EDP 350E Brown - Exam 1 (Spring 2022)

Michelle has three children who all have been identified by their pediatrician as at risk for obesity. Based on the research on childhood obesity, a suggestion the pediatrician most likely gave to Michelle is that her children ______. a. have a home-cooked evening meal with her each night b. play video games targeted at teaching about health c. watch certain television shows targeted at messages of health and nutrition d. see a therapist to boost their self-esteem

a. have a home-cooked evening meal with her each night

Devon and Kiedra want their baby to walk, so they take the baby's favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Devon and Kiedra believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will thus result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the _____ systems view of development. a. dynamic b. evolutionary c. static d. maturational

a. dynamic

What is CURRENTLY the leading cause of developmental disabilities and birth defects in the United States? a. Taking thalidomide during pregnancy b. Maternal drinking of alcohol during pregnancy c. Taking tetracycline during pregnancy d. Maternal smoking during pregnancy

b. Maternal drinking of alcohol during pregnancy

All of the following are TRUE regarding childbirth EXCEPT? a. Over one million mothers and babies die in childbirth annually due to unsanitary birthing conditions. b. Maternal mortality rates are lower for women of color. c. US mothers have higher risk of maternal mortality than mothers in other high-income countries. d. The financial cost of childbirth varies widely within and across states in the US.

b. Maternal mortality rates are lower for women of color.

From which activity will 3-year-old Claire learn words most quickly? a. Hearing her electronic toy say colors and numbers. b. Engaging in solitary play. c. Watching cartoons. d. Talking with her parents.

d. Talking with her parents.

According to Erikson, what happens if parents are overprotective with their toddlers? a. They will develop a sense of mistrust. b. They will have difficulty controlling their behavior. c. They will develop feelings of guilt. d. They will develop a feeling of shame and doubt.

d. They will develop a feeling of shame and doubt.

Which of the following is part of effective punishment? a. instilling fear to ensure attention is being paid b. instilling guilt to prevent the behavior in the future c. using a loud and angry voice d. including an explanation about why the behavior needs correcting

d. including an explanation about why the behavior needs correcting

Abigail used to love to stack blocks and then push them over. Recently, Abigail has begun to build houses with the blocks. She asks her teacher to keep her houses each time she builds one so she can show her father when he picks her up. According to Erikson, what is Abigail developing? a. trust b. autonomy c. industry d. initiative

d. initiative

Julio is a baby who hears his father's voice and turns his head in the direction of the sound. He also tries to track where his father is in the room with his eyes. What is this an example of? a. reactivity b. dishabituation c. visual tracking d. intermodal perception

d. intermodal perception

What is the most common reason women delay or avoid seeking prenatal care? a. difficulty finding a doctor b. ambivalence about the pregnancy c. lack of transportation d. lack of health insurance or inability to pay

d. lack of health insurance or inability to pay

Sharing a toy, giving another child a hug when they are crying, or asking a new child if they would like to play are all examples of ______. a. social reciprocity b. instrumental assistance c. selective sharing d. prosocial behavior

d. prosocial behavior

Quimby, age 15 months, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in: a. imitation b. joint attention c. secure attachment d. social referencing

d. social referencing

In terms of self-understanding, children in early childhood are more likely to __________ and children in late childhood are more likely to _____________. a. use honest self-description; embellish their abilities b. include emotional states; focus on concrete physical traits and abilities. c. compare themselves with others; use physical characteristics to describe themselves d. use physical characteristics to describe themselves; compare themselves with others

d. use physical characteristics to describe themselves; compare themselves with others

Children in middle childhood are better able to change their speech according to their social context. This is called ____________ and it is made possible by ___________.

pragmatics perspective-taking skills

By age __ most children form a gender identity, and by age __ peers reinforce gender-typed behavior with praise, imitation or participation.

2 3

What motor skills are typical throughout early childhood? Match the following gross and fine motor skill milestones with their typical chronological age. Walks smoothly, rides push toys using feet, unzips large zippers, and uses a spoon. Runs with minimal control over stopping or turning, pedals and steers a tricycle, buttons a large button, and copy a straight line. Runs smoothly with control over stopping and turning, skips, uses a fork, and copies simple shapes and some letters. Throws and catches a ball, rides a bicycle with training wheels, ties shoes, copies numbers and simple words.

