Ecology chapter 10

Guppies were moved from stream A, with a fish that preyed upon adult guppies, to stream B, with a fish that preyed upon juvenile guppies. After 30 to 60 generations, the guppies responded to the increased predation on juveniles relative to adults by

increasing age at maturity.

Heightened male to male aggression around female mates is likely the result of

intrasexual selection

The antlers of elk are used to fight with other males to win female mates, these are an example of __________.

intrasexual selection

Reproductive success of an organism is best measured by its

number of offspring that survive to reproduce.

Parthenogenesis is a process whereby __________.

offspring are created without fertilization

Sequential hermaphrodites are __________

one sex first before changing to the opposite sex

Which of the following is associated with asexual reproduction?

parthenogenesis

In the presence of predators, some tadpoles grow larger and more colorful tails to avoid lethal strikes to the head. This ability to respond to the environment via morphological traits is known as

phenotypic plasticity.

An insect larva that is immediately ready to move and feed after birth is termed

precocial

John Seager describes several benefits of smaller families, including ____________

reduced carbon emissions

The behavioral, physiological, and energetic activities involved in current reproduction result in

reduced future survival, fecundity, and growth.

The primary strategies that organisms can possess in Grime's model are __________.

ruderal, competitive, and stress tolerant

Pacific salmon migrate upstream and after breeding, soon die. They are termed

semelparous

Which of these was the second of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

the Industrial Revolution

Which of these was the first of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

the advent of agriculture

The young of most nesting birds are __________

altricial

Among birds (and some other organisms), siblings will kill each other when still being cared for by parents under some circumstances. It is thought that this has evolved to maximize fitness. Under what circumstances would this occur?

when resources are low

An advantage to sexual reproduction is

increased genetic variability

Sylva emphasizes the dangers to economies and social welfare systems from declining fertility rates. In comparison to Sylva, what would Seager say about declining fertility?

Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads.

A trade-off for having many offspring would be

That they would likely be small in size.

Douglas Sylva gives four reasons why government population control is bad policy. Which of the following statements represents one of his reasons?

Government influence over family size is prone to abuse

Although Sylva and Seager seem to agree that couples should be able to make their own family planning decisions, they would disagree about which of the following statements?

Governments should provide resources and education for family planning

In lek species, several male birds gather at a communal courtship area where they compete with males for space. Females then choose who to mate with based on the displays of the males. In this process __________.

In lek species, several male birds gather at a communal courtship area where they compete with males for space. Females then choose who to mate with based on the displays of the males. In this process __________.

Small and short-lived plants that rapidly colonize disturbed sites are classified by J. Phillip Grime as

R species

Which of the following is true of the third phase of the human population growth curve?

The third phase of the population growth curve represents a phase of "social evolution" driving the modification of the life history of the human species.

Which of the following statements about r-strategists is FALSE? They typically produce a large number of offspring. They are typically short lived. They typically produce large offspring. They typically give minimal parental care. They are typically fast growing.

They typically produce large offspring.

Fecundity increases with body weight.

True

Most species of vertebrates are iteroparous.

True

Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads.

development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country

Human reproductive systems are best described as

dioecious

Which of these was the third of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

he discovery of vaccines and the discovery of antibiotics

Altricial young are relatively

helpless at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation

Early sexual maturity is predicted to result in

higher reproduction earlier in life

In long-lived species of organisms, the primary advantage of delaying reproduction (late maturity) is

larger initial body size during the first reproduction event.

Animals that are K-strategists tend to be __________.

long-lived, highly competitive, and characterized by stable population sizes

When one male mates and stays with one female, the relationship is called

monogamous