Ecology Biomes and Chapter 4 Hw

If the area contaminated with heavy metals contained 10,000 kg of soil, after 5 years of phytoremediation one would expect alpine penny-cress to have removed:

10 kg zinc

You are an international policy maker reviewing biotech crop regulations. Which of the following information sources would provide a reliable scientific assessment of the impacts of biotech crops?

A national scientific panel review of all the biotech crop research published over the past 15 years

Based on population and consumption trends, which region would have had the highest paper consumption in the year 2010?

Asia, due to rising population and rising consumption rates

According to Indra Vasil, biotech crops are safe and well tested. Which of the following statements does he use to support his claims?

Biotech crops have never caused illness in humans or animals.

You are designing an experiment to test methods to prevent soil erosion in agricultural production. Which of the following are NOT good experiment ideas?

Compare tillage of a wheat field with tillage of a corn field.

You want to investigate the difference in available water capacity of local farms. Which of the following would be an appropriate hypothesis?

Farms with intermediate particle size will have the highest available water capacity. Submit

Anuradha Mittal lists several potential outcomes of allowing genetic engineering (GE) in agriculture. Identify one statement she includes in her list.

Gene transfer across species

The surface layer of soils is referred to as the

O horizon

Based on the climograph, what mainly differentiates temperate grassland from temperate broadleaf forest?

Temperate broadleaf forests receive more precipitation.

When one examines the global distribution of tundra ecosystems, there are inconsistencies with the expected latitudinal distribution of the tundra biome. In South America there is a thin strip where these biomes are found from close to the equator almost to the southern tip of the continent. How are these found in these very different latitudes?

The line observed on the map corresponds to the Andes, a very tall mountain range.

The two authors identify different groups in this GE debate. Based on the essays, which of the following statements correctly describes one author's label of the pro-GE groups versus the anti-GE groups?

Vasil: the practical pro-GE biotech industry vs. the small, political anti-GE lobby

What does the red line on the graph represent?

average temperature (°C)

What name is given to the process seen in this animation? To view the animation, click here. Then click Start on the image to start the animation.

cation exchange

Which of these ions is most likely to be leached from the soil?

chlorine ions

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall?

desert

The amount of light at any depth in a forest canopy is affected by the leaves above. The best way to measure the impact of those leaves on light availability is to __________.

determine their total area

How do cations enter root hairs?

diffusion

If birds with larger beaks are favored by the environment, it is likely that ________ selection will occur.

directional

. An organism's genetic makeup--its actual combination of alleles--is known as its.........

genotype

In tropical rain forests, high precipitation and consistently high temperatures result in __________.

high rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling

In comparing the removal of cadmium with the removal of zinc, the alpine penny-cress removed a _____ % and a ____ mass of cadmium than of zinc.

higher, lower

The release of CO2 into the soil results in the formation of _____.

hydrogen ions and carbonate ions

What do the blue bars represent on the graph?

monthly precipitation

Terrestrial organisms typically __________.

must cope with a much wider range of temperatures than that found in aquatic systems

A(n) ...........is a change in the base sequence of an organism's DNA.

mutation

This biome is characterized by broad-leaved trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter

temperate deciduous forest

Also called steppe or prairie, this biome has been extensively developed for agricultural use due to its nutrient-rich soils

temperate grassland

Which of the following biomes does this climatograph most likely represent?

temperate grassland

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

temperature and rainfall

What is salt weathering?

the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart

Identical twin raccoons are raised in different environments and yet behave very differently. This is an example of

the norm of reaction.

Sort the statements by the type of agriculture that each best describes. Drag each description to the appropriate bin.

traditional agriculture: controls pests with natural pesticides and planting of multiple crops relies on human and animal power many crops grown together on small plots of land industrial agriculture: relies on fossil fuel-powered machinery heavy use of synthetic fertilizer controls pests with synthetic pesticides single crops grown on large plots of land

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost?

tundra

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,

the frequency of the green allele will increase.

Middle latitude deserts can form where a mountain chain interrupts the prevailing winds, creating a rain shadow effect. As wind goes up and over the mountains, the water vapor it carries condenses, forming clouds and rain on the windward (facing the wind) side of the mountains and a desert on the leeward (sheltered from the wind) side, where the air (which now is very dry) descends the mountains. Label the accompanying diagram with the environmental conditions that occur when a rain shadow forms. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. You do not need to use all labels.