2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years 5-6 years

When discussing a family vacation to Florida, Levi exclaims, "We goed to Disney World!" Levi's statement is an example of ______. a. an overregularization error b. telegraphic speech c. logical extension d. private speech

a. an overregularization error

During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen, such as Zika virus or lead? a. During the embryonic period b. During the fetal period c. At conception d. During the germinal period

a. During the embryonic period

Priscilla just found out she was pregnant and her doctor prescribed a supplement that promotes normal prenatal development and reduces the risk of spina bifida, anencephaly, and preterm deliveries. Which of the following is the supplement that Priscilla's doctor has prescribed? a. Folic acid b. Vitamin C c. Calcium d. Vitamin D

a. Folic acid

Misaki and her friends have been raised in similar traditional Japanese families. Based on research, how might we predict Misaki and her friends feel about their performance on schoolwork? a. Misaki believes her success is based on her effort and works hard to keep up with her friends. b. They see their performance on schoolwork as equally important as extracurricular activities to help them be well-rounded. c. All of the girls believe that academic success is achieved through carrying omamori amulets for success and good fortune granted by kami. d. Misaki's friends believe differences in their performance are due to natural differences in intelligence.

a. Misaki believes her success is based on her effort and works hard to keep up with her friends.

Greta has four children in her 5th grade class. Which one is most likely to have adjustment problems? a. Nancy, living with both of her biological parents who argue a great deal. b. El, living with her adopted father. c. Will, living with his divorced mother who has little contact with her ex-spouse. d. Max, living with her mother and step-father who are happily married.

a. Nancy, living with both of her biological parents who argue a great deal.

Which baby is at greatest risk for respiratory distress, mortality, and cognitive delays? a. Omar who was born small for date. b. Morgan, who was born preterm. c. Henrietta who weighed 6 pounds at birth. d. Felix who was born at 41 weeks gestation.

a. Omar who was born small for date.

All the following are TRUE about maternal depression EXCEPT: a. Postpartum depression commonly affects 75% of new parents, but usually subsides on its own in two weeks. b. Maternal depression is associated with poor prenatal care, neglect, and long-term emotional and behavioral difficulties in children. c. Low-income Black and Latina women are most likely to experience postpartum depression and least likely to receive assistance. d. Training birth attendants in mental healthcare may be an effective way to address maternal depression in rural and low-income countries.

a. Postpartum depression commonly affects 75% of new parents, but usually subsides on its own in two weeks.

Olivia is an infant with parents who provide her with stimulating toys, read to her every day, and take her on walks where she can see, hear, smell, and touch various things in her environment. It is likely that Olivia's brain is experiencing ______. a. higher than average levels of synaptogenesis b. a great degree of synaptic pruning c. decreased production of neurons d. lower than average levels of myelination

a. higher than average levels of synaptogenesis

The parents who are most likely to foster emotional regulation are ones who behave in which way when their children are distressed? a. responsive b. dismissive c. hostile d. neutral

a. responsive

Why are reading skills in first grade important? a. Reading deficits influence other areas of academic competence (math, writing, science, etc.) b. Children's performance in first grade is documented in a file that will influence their second grade teacher's perceptions and expectations of them. c. Doing well in first grade helps children perform well in second grade. d. Poor reading skills are associated with poor vocabulary, which hinders peer interactions.

all of above

Socioeconomic status contributes to IQ through differences in: a. intellectual stimulation b. experiences with discrimination c. nutrition d. culture

all of the above

Which of the following would help foster resilience in children facing adversity such as violence/war, displacement, poverty, neglect or abuse? a. Observing without interfering so that the children have opportunities to desensitize to stressors and seek resources on their own. b. Free-lunch program and clothing donation drive at school to provide food and clothing to students who need them. c. Mentorship program that fosters a bond between the child and at least one caring adult or older peer. d. Play therapy that encourages children to express their feelings and fosters self-control.

all of the above, except observing without interfering so that the children have opportunities to desensitize to stressors and seek resources on their own.

Which of the following children is likely to show the most positive developmental outcomes? a. Hector whose mother makes his favorite food every night, lets him play as much as he wants to, and imposes no fixed bedtime. b. Rachel whose parents enforce a schedule for mealtimes and bedtime while showing warmth and allowing her to demonstrate some autonomy. c. Candice whose parents enforce rigid household rules and become angry whenever Candice is perceived to be disobedient or disrespectful. d. Travis who has no schedule and goes to sleep hungry because his parents are busy working.

b. Rachel whose parents enforce a schedule for mealtimes and bedtime while showing warmth and allowing her to demonstrate some autonomy.

Western cultures tend to emphasize independence, while Eastern cultures are more likely to emphasize the importance of relationships. How do these cultural differences shape development of attachment? a. They don't; individualist and collectivist cultures interpret children's development similarly. b. While Western parents may see behaviors associated with the insecure-resistant category as clingy, Asian parents may interpret them as successful bonding. c. Individualist and collectivist cultures believe infants should develop independence early. d. While Eastern parents may see insecure-resistant behavior as clingy, Western parents may interpret it as successful bonding.

b. While Western parents may see behaviors associated with the insecure-resistant category as clingy, Asian parents may interpret them as successful bonding.

