Economic Recovery and European Unity and The Cold War

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Schuman Plan

An international organization set up in 1952 to control and integrate all European coal and steel production; also known as the European Coal and Steel Community

women's rights movement

An organized effort to improve the political, legal, and economic status of women in American society

Leonid Brezhnev

Became new General Secretary (1964-1982)

Labour Party

British political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class

Council of Europe

Brought about by the Marshall Plan in 1948 as an attempt to evolve into a Parliament yet became only a multinational debating society.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Collective security organization consisted of the democracies in Europe, US, and Canada to prevent against Soviet expansion in Europe.

Second Vatican Council

Convened by Pope John Paul XXIII (1962-1965), this council aimed to reflect on Church teaching so that the Church would respond appropriately to the needs of the modern world

Eastern bloc

Countries in Eastern Europe dominated by USSR

Iron Curtain

Cut off travel, trade, and communication with Eastern Europe

Hydrogen bomb

Developed by U.S. in 1952 & USSR in 1953. Far mor estuarine than th atomic bombs dropped in Japan.

Politburo

Dictatorship was collective rather than personal

Boris Pasternak

Dr. Zhivago 1956.

Berlin Wall

East Germany built the Berlin Wall around the west bar rather than enforce the ultimatum to US, Effectively ended fur ute crises over Berlin

Democratic Republic of Germany

East Germany established this in 1949 and was led by Walter Ulbricht (1950-1971). His communist regime as heavily influenced by Moscow

oil crisis

Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.

Truman Doctrine

Established the US policy of Containment that would last four decades. US gave aid to Greece and Turkey that helped those countries defeat communist insurgencies. US pledged it would help any country financially that was trying to defeat communism

Euratom

European Atomic Energy Community established by the treaty of Rome to regulate and research nuclear energy merged with the EEC

Yuri Gagarin

First man in space

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Gulags

Forced labor camps

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of The Second Sex. She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. She died in 1986.

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Warsaw Pact

In response to West Germany joining NATO in 1954 the Soviet Union formed this in 1955

"stagflation"

In the 1970s when rising prices were accompanied by growing unemploymen

Federal Republic of Germany

Independent West Germany led by Konrad Adenauer (1949-1963)

Brezhnev Doctrine

Issued in response to "Prague Spring": Henceforth, the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

20th century Congress, 1956

Krushchev denounced Stalin in a closed session

Marshall Josip Broz Tito

Leader of Yugoslavia

Mao Zedong

Leader of communism in China

Fidel Castro

Leader of communist Cuba

János Kádár

Leader of communist Hungary

Ludwig Erhard

Minister of the economy, bet on the free economy while maintaining the extensive social welfare network inherited from the Hitler era

Prague Spring

The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was the crucial event of the Brezhnev era. Alexander Dubcek elected leader: ushered new period of thaw and rebirth in famous _____________

Francois Mitterand

a Socialist, he was elected president of France in 1981, and enacted many liberal measures to reduce inflation and aid workers but could not correct France's economic problems and lost power in 1993

International Monetary Fund

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

"welfare state"

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Counter-Culture

a rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American society in the 1960s

Maastricht Treaty

a treaty created in 1991 that set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with it single currency and set 1999 as the start date for its establishment.

Conrad Adenaur

prime minister; supported UK joining the EU and was a federalist

"Big Science"

scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results

French Fifth Republic

set up by De Gaulle, stronger presidential office with the powers to dissolve the legislature, submit popular issues to the people, and assume emergency power whenever necessary, De Gaulle became the first president and prestige power and stability were returned, Algerian issue was solved when colony was granted independence

General Assembly

the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations

European Coal and Steel Community

used as a common market by 6 member countries (France, West Germany, Benelux countries, Italy) for steel and coal products by eliminating tarriffs and other trade barriers

mixed economy

An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.

SALT I

1972: Brezhnev and Nixon signed treaty to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the number of antiballistic missiles to 200 for each power

Helsinki Conference

1975: Final Act, officially ended World War II by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland and other east European countries

Jean Monnet

A French administrator who helped reorganize the postwar French economy. He tried to set Europe on a path towards economic and political unity and took extensive means to do so.

U2 incident

American. U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR

French student revolt

1968 Students dissatisfied with university curriculum, overcrowding, competition for grades appealed for help from the working class and a general strike threatened the 5th French Republic. Was crushed by government troops

COMECON

(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) an organization for economic cooperation in European Communist states

People's Republic of China

(Red China) communism in China, led by Mao Zedong

Soviet Point of View

1. Democracies hostile a. Archangel expedition during WWI 2. U.S & Britain did not open a western front early enough in WWII 3. The US and Britain froze Soviets out of the atomic bomb project 4. US terminated lend lease to Moscow in May 1945 but gave Britain aid until 1946 5. Soviets sought a "buffer zone" for the Soviet Western border, especially in Poland

US POV

1. Stalin seemed intent on making "spheres" of influence in Eastern Europe 2. Stalin broke Yalta pledges, and refused reunification of Germany 3. Winston Churchill's "iron curtain" speech in 1946 alerted Americans to a future conflict with the USSR 4. US wanted democracy spread throughout the world with a strong international organization to maintain global peace

Tehran Conference

1943: USSR was guaranteed to be the only power to linerate eastern Europe

Potsdam Conference

1945: US President Harry Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refused

West Germany

1949: became an independent country when the US, France, and Britain gave back each of their zones

Geneva Summit

1955 USSR met with US, Britain, France to begin discussions on European security and disarmament. No agreements resulted.

