Earth Science COPE Final Sem 1

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_______________ is the force per unit area acting on a material.

Stress

What happens as a lithospheric plate moves over a HOT SPOT?

a chain of volcanoes form

What is an isochron?

a line on a seafloor map that connects points of equal age

What is a pyroclastic flow?

a mixture of volcanic gas, ash, and other tephra

What is the name for an igneous intrusion that is smaller than a batholith but similar in shape?

a stock

An earthquake on the ocean floor can produce ______________________.

a tsunami

Where do most volcanoes form?

at plate boundaries

Where does an earthquake originate?

at the focus

Where is andesitic magma found?

at the margins of the continents

Where are the youngest rocks on the ocean floor located?

at the mid-ocean ridges

what type of magma has the lowest silica content and is the least explosive?

basaltic

How is a volcanic crater connected to a magma chamber?

by a vent

What is the name for a large crater formed when a magma chamber collapses?

caldera

What is the name of a large volcanic crater over 1 km in diameter?

caldera

The subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate produces a __________________________.

chain of volcanic mountains

What texture do most plutons have?

coarse

What type volcano forms from alternating layers of tephra and non explosive lava?

composite volcano

What is the name of Alfred Wegener's hypothesis about moving land masses?

continental drift

Places where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other are called _________________.

divergent boundaries

Fractures in rock where sections of rock might suddenly move to create and earthquake are called ______________________.

faults

what evidence did Wegener use to estimate the time of the continent Pangaea's break up into smaller continents?

fossil data

What is the Earth's core composed of?

iron and nickel

Why does magma move up and through the Earth's crust?

it is less dense than the surrounding rock

During the time of Pangaea, what had the greatest impact on Earth's climate?

it was a time of a giant global ocean

When magma reaches the surface it is called ____________________.

lava

Which mineral may preserve magnetic patterns on the ocean floor, in support of tectonic plates?

magnetite

What two topographic features of the ocean floor were discovered only with the use of sonar?

mid-ocean ridges and deep-sea trenches

Which scale measures the damage done by an earthquake to determine an earthquake's intensity?

modified Mercalli Scale

Which type of fault results in horizontal shortening?

normal

What is the study of the Earth's ancient magnetic record?

paleomagnetism

What are most earthquakes associated with?

plate boundaries

The tremendous amount of heat within the Earth powers ___________________________

plate tectonics

When a divergent plate boundary forms on a continent, (land), _________________ forms.

rift valley

What causes the seafloor to spread?

rising molten magma

Harry Hess's theory of _______________ explained how ocean crust is generated and destroyed.

seafloor spreading

What is the study earthquakes called?

seismology

A wide, dome shaped volcano built from thin, freely flowing lava is called a _________________________.

shield volcano

Hawaii, which sits over a HOT SPOT located near the center of the Pacific Plate, is which type of volcano?

shield volcano

What is the rating from the Richter Scale based on?

size of the largest wave

What type of fault is the San Andreas Fault

strike slip

Which waves are called body waves?

surface waves only

Which type of stress pulls a material apart?

tension

Rock fragments thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption are called _______________________.

tephra

Much of Earth's internal heat comes from _____________________________.

the decay of radioactive materials

What are shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquake classifications based on?

the depth of the focus

A place where two plates slide laterally past each other is called a ________________________.

transform boundary

________________________ is the internal resistance to flow of a liquid.

viscosity

What are large, angular fragments thrown from a volcano called?

volcanic blocks

When does magma form?

when temperatures are hot enough to melt rock (1000 degrees)

Rocks close to the mid-ocean ridge are _____________________ rocks far from the mid-ocean ridge.

younger than

How many times larger is a magnitude 3 than a magnitude 1 earthquake on the Richter scale?

100 times

A __________________ is a large intrusive rock body that covers at least 100 square kilometers.

Batholith

A ________________ is a device that can detect changes in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetometer

Which type of wave arrives first at a seismic facility?

P

Most of the world's major earthquakes occur in the areas bordering the ____________________.

Pacific Ocean

The supercontinent from Wegener's theory of continental drift is called ______________________________.

Pangaea

___________________ push and pull rocks in the same direction along which the waves are traveling

Primary waves

Why does knowledge of Earth's interior come from seismic waves?

They change speed and direction when they encounter different materials


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