(couldn't find the diagram) top column: wet climate, condensation forms clouds, dry climate bottom column: windward, leeward on the right of the diagram: desert

A hypothetical population of 300 wolves has two alleles, FB and FW, for a locus that codes for fur color. The table below describes the phenotype of a wolf with each possible genotype, as well as the number of individuals in the population with each genotype. Which statements accurately describe the population of wolves?

-Based on the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected number of wolves with the FBFB genotype is 12. -Based on the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected number of wolves with the FBFW genotype is 96. -The population is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. -The population may be evolving because the actual number of individuals with each genotype differs from the expected number of individuals with each genotype.

1.) _____l weathering alters the internal structure of rock materials. 2. Potassium feldspar weathers in the presence of water containing ______. 3. Iron weathers through the process of _______ 4. A greenhouse gas called _____ influences the rate of chemical weathering.

1.) Chemical 2.) carbonic acid 3.) oxidation 4.) carbon dioxide

1. Regions where the climate is ______ are known as steppe. 2. Thick___ is not found in deserts because there are fewer plants than in more humid climates. 3. A high rate of _____ is often characteristic of a climate where there is not a steady flow of water and there are high temperatures. 4. A desert has a drier climate than a _____.

1.) semiarid 2.) soil 3.) evaporation 4.) steppe

Approximately how many tons of paper and paperboard were consumed worldwide in 1970?

130 million tons

If plants continue to remove zinc at the rate shown, it would take _____ years to remove all the zinc.

15 years

Now calculate the tons of paper and paperboard consumed worldwide in 2000. Use your answer to this question and your answer from Part B to calculate the approximate percentage change in consumption from 1970 to 2000.

170%

Prior to phytoremediation the concentration of Cd in the soil was:

19 mg/kg soil

After 1 year of phytoremediation, alpine penny-cress removed ____ mg/kg soil of zinc.

200

Two mice are heterozygous for albinism (Aa) . The dominant allele (A) codes for normal pigmentation, and the recessive allele (a) codes for no pigmentation. What percentage of their offspring would have an albino phenotype?

25

What percentage more nitrogen would be saved annually by using reduced tillage rather than conventional tillage?

37%

Given that annual crop yields in each of the study plots were approximately 4 metric tons/ha, what is the ratio of soil lost to crop yield under conventional tillage?

4,000 kg soil/1 ton crop yield

Approximately how much more soil was lost using conventional tillage rather than reduced tillage?

5,000 kg/ha

How much more organic carbon would be saved annually by using reduced tillage?

70 kg/ha

What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous individuals?

All of the gametes from a homozygote carry the same version of the gene while those of a heterozygote will differ.

How could the botanist best determine whether the genotype of the green-pod plant is homozygous or heterozygous?

Cross the green-pod plant with a yellow-pod plant.

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

Can you identify the process by which natural selection acts on an insect population exposed to pesticides?

Environmental Change- Pesticide is applied to a population of insects Selective pressure- Some insects have a gene that makes them resistant to pesticide. These insects survive, insects without the gene do not Change in population- The surviving insects reproduce. The frequency of resistant populations increase

True or false? In diploid organisms, a dominant phenotype will only be expressed if the individual is homozygous dominant for that trait.

False

Which of the following are basic components of the Hardy-Weinberg model?

Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

Which of the following statements about the habitats of temperate climates is FALSE? Deciduous forests show vertical stratification. In the Southern Hemisphere, temperate evergreen forests predominate in mild, moist climates.Animal diversity is tied to vertical strata of temperate forests. Broadleaf deciduous forests dominate large portions of the humid regions of the temperate zone, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Herbaceous species of the temperate forests tend to flower just after the canopy regrows in the spring.

Herbaceous species of the temperate forests tend to flower just after the canopy regrows in the spring.

A hypothetical population of 200 cats has two alleles, TL and TS, for a locus that codes for tail length. The table below describes the phenotypes of cats with each possible genotype, as well as the number of individuals in the population with each genotype. Which statements about the population are true?

Heterozygotes make up 20% of the population. Homozygotes make up 80% of the population. In the entire cat population, 60% of the alleles are TS. In the entire cat population, the frequency of the TL allele is 0.4. Assuming random mating, each gamete has a 40% chance of having a TL allele and a 60% chance of having a TS allele.

