Earth Science Chapter 22 Homework Questions
Convergent boundaries are areas of... (A) compressional forces that crunch the crust and generate a spreading center. (B)plate collision. (C)tensional forces that stretch the crust and generate a spreading center. (D)crustal formation.
B
Earth's internal layers were discovered by studying (A) the Mohorovicic discontinuity. (B) seismic waves. (C) convection cells. (D) Rayleigh and Love waves.
B
Convection is a (A) mode of heat transfer that circulates heat within Earth's mantle. (B) form of heat transfer restricted to Earth's interior. (C) mode of heat transfer that carries heat from Earth's core toward its surface. (D) form of insulation that maintains Earth's internal temperature.
C
Most of Earth's seismic activity, volcanism, and mountain formation occur along (A) divergent boundaries. (B) transform fault boundaries. (C) plate boundaries. (D) convergent boundaries.
C
Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side-by-side at __________ boundaries. (A) divergent/convergent/transform (B) transform/convergent/divergent (C) transform/divergent/convergent (D) convergent/transform/divergent (E) convergent/divergent/transform
A
What are the large, interlocking pieces of lithosphere called? (A) shelf (B) continent (C) tectonic plates (D) islands
C
Transform faults are areas of crustal (A) accommodation and plate movement. (B) destruction. (C) formation. (D) subduction.
A
Body waves... (A) refract at Earth's boundary layers. (B) travel through Earth's interior following an earthquake. (C) come in two principal types. (D) all of the above
D
The two elements that make up about 75% of Earth's crust are__________ and________. (A) silicon and oxygen (B) iron and oxygen (C) silicon and carbon (D) hydrogen and oxygen.
A
What causes melting of material under divergent plate boundaries? (A) decompression of rock (B) freezing of rock (C) recompression of rock (D) melting of rock
A
What is a volcanic arc? (A) a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone (B) a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot (C) a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge (D) a row of volcanoes that forms on the downgoing plate near a subduction zone
A
The hypothesis of continental drift was supported by the jigsaw fit of the continents, similar _______. (A) fossils, matching rock types, and ancient ice sheets (B) ocean basins, and paleoclimatic data (C) rock types, glossopteris fossils, and magnetic stripes. (D) fossils, and seafloor spreading
A
How do plates move at transform plate boundaries? (A) Plates move together. (B) Plates move side-by-side. (C) Plates do not move. (D) Plates move apart.
B
Which of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field is most accurate? (A) Earth does not have a regular magnetic field. (B) Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals. (C) Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at regular time intervals. (D) Earth's magnetic field does not switch polarity.
B
Which of the following terms best characterizes upwelling in the asthenosphere? (A) convective (B) diffuse (C) concentrated (D) diverse
B
Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? (A) subduction (B) hot spots (C) transform motion (D) earthquakes (E) divergence
B
Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to_______ (A) moving together (B) moving around (C) moving toward
C
How does plate tectonics differ from continental drift? (A) Plate tectonics not only states that Earth's plates move, it tells us about the direction of movement. (B) Plate tectonics not only states that Earth's plates move, it tells us about the movement speed and the direction of movement. (C) Plate tectonics not only states that Earth's plates move, it explains why they must move in terms of fundamental laws of physics. (D) Plate tectonics not only states that Earth's plates move, it tells us about the movement speed of plates.
C
Name two types of body waves. (A) P waves and vertical surface waves (B) horizontal surface waves and vertical surface waves (C) P waves and S waves (D) P waves and horizontal surface waves (E) S waves and vertical surface waves
C
Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities? (A) on the oldest side of the mid-ocean ridge (B) on the fastest-moving side of the mid-ocean ridge (C) on the slowest-moving side of the mid-ocean ridge (D) on the youngest side of the mid-ocean ridge (E) on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge
E
What kind of rock is most common in the oceanic crust? (A) iron (B) clay (C) granitic (D) basalt
D
Where are tectonic plates located? (A) at Earth`s surface (B) below Earth`s surface, near the core
A
Where do most divergent boundaries originate? (A) within continents (B) at transform boundaries (C) at subduction zones (D) at mid-ocean ridges (E) at continental margins
A
Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______. (A) moving over (B) moving toward (C) moving side-by-side (D) moving under
B
Regions in which earthquakes are common are also regions in which (A) the geomagnetic force is strong. (B) many fossils are found. (C) volcanoes are common. (D) hurricanes are common.
