Ed Psych Exam 3

Using the sociometric method, researchers designated 5 categories of peer status. Which of the following is NOT a category of peer status

-beloved

Group diffs in antisocial behavior

-boys are more aggressive across SES groups and across nations -Learners from low SES are more likely to be anti social -Being a member of an ethnic minority

Testing ToM

"false belief" tests or "appearance vs. reality" tests

Age trends in humor infancy and early childhood

-3-5 years=poop jokes; cow brushing teeth -tickling=6 months

LGBT

-5% of youth identify as LGBT -Higher risk for substance abuse, lower grades -GSA help LGBT youth feel welcome at school

Middle Childhood

-85% of school age children have friends -Highly gender segregated -Hemophily is stronger is middle school than early

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

-A clinical diagnosis given to children under age 8 who are excessively antisocial for at least 6 months -Defiant, hostile, deliberately annoy others, hostile toward authority figures

Conduct Disorder (CD)

-A clinical diagnosis given to older youth who are excessively delinquent or aggressive for at least 6 months -Hostile attribute bias and little guilt or empathy

Four outcomes linked to friendship

-Academic achievement -Emotional well-being -Social well-being -Delinquency

Help Learners Feel Responsible for Others

-Accept offers of help -Allow learners to comfort each other -Provide practice-volunteerism

What predicts cheating?

-Knowledge that others are cheating -Learning mainly for grades or extrinsic rewards -Lax attempts to prevent cheating -Belief that the teacher is unreasonably difficult, unfair or has not taught the material that will be covered

Adolescence (language)

-Learn vocab through reasoning, sometimes are wrong and need to self-correct -Pragmatics-learn to manupulate listeners -Process language more rapidly than in middle childhood

Group Diversity in Language: SES

-Low SES tend to have lower verbal ability -Children whose mother did not graduate from high school are more likely to have language delays

Individual Diversity in Peer Status

-Many children=popularity is stable -Controversial and neglected children and MOST likely to change status

Social competence

-Miss nonverbal cues -Difficultues expressing verbally (behavior probs) -High verbal ability

Sexual Harassment

-Most (70%-95%) of secondary students have been a witness to or a victim of sexual harassment at least once -Prohibited by Title IX -Read school district's websites for definitions and policies regarding both bullying and harassment

Emotional factors that predict individ diffs

-Attachment -Emotionally neg/unresponsive -Self control=better verbal ability -Strong emotion regulation

Sexual Behavior

-Attraction may begin as early as age 10 but behavior typically doesn't begin this early -40% of high school students have had sex -15% have had unprotected sex -Most adolescence do not have sex

Reducing Bullying and Aggression

-Avoid using retention -Eliminate hunger and tiredness -Be thoughtful about what behavior you reinforce -Build academic skills -Establish a warm teacher-student relationship -Promote a positive school and classroom climate -Avoid power-assertive discipline -Involve all learners in lessons -Create a school climate that does not accept bullying -Teach witnesses to stand up for victims or report bullying and not to passively watch or reward bullies with attention -Provide supervision Screen for behavior problems early, preferably before age 8

Environmentalists (nature)

-B.F Skinner: believed language is learned -Behaviorists: all behavior is influenced by the environment; reinforcement

Children who are most likely to succumb to negative peer pressure tend to

-Be insecurely attached to their parents -Be rejected by a larger peer group, but have delinquent friends -Dabble in delinquency, but aren't fully committed -Believe that minor delinquency is common

Prosocial Behavior

-Behavior that benefits others -Usually willing to admit their mistakes

Contemporary View

-Behaviorsits: vocab depends on practice and modeling -most now disagree with behaviorists reguarding passive learning -Supports more environmentalist than nativists -Does not rule out possibility of biology

Benefits of Bilingualism

-Better at tests of executive fx, working memory, inhibitory control, math skills and ToM than monolingual students -Switching between languages improves info processing skills

Cyberbullying

-Bullying that occurs through interactive technologies -Complex problem because schools cannot overstep their authority and limit free speech off school grounds -Courts have soemtimes, but not always, ruled that schools can stop cyberbullying if it substantially disrupts learning and infringes on other students' civil rights

Trajectories of Children w/ Diff Patterns of antisocial Behavior (chart)

-Childhood onset= constant up and down -Adolescent Onset=steady decrease then increase 17 -Childhood limited=steady decrease

Evidence of Nativist View

-Children can generate an infinate number of sentences that hey have never heard before -Children across the world process through same sequence -Language is uniform across humans -Language is too big a task to learn through operant conditioning

Group Diversity in language: Gender

-Diffs not consistently found, but when found favor girls

Do Boys or girls have higher levels of moral judgement?