Three types of chemical weathering processes are particularly important for transforming minerals within rocks into weathered products. These are hydrolysis, oxidation, and dissolution. Through hydrolysis reactions, minerals are weathered in the presence of water, often rainwater. Through oxidation reactions, iron-rich materials transform in the presence of oxygen in air. And through dissolution, minerals dissolve in water, making their chemical products ions within water. You will sort each example into its category of chemical weathering process. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

Hydrolysis: Fedspar in granite rocks weathering to clay Oxidation: Red color of rocks in Arches National Park Yellow stained rocks that used to contain pyrite before it is weathered Dissolution: The salty taste of the ocean water Caves formed in limestone

Which two months have the highest average temperature?

July and August

Both authors describe the unhealthy state of forests but describe very different solutions. Which of the following answers list Koehler's primary solution and Bosworth's primary solution?

Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning) Submit

Read the following descriptions of several different environments. Based on the information given, sort each environment into the correct bin for an environment that would experience predominantly mechanical weathering or predominantly chemical weathering. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

Mechanical weathering would predominate: A cold, wet environment at high elevation, in which freezing and thawing is common. A cold, dry environment experiencing uplift, in which material is being removed by erosion from an underlying pluton/intrusive igneous rock. Chemical weathering would predominate.: A hot, humid climate with heavy precipitation that occurs all year. A hot environment with many short but intense rainstorms. A warm, wet environment with above average yearly rainfall and several stormy seasons each year.

For 1981, 1987, and 1990, how does the frequency of left-mouthed breeding adults compare to the frequency of left-mouthed individuals in the entire population?

Most of the breeding adults had the opposite phenotype of that which was most common in the population.

Which of the following evolutionary forces could create new genetic information in a population?

Mutation

Can you identify which mechanism of evolution is at work in each scenario below?

New individuals move into a population- gene flow Camouflage enables this insect to evade predators- natural selection A prominent tail helps the peacock attract a mate- natural selection By chance, some wildflowers in this population reproduce, while others do not The bird's beak is well suited for cracking seeds- natural selection

What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph?

Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.

Although Koehler and Bosworth disagree about the role of logging in U.S. national forests, their essays suggest one potential point of agreement. Which of the following statements would both authors support?

Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas.

You are a U.S. senator who plans to introduce an updated version of the Organic Administration Act of 1897. What scientific information would be useful for rewriting the original law?

Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests

Which of the following statements about tropical savannas is FALSE? Savannas show little interannual variation in total precipitation. Temperature has a relatively small impact on the vegetation present in savannas. Water availability limits the density of woody plants. The dominant vegetation is fire-adapted in savannas. Savannas are characterized by grasses and occasional shrubs or trees.

Savannas show little interannual variation in total precipitation.

Which of the following evolutionary forces consistently results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies?

Selection

Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?

Stomata

Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.: subtropical desert, middle latitude desert, not a desert feature

Subtropical desert: Location is due to global atmospheric patterns. Form due to persistent high atmospheric pressure. Middle Latitude Desert: Located far from the ocean or other sources of moisture. Rain shadows may form where mountains cross prevailing winds. Not a desert feature: Plants are not able to grow. Precipitation never occurs.

Which of the following statements about forest management is FALSE? Sustained yield in a forest management system allows for rapid rotation and turnover rates of 10 years or less. Clear-cut areas can be badly disturbed by erosion that affects subsequent recovery of the site as well as adjacent aquatic communities. Selection cutting produces only small openings or gaps in the forest canopy .The uncut trees in the seed-tree, or shelterwood, system are intended to be the main source of seed for establishing natural regeneration after harvest. One problem with sustained-yield forestry is that it is focused on the sustained yield of the timber products.

Sustained yield in a forest management system allows for rapid rotation and turnover rates of 10 years or less.

What genotype frequencies are expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a population with allele frequencies of p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 for a particular gene?

The expected genotype frequencies are 0.64, 0.32, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively.

What is the frequency of the A1 allele in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals?

The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3.

Which of the following statements is not a part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two.