C
The density of Earth's crust, mantle, and core increases moving toward Earth's center because (A) Earth is plastic throughout its structure today and in the past. (B) The charged particles flowing in the outer core repel the lighter elements found at Earth's surface. (C) Early in Earths history, it separated into layers according to density. (D) Earth's elements are distributed evenly throughout its interior.
C
We can say that Earth's crust floats on the mantle because.... (A) the mantle is below the crust. (B) the mantle is very hot and flows from internal convection. (C) part of the mantle is hot enough to flow as a plastic solid. (D) the continental crust floats on the oceanic crust.
C
What is a plume? (A) a zone of upwelling material originating at the subduction-outer core boundary (B) a zone of upwelling material originating at the mantle-asthenosphere boundary (C) a zone of upwelling material originating at the outer core-mantle boundary (D) a zone of upwelling material originating at the outer core-asthenosphere boundary
C
What is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere? (A)The lithosphere is part of the crust. (B) The lithosphere is a special type of crust. (C) The crust is part of the lithosphere. (D) The crust is a special type of lithosphere.
C
What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault? (A) Convergent fault (B) Convergent-divergent fault (C) Transform fault (D) Divergent fault
C
Which type of faulting is associated with the development of new ocean floor? (A) back faulting (B) reverse faulting (C) normal faulting (D) transform faulting (E) front faulting
C
Describe how tectonic plates move in terms of speed. (A) from 15 cm per year to about 25 cm per year (B) from 0.5 cm per year to about 2 cm per year (C) from 25 cm per year to about 40 cm per year (D) from 2 cm per year to about 15 cm per year
D
Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions? (A) transform (B) converse (C) divergent (D) convergent
A
What does this suggest about the rate of seafloor spreading compared to the rate of subduction? (A) The rate of subduction is three times the rate of seafloor spreading. (B) The rate of subduction is half of the rate of seafloor spreading. (C) The rate of subduction is about equal to the rate of seafloor spreading. (D) The rate of subduction is twice the rate of seafloor spreading.
C
Tectonic plates move beside one another at ______________. (A) subduction zones. (B) divergent plate boundaries. (C) continental-continental convergent boundaries. (D) transform plate boundaries.
D
Continental plates tend to move slower than oceanic plates because (A) their roots extend deep into the mantle (B) they are heavier (C) they are convergent (D) of gravity
A
Which of the following statements about reflection and refraction is most accurate? (A) Reflection is the bouncing of waves, whereas refraction is the bending of waves. (B) Refraction and reflection are both the bending of waves. (C) Refraction and reflection are both the bouncing of waves. (D) Refraction is the bouncing of waves, whereas reflection is the bending of waves.
A
Why are plate boundaries the sites of most geologic activity? (A) Plates interact with one another at their boundaries. (B) Heat from Earth's core escapes between tectonic plates. (C) Plate boundaries are zones of weak crustal material. (D) Plate boundaries are not sites of most geologic activity.
A
In general, where do earthquakes AND volcanic eruptions occur? Choose all that apply. (A) convergent plate boundaries (B) divergent plate boundaries (C) away from plate boundaries (D) transform plate boundaries
A and B
How do plates move at convergent plate boundaries? (A) Plates move apart. (B) Plates move together. (C) Plates move side-by-side. (D) Plates do not move.
B
Spreading centers occur along (A) trenches. (B) the northern and western margins of the Juan de Fuca plate. (C) mid-ocean ridges. (D) transform faults.
C
How do rocks within Earth change as P waves pass? (A) Rocks within Earth neither expand nor contract as P waves pass. (B) Rocks within Earth contract as P waves pass. (C) Rocks within Earth expand as P waves pass. (D) Rocks within Earth both expand and contract as P waves pass.
D
New lithosphere is formed at (A) spreading centers. (B) transform plate boundaries. (C) convergent plate boundaries. (D) ocean trenches.