-No gender diffs in honesty, loyality or religiosity -High SES learners and boys tend to score higher on moral judgement -Girls are more liekly to be caring oriented with boys more justice oriented -Boys to not behave with greater honesty

Nativist (nature)

-Noam Chomsky: INNATE or biologically determined not learned -Syntax is core knowledge -Human genotype that evolved through natural selection

Academic Achievement

-Nonverbal ability predicts -Poor verbal ability predicts academic probs and learning disabilities -Linked ot mth abilities -Vocab size influences reading and processing speed

Victim-Centered Induction

-Parents point out how the child's misbehavior affects others -Asks the child to imagine being in the others' place

Types of Aggression

-Physical -Verbal -Social=undermining someone else's relationship or social status

What do Individual diffs in literacy predict

-Poor literacy skills -Verbal ability -Physical factors -Cognitive factors -Emotional Fators -Social Factors

Alturism

-Prosocial behavior that involves personal cost -Sacrifice to self to help person; stand up to bullies

Individ Diversity in Literacy

-Reading ability is remarkably stable -Struggling readers can improve

Bilingual Education

-Refers to use of heritage lang for instrution with ELL students -Some students show advantage for bilingual education over immersion but some no diff -Quality of programs matters more

Cultivating Prosocial Behavior

-Reinforce positive prosocial behavior (praise) -Provide models of prosocial behavior (to see people that are prosocial) -Use victim-centered induction -Increase learners' emotional competence -Increase learners' moral reasoning -Establish a warm, secure relationships with learners -Espouse prosocial values

Criticism of Kohlberg's Model

-Restricted view of morality -Disagreement of the higher stages -Obligation to one's elders or faith???-unclear in the model -Tension between justice and caring

Sociocultural Constructivists

-Scaffolding in the Zone of Proximal Development -Modeling -Guided Practice -Cooperative Learning

Kohlberg Stages: Level 2 Conventional Morality: Laws are supreme

-Stage 3: "right' is living up to what is expected of you, being loyal, trustworthy and supporting your family and friends -Stage 4: "right" is fulfilling duties you've agreed to contributing to society and upholding laws

Kohlberg Level 3 Abstract Principles of Justice and Rights

-Stage 5: "right" is acknowledging that values and rules are relative, but should be upheld to support society -Stage 6: "right" is following self-chosen ethical principles

Language Mismatch

-Standard english: form of english used in classroom and textbooks -Most students experience a mismatch between language in school and home

Age Trends

-The frequency of prosocial behavior does not appear to increase w/ age, but competence at enacting prosocial behavior does improve w/ age

What predicts individual diffs in moral judgment and behavior

-ToM -Authoratative Parenting -Education -Religiosity

Middle Childhood (language)

-Typically phonemes, basics of morphemes and syntax before 1st grade -Vocabulary explosion in elementary school -Rate of 20 words learned per day

Research Supports the Following Guidelines

-Use cooperative learning -Directly teach vocab -Teach Standard English -Teach these skills as early as possible -Build a strong skill in heritage language among preschoolers -Encourage english in informal settings -SE lacks behind conversational

What Predicts Individual Diffs in Prosocial Behavior

-Emotional competence and empathy -Parental responsiveness and attachment -Parents' values -Discipline -Reinforcement (Praise not rewards) -Practice

Behaviorists

-Emphasis direct instruction -Drill-and-practice of basic literacy -Support the phonics approach

Piaget and constructivists

-Emphasize children as active learners who construct their own literacy forma print-rich environment -Hands on activities

Classroom Implications of Language

-Encourage standard english WHILE RESPECTING THIER HERITAGE LANG -Use common words in your talk -Read to children/encourage reading -Explicity teach vocab -Help student use new words in diff ways -Direct instruction of vocab is good for all ages

Infancy and Toddlerhood (language)

-First comunicate nonverbally throguh emotional expression -Toddlers use gestures like words -Pointing to share interest in something -Combine gestures -First sentence emerge at 18-24 months

What does CD Predict?