Hungarian Uprising

1956. Students and workers in Budapest installed a liberal Communist reformer, Imre Nagy, as new chief in October 1956. Nearing nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding no communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country. Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Hungary and crushing the national democratic revolution János Kádár installed firm communist rule. After Hungarian invasion, most Eastern Europesns hoped for small domestic gains heir obediently following USSR into foreign affairs.

Sputnik

1957. First satellite was sent into orbit on a rocket and was brought back safely to the USSR.

Cuban missile crisis

1962 U.S demanded Soviets rmob this nelly installed nuclear missiles from Cuba. Crisis became the closest USSR and US came. To nuclear eat during the Cold War. Krushchev agreed to remove missions in turn for U.S. Removing its missiles from Turkey and vowing never to invade Cuba.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

1963: US and Britain signed a historic treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt to reduce Cold War tensions. France refused to sign (was in the process of developing its own nuclear weapons program). China became a nuclear power in 1964 leading to its estrangement with the Soviet Union

space race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Christian Democrats

A vital component of postwar politics, these groups shifted from their decades-old emphasis on advocating church interests to welcoming non-Catholics among their ranks and focusing on democracy, anti-communism, and social reform.

"economic miracle"

Adenauer reconstructed the W German economy-financed by Ludwig Erhard; doubled wages and cut work hours by 20%. Unemployment went from 8 to .4

French Fourth Republic

After WWII in france, parliament has control, coalition governments not achieving anything, arguments over Algeria lead to coup d'etat from de Gaulle

Nikita Krushchev (1894-1971)

New leader of USSR after Stalin died in 1953

Imre Nagy

New liberal Communist reformer chief, installed in October 1956

Realpolitik

Nixon and Kissinger believed US should pursue policies and make alliances based on its national interests rather than on an ideological world view

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Nonconformists such as him permanently in expelled from country

Aleksandr Solzenitsyn

One Day in the Life. Portrays the grim detail life in a Stalinist gulag

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Treaty of Rome

Pact, created in 1957, that set up the European Economic Community (also known as the Common Market)

Socialism with a human face

Prague Spring of 1968. Sought greater democracy and freedom of speech.

Secret anti-Stalin speech

Probably most influential statement in Russia since Lenin's "April Theses" in 1917

Dètente

Relaxation of tensions between U.S and USSR

Gosplan

Resources shifted from heavy industry and mikitary toward consumer goods and agriculture, Centralized Economic Planning

Berlin Crisis

Soviets attempt to remove Allies from Berlin by cutting off access to the city. US organized massive airlift of 277,000 flights into the city to carry supplies. After 11 months the society agreed to lift the blockade in 1949

Yalta Conference

Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in Easter Europe

Bretton Woods Conference, 1944

The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Ostpolitik

The foreign policy of detente of Western European countries with reference to the former communist bloc, especially the opening of relations with the Eastern bloc the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the 1960s.

"Brain Drain"

The rapid expansion of government-financed research in the United States attracted many of Europe's best scientists during the 1950s and 1960s. Thoughtful Europeans lamented this "brain drain" and feared that Europe was falling hopelessly behind the United States in science and technology.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Henry Kissinger

US Secretary of State during Nixon

Containment

US pledged to prevent further spread of Communism

Marshall Plan

US sent a massive financial aid package of $13 billion to help war torn Europe recover from war

Austrian Independence

USSR agreed in 1955 to real independence for a neutral Austria after 10 years of Allied occupation

Partition of Germany

USSR, US, Britain, and France each occupied a part of Germany and theoretically would allow for German reunification once she was no longer a threat

Massive Retaliation

Under President Eisenhower, the US policy temporarily shifted to helping Eastern European countries remove communism. US vowed to destroy USSR with nukes if it tried to expand.

Euro dollar

Uniform Currensy introduced in Europe in 1999

Willy Brandt

West German chancellor (1969-1974), began to improve relations with Eastern Europe through his "eastern initiative". Negotiated treaties with USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia that formally accepted existing state boundaries and the loss of German territory to Poland and USSR in return for mutual renunciation of force or threat of force. Two g mans within one German nations.

Peaceful coexistence

What Krushchev sought to have with the west so that he could focus on improving the Soviet economy

"guest workers"

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

European Economic Community

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Catholic Party

big influence in France. Fairly progressive when compared to Christian Dempcrats

"the Six"

by 1959 coal and steel moved freely among six nations of the European Coal and Steel Community