ECOL 320

The process of gene ___ aims to alter the sequence of a gene.

modification

Simple Mendelian inheritance is a pattern observed when a human disorder is caused by ______.

mutation in a single gene

When a defect in a single gene causes a human disease, the mutant gene often follows ______.

simple Mendelian inheritance patterns

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene already present in the genome would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle)?

3

Which best describes a haplotype?

A haploid genotype showing linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a single chromosome

One form of severe combined immune deficiency disease (SCID) is caused by inheriting two defective copies of the ______ gene that encodes an enzyme involved in purine metabolism crucial to the maintenance of healthy immune system cells.

ADA

If both copies of the ___ gene are defective, deoxyadenosine accumulates within the individual, which can lead to a severely compromised ___ system.

ADA immune

Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as ______.

gene modification

Which method can identify genes that are active in cancer cells but inactive in normal cells?

DNA microarray analysis

A plant cell that has had its cell wall removed is called a ______.

protoplast

To facilitate DNA entry into a plant cell, the cell wall can be removed, producing a cell called a ___

protoplast

Gene ___ means that when one type of gene is inactivated, another gene with a similar function may be able to compensate for the inactive gene.

redundancy

If one type of gene is inactivated and another gene with similar function compensates for the inactive gene, this is known as gene ______.

redundancy

Gene ___ is the introduction of cloned genes into somatic cells to treat disease.

therapy

Approximately how many human diseases have a genetic basis?

thousands

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms or their products _____.

to decrease pollutants in the environment

Somatic plant cells are ___, which means they are capable of developing into an entire organism.

totipotent

Stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism are said to be ___

totipotent

Suppose a disease-causing allele shows autosomal recessive inheritance. How could a carrier of this disease-causing allele be identified?

Carriers often show reduced activity for the enzyme encoded by the allele.

Match the life stage on the left to the type of screening on the right that would be used to detect a genetic disease.

Fetus= Amniocentesis and karyotyping to detect chromosomal abnormalities Newborn baby= Test for excess phenylalanine demonstrating phenylketonuria (PKU) Adult= Test for carrier status if one belongs to a family with a history of a specific disease

Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants.

Resistance to disease Resistance to insects Resistance to herbicides

In which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?

Safety concerns when they are used to produce food products Environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings

A method for obtaining fetal cells in a sample of the fluid surrounding the fetus is called ______.

amniocentesis

An examination of the genomes of many different individuals to determine if a specific genetic variant is associated with a human disease is called a genome-wide ___ ___

association study

What types of human diseases are the most straightforward targets for gene therapy?

Inherited diseases involving a single gene abnormality

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene ___

addition

A gene ___ is a gene ___ in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome.

addition knockin

Biotechnology methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive ___

cloning

DNA microarrays can be used to ______.

compare gene activity in cancer cells and normal cells

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of ______.

consistent gene expression

A carcinogen is a(n) ______.

environmental agent that causes cancer

A transgenic plant can be made by the introduction of cloned ___ into somatic tissue, such as a leaf. The leaf is then treated with plant ___ hormones, which can regenerate an entire transgenic plant.

genes growth

The goal of a ______ study is to find a relationship between one or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a disease or other human trait.

genome-wide association

The linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a single chromosome is called a ______.

haplotype

A worldwide effort to identify human genetic variation observed for SNPs and other variants is called the International ___ Project.

hapmap

A cancer cell is a cell that ______.

has accumulated genetic changes that allow it to grow uncontrollably

A malignant tumor ______.

has cells with cancerous mutations leading to uncontrolled growth can form secondary tumors after spreading to other locations can invade nearby healthy tissue

Gene knockout allows researchers to study ___

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.

The process of identifying the genes that play a role in the development of a specific type of cancer is called ______.

molecular profiling

Amniocentesis is a procedure for ______.

obtaining fetal cells in a sample from the fluid surrounding the fetus

Cancerous growths are clonal in origin because cancer cells ______.

originate from a single cell that has accumulated genetic changes during cell division

When a human disease is caused by a mutation in a single gene, scientists follow the pattern of inheritance by analyzing charts called human ___

pedigree

What tool do scientists use to follow a human pattern of inheritance from generation to generation?

pedigree analysis

The use of information about a patient's genotype in order to select a medication or therapy that is specifically suited to the patient is called ___ ___.

personalized medicine

The production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock is called molecular ___

pharming

Somatostatin is a hormone ______.

that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon produced by engineering bacterial cells

Upon infection of plant cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes ______.

tumor growth

A situation where a disease may be caused by mutations in two or more different genes is called ______.

locus heterogeneity

The disease hemophilia is caused by a deficiency in any one of three blood clotting factors. Two of these factors are encoded by genes on the X chromosome and the other clotting factor gene is located on an autosome. Since mutations in more than one gene can cause hemophilia, this represents ______.