D
What do vertical and horizontal surface waves have in common? (A) Both waves travel along Earth's surface and decrease in amplitude with depth below the surface. (B) Both waves travel along Earth's surface and increase in amplitude with depth below the surface. (C) Both waves travel within Earth and decrease in amplitude with depth below the surface. (D) Both waves travel within Earth and increase in amplitude with depth below the surface.
A
Alfred Wegener supported his theory of continental drift by (A) making a connection between the rocks, rock structures, and plant and animal fossils found in both Africa and South America. (B) using satellite data to show the continents' move over time. (C) using paleomagnetic data. (D) fitting together the shorelines of the African and Asian continents.
A
Describe how tectonic plates move in terms of speed (A) from 2 cm per year to about 15 cm per year (B) from 25 cm per year to about 40 cm per year
A
Earthquake P-waves are most like (A) sound waves because they are longitudinal. (B) water waves because they have crests and troughs. (C) vibrations in a string because they vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of travel. (D) light waves because they are transverse.
A
How do plates move at divergent plate boundaries? (A) Plates move apart. (B) Plates move side-by-side. (C) Plates move together. (D) Plates do not move.
A
How does rock within Earth change as S waves pass? (A) Rocks within Earth are displaced up and down as S waves pass. (B) Rocks within Earth are displaced neither up nor down as S waves pass. (C) Rocks within Earth are displaced down as S waves pass. (D) Rocks within Earth are displaced up as S waves pass.
A
In general, where do volcanoes form in subduction zones? (A) on the overriding plate, away form the convergent boundary (B) on the overriding plate, at the convergent boundary (C) on the subducting plate, at the convergent boundary (D) on the subducting plate, away form the convergent boundary
A
The East African rift is a divergent plate boundary that is splitting the continent of Africa into two pieces. What will eventually form around this divergent boundary? (A) an ocean (B) a continent (C) a convergent boundary (D) a transform boundary (E) a hurricane
A
The fastest seismic wave is a (A) primary wave. (B) tertiary wave. (C) Rayleigh wave. (D) secondary wave.
A
The lithosphere floats atop the (A) asthenosphere. (B)mohorovicic. (C) mantle. (D) crust.
A
The lithosphere rides on top of the asthenosphere. Lithospheric movement causes (A) earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain building activity. (B) hot-spot activity as found in Hawaii. (C) widespread destruction. (D) the subduction of continental crust under oceanic crust.
A
The theory of seafloor spreading is supported by (A) paleomagnetic analysis of the ocean's floor. (B) geological, biological, and climatological data. (C) the change in Earth's polarity. (D) none of the above
A
What is convection? (A) a cycle of moving material formed by the rise of less-dense material and the sinking of denser material (B) a cycle of moving material formed by the sinking and rising of high-density material (C) a cycle of moving material formed by the sinking and rising of low-density material (D) a cycle of moving material formed by the rise of denser material and the sinking of less-dense material
A
What is the relationship between temperature and density? (A) In general, warmer materials are less dense, and colder materials are denser. (B) In general, warmer materials are more massive, and therefore denser, and colder materials are less massive. (C) In general, warmer materials are less massive, and therefore less dense, and colder materials are more massive. (D) In general, warmer materials are denser, and colder materials are less dense.
A
What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? (A) The Earth would increase in volume. (B) The Earth would increase in mass. (C) The Earth would decrease in volume. (D) The Earth would decrease in mass.
A
When the magnetic field of Earth is reversed, (A) newly formed mineral grains on the ocean floor are magnetized according to the new orientation of the magnetic field. (B) Earth's rotation is also reversed. (C) Earth flips over in its orbit.
A
Where are most modern divergent plate boundaries found? (A) at mid-ocean ridges (B) within continents (C) at subduction zones (D) at transform boundaries (E) at continental margins
A
Where is the youngest ocean floor found? (A) along the crest of mid-ocean ridges (B) along chains of hot spot volcanoes (C) along the edges of continents (D) along the axis of ocean trenches
A
Which of Earth's layers lies directly beneath the lithosphere? (A) The asthenosphere (B)The outer core (C) The lower mantle (D) The inner core
A
Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate? (A) Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries. (B) Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots. (C) Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries. (D) Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots.