You have been studying birds at your bird feeder this winter. You note a great deal of difference in beak size in one species of bird. The small-beaked birds eat only the smallest seeds from your feeder, while the larger-beaked birds are able to eat all of the seed sizes, but they mostly feed on the large seeds. If you were to isolate this population and give them only the large seeds for many generations, the population would shift to mostly large-beaked birds. How would you explain these results?

This is an example of trade-offs natural selection.

True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.

True

True or false? The Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: no selection at the gene in question; no genetic drift; no gene flow; no mutation; random mating.

True

True or false? The same phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.

True

You find a population of dandelions growing in your front yard. You do some experiments to try to reduce the dandelion population. You plant some seeds and simulate a drought. These plants grow small, stunted leaves. When you begin watering them normally, leaf size returns to normal. This is an example of __________.

acclimation

A(n) ........... is a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment, and may modify a population over generations.

adaptation

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.

adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.

adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

adaptive radiation

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.

all of these

The climate diagrams below represent which of the following biomes?

confier forest (couldn't find diagram)

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

coniferous forest

Dry seasons in the tropics are analogous to temperate winters because __________.

deciduous trees in both locations lose their leaves and cease photosynthetic activity

Acid precipitation _____.

decreases soil fertility

This is the driest biome, where many plants have water-conserving features such as thick leaves and needles

desert

When constructing a Punnett square, the symbols on the outside of the boxes represent _______, while those inside the boxes represent _______.

gametes, progeny

The evolution of populations due to chance is

genetic drift

If a population has an allele frequency of 1.0, you would say that

genetic variation of that allele is low.

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift

has more effect on the evolution of a small population.

Suppose that the botanist carried out the test cross described in Parts A and B and determined that the original green-pod plant was heterozygous (Gg). Which of Mendel's findings does her test cross illustrate?

law of segregation

During which part of meiosis (meiosis I or meiosis II) do the two alleles of a gene separate? During which phase does the separation occur? State your answer as meiosis I or meiosis II followed by a comma and the name of the phase (for example, if your answer is meiosis II and metaphase, enter meiosis II, metaphase).

meiosis 1, anaphase

An organism's traits--including its outward appearance, behavior, and other observable or measurable features--is known as its.....

phenotype

The expression of different phenotypic traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions is referred to as

phenotypic plasticity.

What process is the source of the CO2 that root hairs release into the soil?

respiration

In this hot, dry biome, populations of zebras, gazelles, and giraffes are concentrated around widely spaced watering holes.

savanna

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?

tropical rain forest

Despite having lush vegetation and diverse biological communities, the soil in this biome has low nutrient content and cannot support long-term agriculture

tropical rainforest

A tall, purple-flowered pea plant (TtPp) is allowed to self-pollinate. (The recessive alleles code for short plants and white flowers.) The phenotypic ratio of the resulting offspring is 9:3:3:1. What is the genotype of the plant whose phenotype appeared once out of every 16 offspring (the "1" in the 9:3:3:1 ratio)?

ttpp

. This cold, dry biome is populated by lichens and shrubs that can survive great seasonal variations in sunlight and temperature.

tundra

What is the frequency of the A1A2 genotype in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals?

0.4

_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

Adaptive radiation

What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph?

900 nm

Dale Bosworth describes several reasons why America's national forests are not pristine landscapes. Which of the following reasons does he include in his essay?

American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire.

Matthew Koehler includes several statistics about impacts of logging in national forests. Which of the following statements describe an ecological impact of logging?

Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses.

Based on their observations and the data they collected, the Grants concluded that evolution by natural selection had occurred in the medium ground finch population. The increase in the average beak size of the offspring was a direct result of the change in the food supply during the drought. In order to have reached this conclusion, the Grants must have either assumed or proven that several other facts about the finch population were true. Which statements represent information that must be true in order for the Grants conclusion to be correct?

Beak size is an inherited trait in the finch population under study. Beak size varies among the birds in the finch population under study. Birds that could eat larger, tougher seeds survived and reproduced during the drought.

What do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common?

Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically.