-Four times more likely to be friendless and have achievement below what you would expect for their IQ -Often reckless, prone to injuries Boys who struggle with both CD and depression/ ADHD=2to 3 x more likely to commit crimes/ develop mental illness in adulthood compared w/ typical boys

What predicts idividual Diffs in Language ability

-Genes -Info Processing Skills -Emotional Factors -Social Factors

What Predicts Individual Diffs in Antisocial Behavior

-Genes and environment -Parenting Practices -Self-esteem may have low or unrealistically high -Social Cognition

Nonverbal Learning in the Class

-Gestures help students learn and teachers teach -Gestures help students learn, understand and problem solve

Cooperative learning works best when

-Groups have a shared goal -teachers clearly explain how it will be evaluated -interdependence is required to achieve the goal

1 in 5 children is an immigrant is the US

-Half speak Spanish then chinese is next popular -Most US children are bilingual

Abilities to Help Young children Learn Lnaguage

-Hear langage in the womb -Distinguish grammatical from lexical words -Remember and Learns (fast mapping) -Construct rules w/o direct instruction -Reason (syntactic bootstrapping)

5 Diff Types of Reasoning (hierarchical)

-Hedonistic: "She'll do the same for me" =Needs-Oriented: "She needs my help" -Approval: "Her parents will thank me" -Stereotyped: "People will think I am a good person" -Internalized: "I would feel better"

Interventions for Dyslexia

-High-quality reading instruction -Letter knowledge, phonological awareness, decoding, and word recognition strategies -Guided oral reading with feedback -Provide extra time for tasks that involve reading -Use recorded nooks (they follow along) -Allow oral test-taking

Age Trends in Antisocial Behavior

-Infants=capable of anger Toddlers=instrumental aggression -2-4 year olds=on average, most aggressive of any age group -6 to adolescence physical aggression

Classroom Implications of ToM

-help children develop good verbal ability -converse w/ children about others mental states -provide children w/ opprotunite to interact w/ peers -establish a secure positive relationship w/ children

Prosocial learners have _____ achievement and are liked better by their _____________ and are linked to ________

-higher -teachers and peer -happiness

What do individual diffs in ToM predict

-language development -social competence -deception -executive functions -verbal ability -parent's mind mindedness -attachment -talking about others mental states

What do Individual Diffs in Antisocial Behavior Predict?

-low academic achievement -social competence

Age trends in Humor: Middle to adolescence

-middle school: puns and wordplay -sarcasm understood at age 4 -put downs become popular

Adolescence

-most teens have reciprical friends -Generally friends share extracurricular -Hemophily is stronger -Gangs -Romance

Pygmalion Effect (Teacher expectation effect) (Jacobson and Rosenthal)

-when tachers held high expectation for their students, their students tend to learn more -Study by Rosenthal and Jacobson -Convey high expectations to every child: show warmth, demand strong andswers and provide plenty of feedback

Children rarely pass false belief tests before what age?

4

Laughter emerges at about

4 months of age

What is a sociogram?

A graphic representation which learners interact or hang around together

Specific Reading Disability (Dislexia)

A learning disability in which a child with normal intelligence and exposure to print has difficulty learning to read -Difficulty decoding and recognizing words -5-15% -Boys and girls have similar rates but are referred more often than girls -Intervention=brains of dyslexic resemble those of good readers

Code Switching

Ability to use diff language style for diff situations such as SE at school and AAVE at home

Additive bilingualism

Acquire a second language while still maintaining and valuing the heritage language

Which of the following is true of aggression

Aggression declines from early childhood through adolescence

Which of the following is true of aggression?

Aggression declines from early childhood through adolescence

Which of the following has increased over the past 50 or so years?

Antisocial behavior

Learners who have high quality friendships at one age are likely to have them at a later age

Are not likely to be the same friends over time

Failure to develop age appropriate theory of mind is one of the features of...

Autism disorder -4 year old can pass ToM test

Early Childhood (age trends w/friendship and peer pressure)

Begin using the word friend at age 3-4 -prefer same sex peers -30% 3-7 yr olds may have imaginery friends -preschoolers are subject to peer pressure

Antisocial Behavior

Behavior that disrupts social functioning of society, such as aggression and delinquency -comorbid w/ ADHD and internalizing disorders

Play

Behavior that has no immediate fx and is pleasurable, voluntary, spontaneous and flexible -Promotes learners cognitive, social, physical and language skills -Diff types of play refelct diff levels of social and cognitive amturely -Learners w/ greater emotional and social competence play more maturely -Most learners engage in sports, which have many benefits

Moral Transgression

Behavior that is inheritly wrong, independent of culture and reguardless of rules

Sally is big and mean. Every day she teases Doris on the way to and from school, and sometimes she pushes Doris. What kind of aggression is Sally exhibiting?

