Ecore Biology 1011K Final Study Guide

How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?

2

Imagine a locus with four different alleles for fur color in an animal. The alleles are named Da, Db, Dc, and Dd. If you crossed two heterozygotes, DaDb and DcDd, what genotype proportions would you expect in the offspring?

25% DaDc, 25% DaDd, 25% DbDc, 25% DbDd

ABO blood type in humans exhibits codominance and multiple alleles. O is a result of being homozygous recessive. What is the likelihood of a type A father and a type A mother having a type O child?

25% if both parents are heterozygous

Enzymes that breakdown DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?

the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken

Which of the following components does not form part of the transcription complex at a eukaryotic promoter?

transfer RNA

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from

water.

The template strand of a given gene includes the sequence 3'-G C C A C G T A T C A G-5' What is the sequence of the non-template strand?

5'-C G G T G C A T A G T-3'

In what way is mitosis similar to meiosis?

Both divide the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

________ completes cell division by physically separating components into two daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

A scientist wants to test the hypothesis that a certain bird species in her back yard changes its songs to warning calls whenever it detects the presence of a potential predator. Which of the following most likely describes her initial observations?

Each time the scientist let her cat outside, the birds abruptly changed their songs.

Inside which organelle are secreted proteins usually synthesized?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Restriction Enzyme A has the recognition sequence 5′-CTGCAG-3′. Restriction Enzyme B has the recognition sequence 5′-GCGC-3′. Based on this information, you can infer that:

Enzyme A will cut the genome into fewer pieces than will Enzyme B.

A scientist wishes to test a new antibiotic's ability to treat stubborn bacterial infections. He tests his hypothesis that the antibiotic works better than existing treatments by giving bacterial infections to mice and treating them with the antibiotic. He then determines how many of the mice recover from their infections. What is missing from his experimental design?

He is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new antibiotic.

The inside of a phospholipid bilayer is known as being:

Hydrophobic

Polymerase chain reaction is a genetic technique used for which of the following purposes?

Identifying DNA at a crime scene Paternity analysis Comparison of ancient DNA with modern organisms

________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis.

Mesophyll

At what stage of mitosis is there a regulatory checkpoint that detects chromosomal abnormalities?

Metaphase

How is molecular cloning different from reproductive cloning?

Molecular cloning allows you to produce multiple copies of genes by introducing a desired gene into a bacterial plasmid

When inheritance for a particular characteristic depends on the combined effects of numerous genes, it is due to ____________.

Polygenic inheritance

The following offspring were observed from many crossings of the same pea plants. What genotypes were the parents?

PpAa x PpAa

Why do charged molecules have difficulty crossing a phospholipid bilayer?

They are too polar

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

They produce ATP.

Why are theories stronger and more reliable than hypotheses?

because they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses

Explain why phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer when mixed with water?

because they have one end that is polar and another that is non-polar

Which of the following lists correctly presents levels of organization from most complex to simplest?

biosphere, community, organism, organ system

The general term for diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth is _____ .

cancer

The "backbones" of the macromolecules of life made of what element?

carbon

The end products of aerobic cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide and water.

The __________ describes the different stages of cell life.

cell cycle

Spindle fiber microtubules attach to the kinetochore proteins at the _____ of the pairs of sister chromatids.

centromeres

The visible structures that form at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged are called

chiasmata

A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates

complete dominance.

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

A biologist isolates a large, unidentified molecule from some cells in his lab. He determines that the macromolecule breaks into smaller pieces with the concomitant loss of water. What reaction has he observed?

dehydration

A scientist observes that when she opens the back door of her house to let her cat out, the songs of a certain species of bird abruptly change. She wants to follow up on her observations with an informal experiment. Which of the following is the best hypothesis for explaining the birds' song changes?

The bird species switches from song to warning call whenever it sees a potential predator.

Pyruvate

forms at the end of glycolysis.

A pea plant is heterozygous at the independent loci for flower color (white versus purple) and seed color (yellow versus green). What types of gametes can it produce?

four gamete types: white/yellow, white/green, purple/yellow, and purple/green

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

glycolisis

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called

grana

The dominant stage in the life cycle of fungi (for example mushrooms) is a

haploid

What type of chemical bond stabilizes the 3 dimensional shapes of nucleic acids and proteins:

hydrogen bonds

An "educated guess" as to what causes an observed phenomenon is known as a:

hypothesis

Which one of the following pairs of people has the exact same genome?

identical twins

Which of the following is an example of "recombinant DNA"?

introducing a human gene into a bacterial plasmid

Atoms that gain or lose electrons are known as:

ions

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.

is gas exchange; produces ATP

During aerobic cellular respiration, the energy that was in glucose

is transferred to electron carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

During mitosis, microtubules of the spindle apparatus attach to the ____ of the chromosomes.

kinetochore proteins

Fatty acids are a component of what type of macromolecule?

lipids

In most green plants, chloroplasts are

located in leaf tissue called the mesophyll.