locus heterogeneity

Which statement is true of X-linked dominant disorders such as Rett syndrome and Aicardi syndrome?

males die at an early stage of development

Personalized medicine can be used to select a ______.

medication preventative measure therapy

A mutant gene that is overexpressed and contributes to cancerous growth is called a(n) ______.

oncogene

A prion is a disease-causing agent made ______.

only of protein

The study of genetic variations that cause differing responses to drugs is called ______.

pharmacogenetics

When a human disease is caused by a mutation in a single gene, the pattern of inheritance is called ___ Mendelian inheritance.

simple

The International HapMap Project is an effort to identify differences in human DNA sequences by identifying ______.

single-nucleotide polymorphisms

In one of the earliest applications of biotechnology, a bacterial strain was engineered to produce a human hormone with a short coding sequence called ______.

somatosatin

The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called ___ cells.

stem

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?

stem cells

To study the distribution of disease-causing genes, genetic ______ refers to determining if an individual carries the faulty gene, while genetic ______ relates to assessing the presence of the gene throughout a population.

testing screening

A portion of the plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens called ___ ___ becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of plants, and encodes plant growth hormones which cause a crown gall tumor to grow.

transferred dna

Comparing someone with a genetic disease to another person in the general population, the person with the disease is more likely to have a family member with the same disease.

true

A loss-of-function mutation in a ___-___ gene can allow cancerous growth to occur.

tumor-supressor

Biological control is the ______.

use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that more commonly affects males than females and can often be observed in brothers or fathers of a woman who has affected sons?

x-linked recessive

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that more commonly affects males than females and which will occur in about 50% of the sons born to the unaffected daughter of an affected male?

x-linked recessive

The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called _____

biological control

A genetic disease is spread to individuals sharing similar environmental situations.

false

The Monsanto Company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of ___, which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills ___ but not the crop of interest.

glyphocate weeds

Molecular profiling is ______.

identification of the genes that play a role in the development of a specific type of cancer

Genetic testing is used to determine whether a(n) ______ has a disease-causing gene, while genetic screening is used to determine how frequently the gene is found in a(n) ______.

individual population

A benign tumor is a(n) ______.

localized growth with a precancerous genetic change

What is the inheritance pattern when a trait occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and an affected offspring can have two unaffected parents?

autosomal recessive

Embryonic stem cells are found in ______.

blastocyst

The early mammalian embryo contains ___ ___ cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

embryonic stem

Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations.

false can happen in nature

A single individual who first had a disease-causing allele is called a ___.

founder

Which of these is a common example of widespread genetic screening of newborns to identify certain disorders?

Test for excess phenylalanine indicating phenylketonuria (PKU)

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and two affected heterozygous individuals have, on average, 25% unaffected offspring?

autosomal dominant

In a type of gene replacement called gene ___, a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene at its chromosomal location.

knockout

A disease-causing agent made only of protein is called a ______.

prion

Molecular pharming can refer to ______.

production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants

Incorporation of a growth hormone-regulating gene and promoter from other species produced a genetically modified ______ that can grow year round instead of only during specific seasons.

salmon

In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?

Materials produced by living organisms Living organisms

Select the common characteristics of stem cells.

They have the capacity to divide. They can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types.

The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce ___ products or where they are released into the ___

food environment

The first individual who carried a disease called allele is called a ______.

founder

Tay-Sachs disease is inherited with an autosomal recessive allele that leads to a defect in the enzyme hexosaminidase A. When cells are collected from patients, cells with different genotypes exhibit different amounts of enzymatic activity. Rank the amount of enzymatic activity that would be detected in a biochemical assay on cells from patients of these genotypes, with the genotype producing the LEAST amount of enzymatic activity on top.

homozygous recessive heterozygous homozygous dominant

During the initial stage of cancer development, cells with a precancerous genetic change form a(n) ______.

benign growth

Which disease is characterized by genetic changes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth?

cancer

Chemicals in the environment that cause cancer are called ______.

carcinogens

A normal, nonmutated gene that has the potential to become an oncogene is called a ___ -oncogene.

proto

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called

biotechnology

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called ___

biotechnology

What is the inheritance pattern when the trait occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and two unaffected heterozygotes have, on average, 25% affected children?

autosomal recessive

Most cancer cells are descendants of an original cell that acquired genetic changes. Therefore, cancerous growths are considered to be ______ in origin.

clonal

Scientists are mainly interested in stem cells to help them understand basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of ___, and for their potential to treat human ___

development disease

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is ___

bioremediation

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that occurs with equal frequency in both sexes and will be inherited, on average, by 50% of the offspring of an affected individual who had only one affected parent?

autosomal dominant