Bullying

A school that we saw on a video during class, attempts to build a strong sense of community, support cross-age tutoring, encourages school-wide activities for the whole family and reminds teachers and administrators to show caring to students and to each other. Which program is this school implementing?

Caring School Community

School-based Intervention

Caring School Community -building strong sense of school community through activities like cross-grade buddy relationships and family activities at school

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Characterized by abnormal social cognition -wide spectrum of functioning (41% have low cognitive ability, but some have strong abilities) -ToM deficits -Boys are more likely to get than girls

Early childhood (language)

Child-directed speech (motherese): higher pitch, exaggerated ups and downs in pitch, slower temp and more rhythm

Language

Collection of words or signs used in a systemic way that allows people to communicate with each other -can be verbal or nonverbal

Nonverbal Language

Communication that does not include words, such as posture, gesture and facial expression

Info Processing Model

Concerned with how info is processed, regardless of weather the info was obtained through direct instruction, constructive thinking, or social interaction

Piaget's View

Conflict during interaction w/ peers leads children to construct their own notions of right and wrong -Justice is the essence of morality -Two kinds of moral reasoning (heteronymous and autonomous)

Literacy

Defined broadly as communication or narrowly as communication in printed language

Which of the following does prosocial behavior NOT predict?

Depression

Verbal

Does involve words -Receptive: understanding others' speech -Expressive: Making one's thought know to others

Ethnicity does/does not predict peer status

Does not

Sigmund Freud

Emphasized the power of unconscious feelings and that dreams have meaning -Developed a form of therapy=psychoanalysis -Believed jokes, like dreams, have hidden meanings and allow people to express forbidden feelings -Believed emotions and attachment are the basis or morality

Character Education

Emphasizes indoctrination of virtues and providing practice, rewards, and models of virtue

When considering birth through adolescence, the adolescent years are the most aggressive

False (terrible 2)

Three year old Juanita moved evans book. She thinks that evan will look for his book where she put it instead of where he left it. Juanita is likely to have difficulty with what?

False Belief tasks

Kohlbergs highest stage states that "right" is being obedient and not breaking laws

Flase

Kohlberg Stages: Level 1 Preconventional Morality: Punishment and obediencce to authority

Followed Piaget -Stage 1: "right is being obedient, not breaking laws -Stage 2: Right is fairness, or following rules when it is to your advantage

Individual Diversity in Peer Networks

Four outcomes linked to friendship

WHo described the id, ego and superego

Freud

Peer Pressure

Friends exert a pressure on each other to confirm to group norms -typically positive but can be neg

Group Diversity in ToM

Girls and boys generally perform similarily, but if a diff girls do better

Kohlberg Heinz Dilema

Heinz wife is dying and only 1 drug can save her but is very expensive

Maritza is always ready to retaliate. When she drops her cell phone and a student walking by accidently kicks it, she assumes he kicked it on purpose. She yells at him and slugs him. Maritza is displaying which of the following?

Hostile attribution bias

Heartshame and May's 1928 Study

How does religious education affect cheating, stealing, and lying -Religious instruction did not keep children from behaving immorality in the face of temtation **There no clear relationship between moral judgement and moral behavior

Age trends in ToM

Infants have rudimentary people-reading ability -joint attention Early childhood-rarely pass false belief tests before age 4, but other behavior suggests they can read people Middle childhood: fully mastered false belief tests, but ToM is still improving Adolescence (13-19) -2 inaccuracies commonly exhibited (spotlight effect and illusion of transperency)

Which of the following is NOT an outcome linked to friendship?