With the addition of water, the minerals in granite rocks chemically weather into other minerals, known as products. Test your knowledge of the by-product of each mineral as a result of chemical weathering by labeling the minerals below with their respective products. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

Feldspar: Clay Quartz: No chemical change Olivine: limonite

Granite and basalt are both igneous rocks, with different chemical composition and structure, and hence different weathering rates. Minerals that crystallize slowly, like in the case of granite are usually more resistant to chemical weathering than those with a lower crystallization, like basalt. Besides chemical composition, a secondary factor that affects the rate of weathering in such rocks is the amount of cracks/fractures present in a rock will also affect the rate of weathering. Rank the rocks in order of the rate of chemical weathering they would experience, assuming they are all located in the same warm, wet climate. Rank from slowest to fastest.

Granite with very few to no cracks Granite with abundant cracks Basalt, with very few to no cracks Basalt, with abundant vesicles (holes)

Look at the descriptions below of scenarios and determine whether the scenario inhibits weathering or enhances weathering. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Inhibits weathering: Rows of trees are planted on the border of a field to slow the wind and deflect it upward. A once bare field is planted with trees and shrubs. Enhances weathering: A tree is growing on the side of a rocky hill, and its roots are growing into a crack in the rock. Humans remove trees and other vegetation in order to develop an area of land. Animals burrow into the ground, loosening the soil. Lichens, which secrete acids, encrust the surface of a rock. Consistent grazing by a herd of cattle. A forest fire destroys vegetation without regrowth.

In the year 2000 Africa had a population of 840 million people Asia had a population of 3,766 million people North America had a population of 319 million people Which region had the highest per capita paper use in 2000?

North America

Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?

Large, broad leaves

What do these comparisons suggest about when natural selection favored left-mouthed individuals over right-mouthed individuals?

Left-mouthed individuals were selected for when right-mouthed individuals were more common, and vice versa.

Predict how the results of this experiment might vary if repeated in a less mountainous region with lower annual rainfall.

Lower soil loss for both conventional and reduced tillage treatments

Which of the following represents acclimation?

Marine lionfish are able to tolerate freshwater in estuaries.

You have joined a fraternal ecological organization with an unusual initiation ritual. They drop you off in a distant biome with limited supplies and you must camp there for two days, study the biome and give a presentation at the first meeting of the organization. You find yourself in a warm area dominated by evergreen shrubs that seem to grow more in the wetter winter months than in the summer. You also notice evidence of fires in the area. The title of your presentation could be __________.

My Time in the Mediterranean Climate: Enjoying a Temperate Shrubland

If an organism with the genotype AaBb produces gametes, what proportion of the gametes would be Bb?

None

Which three regions used the most paper overall for the entire time period represented on the graph? Select the answer that lists the top three regions in order from most to least paper use.

North America, Europe, Asia

Although the authors disagree completely on the use of GE crops, there are one or two points of view they share. Review the statements below and select one that represents a shared view.

People in some parts of the world will need more food.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Plants can redistribute soil nutrients and thus influence the formation of soils. Plants remove water from the soil, influencing soil formation. Plants can add organic material to the soil and thus influence its formation. Plants can stabilize the soil and thus influence its formation. Plants can physically fracture rocks and thus influence the formation of soils.

Plants remove water from the soil, influencing soil formation.

A(n) ........consists of all the members of a species that live together in a specific geographic region.

Population

Enter the values for the expected frequency of each genotype: TLTL, TLTS, and TSTS. Enter your answers numerically to two decimal places, not as percentages. For help applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation to this cat population, see Hints 1 and 2.

Tl,Tl long. 60.......0.16 Tl, Ts. medium 40.....0.48 Ts,Ts short 100......0.36

Some arctic tundra ecosystems receive as little precipitation as deserts but have much more dense vegetation. What climatic factor might explain this difference?

Tundra is much cooler than deserts, so less water evaporates during the growing season and the tundra stays more moist.

Why does water frozen in the cracks of a rock help to break down the rock?

Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart.

What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph?

Winters are cold and summers are hot.

In temperate regions dominated by deciduous forests, seasonal changes result in __________.

a larger leaf area index during summer months

Selection can influence populations in three ways: ...........favors one extreme in a range of phenotypes; ............... favors both extremes in a range of phenotypes; and ............ favors the average phenotype in a population.

directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection

The binding of H+ ions to soil particles _____.

displaces mineral cations

7. A population is said to be in.......if its allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next.

equilibrium

Under which conditions are the processes of weathering, leaching, and input of organic material from plants into soil maximized?

warm temperatures and abundant water

The mechanical destruction and/or chemical modification of rock into smaller particles is called

weathering