A
Describe how tectonic plates move in terms of direction. (A) move southward (B) move northward (C) move eastward (D) move in different directions (E) move westward
D
How are S waves and vertical surface waves different? (A) S waves are surface waves, whereas vertical surface waves are body waves. The amplitude of S waves does not decrease with depth, but the amplitude of vertical surface waves does decrease with depth. (B) S waves are body waves, whereas vertical surface waves are surface waves. The amplitude of S waves does not decrease with depth, but the amplitude of vertical surface waves does decrease with depth. (C) S waves are surface waves, whereas vertical surface waves are body waves. The amplitude of S waves decreases with depth while the amplitude of vertical surface waves does not decrease with depth. (D) S waves are body waves, whereas vertical surface waves are surface waves. The amplitude of S waves decreases with depth, but the amplitude of vertical surface waves does not decrease with depth.
B
In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time? (A) A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in continental rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity. (B) A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity. (C) A record of Earth's gravitational field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's gravitational polarity. (D) A record of Earth's gravitational field is recorded in continental rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's gravitational polarity.
B
The classes of seismic waves based upon the part of Earth they travel through are (A) sound and light waves. (B) body waves (P- and S-waves) and surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). (C) transverse P-waves and longitudinal S-waves. (D) body and surface waves that travel at Earth's surface.
B
The inner core is solid because (A) it is composed of iron and nickel. (B) pressure from the weight of the surrounding layers prevents the inner core from melting. (C) the surrounding outer layers act as a blanket to insulate the core. (D) None of these, for the inner core is not solid, but liquid.
B
The theory of continental drift is credited to (A) W. Loma Prieta. (B) Alfred Wegener. (C) J. Tuzo Wilson. (D) H. H. Hess.
B
The ultimate cause for tectonic plate movement is _______. (A) continental drift (B) heat transfer away from Earth's interior, and gravity (C) seafloor spreading (D) propagation of seismic waves
B
What accounts for most tectonic plate motion? (A) forces at divergent zones (B) forces at subduction zones (C) forces at convection cells (D) forces at upwelling plumes
B
What are the three types of plate boundaries? (A) divergent, converse, and transverse (B) divergent, convergent, and transform (C) divergent, convergent, and transverse (D) digressive, convergent, and transform (E) divergent, converse, and transform
B
What are the two primary types of waves generated by earthquakes? (A) S waves and body waves (B) surface waves and body waves (C) P waves and S waves (D) horizontal surface waves and vertical surface waves (E) horizontal surface waves and surface waves
B
What forms at divergent plate boundaries? (A) new continental lithosphere (B) new oceanic lithosphere
B
What kind of rock is most common In the continental crust? (A) basalt (B) granitic (C) iron (D) clay
B
Where do body waves and surface waves travel? (A) Neither body waves nor surface waves travel within Earth or along Earth's surface. (B) Body waves travel within Earth, and surface waves travel along Earth's surface. (C) Body waves and surface waves both travel within Earth and along Earth's surface. (D) Surface waves travel within Earth, and body waves travel along Earth's surface.
B
Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? (A) mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches (B) mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys (C) mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys (D) mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches
B
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building? = (A) divergent boundaries (B) convergent boundaries (C) hot spot boundaries (D) transform boundaries
B
Why are volcanoes NOT found at transform boundaries? (A) Transform boundaries cause decreases in temperature that exactly offset increases in pressure of the mantle. (B) Transform boundaries cause increases in temperature that exactly offset decreases in pressure of the mantle. (C) Transform boundaries do not cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle. (D) Transform boundaries cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle.
C
Why do we say that Earth science is an integrated science? (A) Earth science is both a theoretical and an experimental science. (B) Earth science is a combination of physical and social sciences. (C) Earth science encompasses a broad spectrum of natural science disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy. (D) Earth science is both a laboratory science and a field science.
C
Continental crust is very buoyant compared with oceanic crust because continental crust is (A) thinner than the oceanic crust, forming a thin upper skin on the oceanic crust below. (B) predominantly composed of basaltic rock that contains many air bubbles from successive lava flows. (C) very young and fresh. (D) predominantly composed of granitic rocks, whereas oceanic crust is composed of basaltic rocks.