Intelligence IQ

What predicts peer status? -Parenting Influences

Martial conflict and divorce Harsh and power assertive discipline Fathers negativity Maltreatment and abuse Parents select a childs peer world

Vacabulary

Number of word you know

5 Key components of Verbal Language

Phonemes Morphemes Semantics Syntax Pragmatics

5 Components of reading skills

Phonological Awareness Vocabulary Decoding Fluency Comprehension

5 categories of peer status

Popular (15%) -liked by many peers and disliked by few Rejected (15%) -disliked by many and liked by few Neglected (10%) -receive few liked or dislike votes; unoticed Controversial (6%) -receive many liked and disliked votes Average (40-60%) -moderately liked and disliked

Expository talks

Precise talk used to display info

What predicts peer status? -Social competence

Prosocial Behavior Aggression Social Withdrawl Social skills; ability to have ToM

Moral Education

Purpose, per Kolberg, is to stimulate development of moral judgement, but to not push specific values -Justice is the main moral value that teachers should try to stimulate

Authenitic Literacy Activities

Reading for info one wants or writing to inform a reader, as opposed to activities done for the purpose of learning to read or write or just to complete an assignment -Play -Text-Messaging friends -Reading news about your own sports team

Prosocial Reasoning

Reasoning about moral dilemmas in which one person's neeeds or desires conflict with another's, but in a context where laws, rules or formal obligations are minimal -Tested w/ hypothetical dilemmas

Social Cognition

Refers to cognition applied to social situations

Moral Judgment

Refers to how children reason about moral issues and laws **Not the same as moral behavior cuz it focuses on thinking not behaving

Rejected vs Neglected Learners

Rejected=actively disliked and DO need intervention Neglected=don't necessarily lack social skills or need intervention

How should teachers respond to students' humor?

Respond positively as long as it is not insulting or disruptive

Cooperative Learning

Small Groups (2-5) Group has a shared goal Interdependence is required to achieve the goal and each student has a role Train students to explain their answers

Morphemes

Smallest unit of language that contains meaning -Includes root words, suffixes and prefixes (helps with reading)

Social factors that predict individ diffs

Social cognition -Engage in sociodrmatic play=better verbal verbal ability -Sensitive, responsive, nonintrusive parents=acquire language faster -Parents using uncommon words -Joint reading

Humor

Social-cognitive play that produces smiling or laughing

When these problems are ruled out, but a child still has difficult learning to read

Specific REading Disability

Phonemes

Speech Sound -Phonological awareness: the ability to identify phonemes or sounds of language

In order to foster Theory of Mind, parents could do which of the following?

Talk about what other people are thinking

Both reactive and bullying are considered hostile aggression because ...

The intent is to harm the other

Semantics

The study of meaning in language -thw way you use words and word combo to express ideas

Syntax

The way words are organized into phrases and dentences ina language

The illusion of transperency

They think others can easily read them

According to our textbook, on average, low SES learners are less popular than middle-SES learners

True

Bullying emerges at school entery, but decreases between age 7 and adolescence

True

Children rarely pass the false belief tests before age four

True

In hartshorne and May's 1928 study on cheating they found that religious instruction did not keep children from behaving immorally in the face of temptation

True

Instrumental

Use of threat or force to obtain something. Goal oriented.

There is evidence that which of the following increases prosocial behavior in the long term?

Victim-centered induction

What is prosocial behavior?

Voluntary behavior that benefits others

Hostile attribute bias

When you assume that in a vague situation that you though that action was meant to harm you or is negative towards you

Coercive Family Cycle

a cycle of negative reinforcement in hostile families in which negative parenting leads to child aggression, which leads to more parental hostility, which leads to more child aggression

Peer Status

a measure of how accepted children are in a peer group

Syntactic bootstrapping

a process where young children figure out the meaning of a new word, without explicit instruction, based on the syntax of the sentence in which the word is used

Decoding

ability to identify words that you have never seen -Apply phonetic skills

Comprehension

ability to understand the text

Which of the following is the most common in children with autism

abnormal social cognition

Which of the following has increased over the past 50 years or so?

antisocial behavior

Heteronymous morality

authority oriented. Rules are viewed as fixed and unalterable and should be rigidly followed

Autonomous morality

based on reciprocity, mutual respect, and cooperation, rather than external pressure

Print concepts (infancy and toddlers)

basic concepts of how print symbolizes language (left to right reading in English, spaces separate words)

Reciprocated Frienship

both children nominate each other as a friend

Joint attention

both the child and another person visually explore an object together

What is it called when adults speak to young children using exaggerated, high pitched speech?

child-directed language (also called motherese)

Sociometric and perceived popularity are ....

correlated, but this decreases over time

Nonauthentic Literacy Tasks

done for the purpose of learning to read or write or just to complete an assignment

Girls have more _________and _________ frienships

emotionally close, intimate

Learners _______ segregate by ethnicity as much as they do by ________

ethnicity gender

According to behaviorists, humans learn language through

experience that reinforces language use

One of the major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory is that it

focuses on reasoning instead of behavior

One of the major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory is that it __________________________.

focuses on reasoning instead of behavior.