For years, debate has focused on whether breast-feeding is better for the infant than formula-feeding. The consensus is that: a. there are no differences in health outcomes for babies who are fed breastmilk and babies who are formula-fed. b. breastmilk is better for the baby's health. c. breast-feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas formula-feeding is better for the baby's health. d. formula is better for the baby's health.

b. breastmilk is better for the baby's health.

Relationships with imaginary friends provide benefits similar to those with real friends, especially ______. a. independence b. companionship c. improvement in academic skills d. gross motor skill enhancement

b. companionship

Children's understanding of the mind __________________________. a. emerges in middle childhood b. emerges in a universal sequence of stages c. varies by culture d. is largely complete by age five

b. emerges in a universal sequence of stages

Longitudinal research on children from low-income families who attended the Carolina Abecedarian Project or the Perry Preschool Project revealed that in adulthood participants ______ compared to those who did not participate. a. were more likely to follow career paths of their parents b. had higher education and income c. were more likely to be unemployed d. had similar outcomes

b. had higher education and income

Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko's _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____ vocabulary. a. expressive; spoken b. receptive; expressive c. expressive; receptive d. receptive; heard

b. receptive; expressive

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture, and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember. a. types b. schemas c. roles d. identities

b. schemas

What is the most important determinant of infant attachment? a. the caregiver's ability to allow the child to calm himself without intervention b. the caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to the child's signals c. the caregiver's ability to create an atmosphere of structure for the child d. the caregiver's ability to teach the child how to be independent

b. the caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to the child's signals

Research has discovered that Piaget's tests of preoperational thinking showed young children's cognitive abilities to be ______. a. overestimated b. underestimated c. disregarded d. exaggerated

b. underestimated

Cross-cultural research on effective early childhood education indicates that a child-centered approach works especially well in which country? a. China b. Japan c. America d. Egypt

c. America

When Holt begins walking, his parents, now increasingly aware of table heights, sharp corners, and other hazards, often repeatedly yell out in fear and sometimes anger. What can be predicted about Holt's initial response to his parent's outbursts? a. Holt will refrain from walking and revert to crawling more often. b. Holt will be conditioned to avoid danger. c. Holt will respond with fear and anger. d. Holt will ignore his parents and attempt more daring activities.

c. Holt will respond with fear and anger.

All the following statements about the information processing system view are TRUE EXCEPT? a. The structure of the information processing system is the same throughout life. b. As individuals age, they can process more information, retain more information, and do so more quickly and efficiently. c. Information is manipulated or processed in long-term memory. d. With development, individuals get better at moving information through the cognitive system in ways that allow adaptation to the world.

c. Information is manipulated or processed in long-term memory.

Using the information processing approach to measuring intelligence, which infant will most likely score the highest on intelligence measures in childhood and adolescence? a. Cho, who stares at an unchanging picture for quite some time b. Nina, who prefers pictures already seen rather than new pictures c. Kai, who looks away quickly from an unchanging picture d. Benny, who looks away from pictures that change frequently

c. Kai, who looks away quickly from an unchanging picture

All of the following statements reflect the reciprocal nature of temperament EXCEPT? a. Mothers who, prior to giving birth, believe that they are less well equipped to care for their infant are more likely to have infants who show negative aspects of temperament. b. Babies' emotionality and negative emotions predict maternal perceptions of parenting stress. c. Not all babies fit squarely into any of the three categories of temperament but display a mix of characteristics. d. Easy babies usually get the most positive reactions from others, which reinforces the easy temperamental qualities.

c. Not all babies fit squarely into any of the three categories of temperament but display a mix of characteristics.

Which advice would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend for soothing a crying infant? a. Do not soothe the baby because they will become spoiled. b. Allow the infant to cry it out because this will encourage a healthy sense of autonomy. c. Pick up the baby and soothe them consistently so that a healthy sense of trust develops. d. Soothe the baby every other time they cry, so that they do not become dependent on external comforters.

c. Pick up the baby and soothe them consistently so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Which statement describes the newborn's perceptual capacities at birth? a. Newborns are blind and deaf at birth. b. Vision is well-developed. c. Taste and smell are well-developed. d. Hearing is the least developed sense.

c. Taste and smell are well-developed.

