correct

Which will most likely occur before a volcanic eruption? a .an increase in lava flow. b. an increase in mud flow. c. an increase in acid rain production. d. an increase in earthquake activity.

d. an increase in earthquake activity.

diagram represents Earth's crust and interior layers. Which evidence has led scientists to conclude that there are different layers within Earth's interior? a. temperatures taken within each layer b. temperatures taken within each layer c. rock samples taken from Earth's core d. analysis of earthquake wave data

d. analysis of earthquake wave data

The single most important erosional agent on Earth is ____. a. ocean waves b. wind c. glaciers d. running water

d. running water

Scientists are studying a graph showing the time differences between the seismic P-waves and the seismic S-waves as they travel through Earth. Which information can they learn from the graph? a. the magnitude of an earthquake b. the duration of an earthquake c. the intensity of an earthquake d. the epicenter of an earthquake

d. the epicenter of an earthquake

When tectonic plates move, they create different landforms. Which is LEAST likely to be associated with the tectonic plate movement that produces volcanoes? a. hot spot b. rift valley c. subduction zone d. transform boundary

d. transform boundary

What contributes the most to beach erosion? a. animal activity b. evaporation c. precipitation d. wave action

d. wave action