D
Earth Sciences15 Find the statement that best describes convergent boundary (A) Plates move toward each other (B) Continental crust is deformed when plates collide (C) Deep earthquakes occur and oceanic crust is destroyed when plates converge at subduction zones (D) Plates move toward each other, continental crust is deformed when plates collide, and deep earthquakes occur and oceanic crust is destroyed when plates converge at subduction zones
D
Earth's layer with the most brittle behavior is the (A) inner core. (B) outer core. (C) mantle. (D) crust.
D
How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different? (A) A compass points toward the South Pole during normal polarity and to the equator during reverse polarity. (B) A compass points toward the South Pole during normal polarity and to the North Pole during reverse polarity. (C) A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the equator during reverse polarity. (D) A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity
D
How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity? (A) every 10,000 to 50,000 years (B) every 500,000 years (C) every 10,000 to 100,000 years (D) every 100,000 to several million years
D
How will a wave change as it moves from a layer of higher velocity into a lower layer of lower velocity? (A) The wave will stop moving. (B) The wave will not bend. (C) The wave will bend toward the right. (D) The wave will bend toward the left.
D
How will a wave change as it moves from a layer of lower velocity into a lower layer of higher velocity? (A) The wave will bend toward the left. (B) The wave will stop moving. (C) The wave will not bend. (D) The wave will bend toward the right.
D
Oceanic and continental crust differ in that (A) the oceanic crust is mainly composed of dark basaltic rock while the continental crust is mainly composed of lighter-colored continental rock. (B) the continental crust is thicker on average than the oceanic crust. (C) the continental crust is less dense than the oceanic crust. (D) All of the above.
D
The theory of plate tectonics states that (A) earthquakes and volcanic activity result from convection motion in the lithosphere. (B) buoyant lithospheric plates float on top of the rigid asthenosphere. (C) the plates move in conveyor-belt fashion as new crust is generated at the continental margins and destroyed at the mid-ocean ridges. (D) the lithosphere is broken up into several plates that move about as a result of convective motion in the asthenosphere.
D
The ultimate cause of tectonic plate motion is the (A) tendency for heat to spread out. (B) escape of heat from Earth's interior. (C) second law of thermodynamics. (D) all of the above
D
The upper mantle can be divided into two zones, the (A) asthenosphere in the upper, upper mantle and the lithosphere in the lower upper mantle. (B)continental mantle and the oceanic mantle. (C) Moho and the lithosphere. (D) asthenosphere in the lower upper mantle and part of the lithosphere in the upper part of the upper mantle.
D
What are the large, interlocking pieces of lithosphere called? (A) shelf (B) continent (C) island (D) tectonic plates
D
What features at the surface provide evidence of plumes? (A) convective zones (B) hot zones (C) subduction zones (D) hot spots
D
When do new oceans form? (A) when an ocean is broken apart by a convergent boundary (B) when an ocean is broken apart by a divergent boundary (C) when a continent is broken apart by a convergent boundary (D) when a continent is broken apart by a divergent boundary (E) when a continent is broken apart by an ocean boundary
D
When will reflection and refraction occur simultaneously? (A) A wave will reflect and refract when it encounters a boundary between a high-velocity layer above a low-velocity layer. (B) Waves are always reflecting and refracting, regardless of boundary type or velocity structure. (C) A wave will reflect and refract when it encounters a boundary between a low-velocity layer above a high-velocity layer. (D) A wave will reflect and refract when it encounters a boundary between two layers of different velocity.
D
Where are tectonic plates located? (A) below Earth's surface, near the core (B) below Earth's surface, in the upper mantle (C) just under Earth's surface (D) at Earth's surface
D
Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? (A) mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes (B)mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys (C)ocean trenches and continental rift valleys (D)ocean trenches and volcanoes
D
Which of the following is not a type of tectonic plate boundary? (A) convergent plate boundary (B) transform plate boundary (C) divergent plate boundary (D) fault plate boundary
D
Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? (A) East African Rift and Cascades (B) East African Rift and Hawaii (C) Andes and Hawaii (D) Andes and Cascades
D
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor? (A) hot spot (B)transform (C)convergent (D) divergent
D