Haploid gametophytes produce haploid gametes by

mitosis

Which of the following lists correctly presents levels of organization from simplest to most complex?

molecules, cells, populations, ecosystems

Most plants and animal cells have two sets of chromosomes. Where do they get these?

one set from each parent

Pea plants were particularly well suited for use in Mendel's breeding experiments for all of the following reasons except that...

peas have an unusually long generation time.

What property of the phospholipid bilayer allows proteins to move laterally in the membrane?

phospholipid molecules are not covalently bonded to each other

What organisms typically exhibit alternation of generations?

plants

Water molecules have one oxygen atom that is more electronegative than the two hydrogen atoms bound to it. As a result, which type of bonding holds water molecules together?

polar covalent bonding

Which of the following statements correctly identifies and describes the type of covalent bond found between oxygen and hydrogen in water molecules?

polar covalent bonds because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

Cyclins and Cdks are examples of ______ regulators.

positive

What level of protein structure is associated with the sequence of amino acids?

primary

The key event in _____ is the attachment of spindle fiber microtubules to the centromeres.

prometaphase I

Which of the following macromolecules are made from amino acids?

proteins

Which of the following elements is not particularly associated with living things?

silicon

During anaphase of mitosis, the _____________ separate.

sister chromatids

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via

stomata.

In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the

stroma

During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

synthesis

The last stage of mitosis is

telophase

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are

Photoautotrophs.

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?

fatty acid

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

The amount of DNA doubles The nuclear envelope disappears

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP(s).

2

If roan cattle (incomplete dominance) are allowed to breed, what ratio of phenotypes is expected in the offspring?

1:2:1 red:roan:white

Which of the following statements is true?

A test cross always uses a homozygous recessive individual.

Sister chromatids separate during ______ of meiosis.

Anaphase II

What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?

Autotrophs

In order to manipulate genetic material, DNA must first be isolated from an organism. How is DNA extracted?

DNA is extracted by first breaking open the cell, using enzymes to destroy undesired macromolecules, and using alcohol to bring out the DNA

Which of the following tools of DNA technology is INCORRECTLY paired with its use?

DNA ligase cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments

Which of the following has to happen before a cell begins meiosis?

DNA replication

During DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized as Okazaki fragments. This is because:

DNA synthesis can take place only in the 5' to 3' direction.

Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?

Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus

Which of the following is part of the light reaction?

Formation of waste products in the form of O2

Gel electrophoresis is a technique that takes advantage of what property of DNA?

Gel electrophoresis moves DNA across a gel because DNA has a negative charge

The study of DNA and inheritance is known as:

Genetics

Which if the following are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

Golgi body

DNA has two functions: It can self-replicate, and it acts as a template for the transcription of RNA. DNA is capable of these functions because:

Its nucleotides can base-pair with both ribose and deoxyribose nucleotides.

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

Light

A scientist discovers a putative new life form and notes that the creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical and consequently satisfies the criteria for defining life in which of the following categories?

None, symmetry is not a basic characteristic of life

Where is most of the DNA found in the cell?

Nucleus

A scientist wants to determine whether a new chemical she isolated can cure a certain disease. To test her hypothesis that the new chemical cures the disease more effectively than current treatments, she infects mice with the disease and gives them the new chemical. She then assesses how many mice were cured of the disease. What is missing from her experimental design?

She is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new chemical.

Which of the following beneficial traits have not resulted from DNA technology and genetic engineering of crop plants?

Superweeds

What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?

The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the to direction of the other strand.

In a healthy cell, the rate of DNA repair is equal to the rate of DNA mutation. When the rate of repair lags behind the rate of mutation, what is a possible fate of the cell?

The cell can be transformed to a cancerous cell.

What is a cell's genome?

The cell's DNA

A scientist believes that she has found a new life form. Which of the following conditions is not considered essential in determining whether the putative new life form is alive?

The creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical.

In cats, a sex-linked gene affects coat color. The O allele produces an enzyme that converts eumelanin, a black or brown pigment, into phaeomelanin, an orange pigment. The o allele is recessive to O and produces a defective enzyme, one that does not convert eumelanin into phaeomelanin. Which of the following statements is/are accurate?

The phenotype of o-Y males is black/brown because the nonfunctional allele o does not convert eumelanin into phaeomelanin.

How can researchers distinguish exons from introns in a segment of DNA?

The sequence of exons complements mRNA molecules in the cell.

Which type of microscope can be used to view cellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi?

Transmission electron microscope

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is

an oxygen atom.

What is the main purpose of conducting experiments?

disproving a hypothesis

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is made up of nucleotides. Which of the following correctly lists some of the components of a nucleotide?

doxyribose sugar, base, nucleotide base