Parent child attachment predicts ____________

friendship quality -Secure: high-quality friendships and larger peer networks

Which of the following has NOT been found to promote phonological awareness?

have students figure out sounds that go with letters

Percieved popularity

having high social impact and prominence -name comes up when asked,"who is popular"

Well-liked, popular learners tend to have the _________ academic achievement

highest

Bullying

hostile proactive aggression that is repeated and in which the bully has greater power in some way than the victim

The text cities evidence that cheating is

increasing

Deception

intentionally giving someone a false belief -even children too young to pass false belief test are capable of deception -also used in emotional disemblance

Proactive Agression

is a means to achieve personal goals

Which of the following is true of conduct disorder

it is more likely in boys than girls

Development of expressive language ______ behind receptive language

lags

Low SES learns are_______ popular than middle SES

less -more risk factors linked to peer rejection

Rejected learners tend to have ______ test scores, be aggressive, participate less in class activities, and avoid school

low

40% of children have reading problems from: low IQ, neurological probs

low motivation; poor vocab; inadequate instruction in phonics

During which period do most people learn the most words?

middle childhood

Boys are ______ likely to for cross-ethnic friendships than girls, as are prosocial learners in the classroom

more

Girls tend to be_______illiterate than boys

more

Peer pressure is not always ________

negative

Temporary peer rejection predicts

no long term problems

Sociogram

observers map which learners interact or hang around together

Unilateral Frienship

one child nominates another as a friend, but the other does not

Which of the following is a morpheme in the word predestined?

pre

Neglected learners are often ________ by teachers because teachers view them as compliant and easy to manage

preferred -may do fine acdemically

Freud'd Id

present at birth and consists of drives that seek pleasure

Bullying represents

protractive and hostile

Reactive Agression

provoked retaliation, accompanied by anger or frustration

Kohlbergs first two stages of moral development emphasize

punishment and obedience to authority

Kohlberg's first two stages of moral development emphasize ____________________.

punishment and obedience to authority.

Sociometric method

scientists asses peer status by asking children which classmates they like or perfer to play or work with and which they dislike

Freuds Ego

seeks to control the Id. Produces anxiety and repression

When rejected for a year or longer predicts

serious consequences such as low academic achievement, psychological distress and increase aggression

Aggression may be one of the most

stable personal traits

Social convention

standards of behavior directed by culture

Ethnic hempphily is _______ in high school than elementary school

stronger

Hostile Attribution Bias

tendency to assume hostile intent on the part of others in situations where its not clear if there is hostile intent or not

Hemophily

tendency to prefer and bond with similar others

Theory of Mind (ToM)

the ability to infer mental states in others, such as beliefs, desires, knowledge, and intentions. -sometimes called "people reading"

Fast Mapping

the ability to learn a new word from a single, or very minimal, exposure without deliberate instruction or corrective feedback

Freuds Super ego

the conscience that castigates the Ego for failing to control Id -Freud said moral behavior is the result of a strong Super Ego

Fluency

the rapid, automatic decoding of novel words or recognition of memorized words -Measured in words accurately read per minute

Consider Heinz deilema. According to Kohlbergs model, levels of moral development depend upon

the reasons people give for why they would or would not steal the drug

Pragmatics

the study of how language is used in social context (sociocultural rules)

Spotlight effect

they think they are the center of others attention

Social cognition refers to

thinking applied to social situations

Clique

tightly knit group of anout two to 10 frinds, usually of the same sex and same age

ToM is important in schools becasue it influences students and teachers ability to

understand each other

Rejected children tend to be more

victimized, lonely and low self esteem

Sociometric Popularity

well liked and preferred by peers

Gender Segregation

when given a choice, boys affiliate with other boys and girls with other girls -Appears early (30-36 months) -Found in cultures across the world -Suggests it may be innate -Adolescence gender boundaries begin to cross