Two-year-old Ana has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Bruno. Now Ana says the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Ana has _____ these animals into her existing scheme and in terms of language development, this is an example of _______. a. applied; underextension b. accommodated; underextension c. assimilated; overextension d. amalgamated; overextension

c. assimilated; overextension

According to research on autobiographical memory, which situation is a 3-year-old likely to remember long after the event occurred? a. going for a 12-hour car ride b. his parents disagreeing over where to put the new couch c. falling off the monkey bars and getting stitches d. spilling milk on the floor

c. falling off the monkey bars and getting stitches

Vidar is a quiet child who needs time to become comfortable in new situations and around new people. However, his father wants Vidar to be less timid so he takes his son to crowded places and rsvp's 'yes' to every birthday party. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns ______ that may negatively influence their interactions and Vidar's development. a. insecure attachment b. nonreciprocal interactions c. goodness of fit d. social dysfunction

c. goodness of fit

All the following statements about peer status are true EXCEPT: a. teachers influence peer status through their behavior with students b. rejected peer status is associated with conduct disorder, poor academic performance, and later criminality c. popularity is predicted by physical attractiveness, on-trend clothing, and income d. sociometric status is typically measured by asking students in a classroom to nominate peers with whom they are most/least likely to play

c. popularity is predicted by physical attractiveness, on-trend clothing, and income

A gym teacher tells her fourth grade students to line up from shortest to tallest, and they are able to do it successfully. She told her four-year-old kindergarten class to do the same thing, but they were unable to do it. What cognitive skill do the fourth grade students have that the kindergarten students do not have yet? a. egocentrism b. elaboration c. seriation d. conservation

c. seriation

Children's height and rate of growth is closely related to ______. a. that of their siblings b. their length and weight at birth c. that of their parents d. the amount of fat they had prenatally

c. that of their parents

Twenty-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. At his age, Tyler will MOST likely: a. pat at the spot on the mirror because it is brightly colored. b. crawl away from the mirror, because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose. c. touch his own nose to wipe off the spot. d. touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.

c. touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.

In assessing the health of newborns, the _____ identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation. a. Wechsler Infant Intelligence Scale b. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale c. Rogers-Randall Assessment d. Apgar Scale

d. Apgar Scale

Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget's theory of sensorimotor cognitive development? a. Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in the infant's everyday environment. b. Infants are less competent than Jean Piaget theorized. c. Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in controlled settings. d. Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget theorized.

d. Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget theorized.

Match the following scenarios with their corresponding key terms from Piaget's cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky's sociocultural theories of cognitive development. Four year old Jessica asks her mother, "How do I put this on?" while she is in a different room than her mother. Her mother asks her what she is trying to put on, because she cannot see what Jessica is doing. During lunch, a mother gives a graham cracker square to each of her young children. She gives her son Darrius a whole graham cracker square. For her younger daughter Amari, the mom breaks the square into two pieces for easier eating. Though he watched his mom prepare the crackers, Darrius gets upset because he believes his sister received more cracker than him. For Halloween, a couple dressed their chihuahua in a bumble bee costume. Seeing the stripes and wings, their 3 year old daughter Ava now thinks the dog is a bee. Over the past week, Varun has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Varun is better at it, she only guides him verbally.

egocentrism irreversibility centration scaffolding

Please match the events with the appropriate stage of childbirth. Regular contractions of the uterus begin. Placenta separates from the uterine wall. Baby exits the birth canal. Cervix dilates from size of cheerio to size of bagel. The woman is encouraged to push.

first stage third stage second stage first stage second stage

Aurelia no longer startles from sleep when she hears the cat meow. Aurelia's mom always plays heartbeat sounds when Aurelia is falling asleep. Now Aurelia rubs her eyes when she hears heartbeat sounds. The first time that Aurelia screeched, her mother and father showed surprise and smiled. Now to their dismay, she screeches repeatedly whenever she wants attention. Aurelia learned to kiss from receiving kisses from her family.

habituation classical conditioning operant conditioning imitation

Shane, 6, and Sara, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain plates. Shane knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Sara tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. Jean Piaget would categorize the moral reasoning of Shane as ________________ and Sara as ________________.

heteronomous autonomous

Match the following scenarios with their corresponding label of play. Baby Aurelia rolls a ball while watching another infant stack blocks. Penelope is sitting next to Ben in the block area. They are each building their own towers. They are quiet and using their own set of blocks. Blake and Julio are both sitting on the race-track carpet. They roll toy cars and occasionally speak to each other about the cars. Mike, Gabby, and Riley are running along the playground equipment trying to avoid touching the ground which is lava. Charlotte pretends she is a teacher and creates lesson activities, rewards and punishments for her dolls and stuffed animals who are students in her make-believe classroom.

nonsocial activity parallel play associative play cooperative play sociodramatic play

Please match the fetal development with the appropriate trimester. The lungs become capable of breathing air and the brain begins to function. Internal organs begin limited functioning. Fetal movement can first be felt. External body features like fingernails and eyelashes develop. The growing fetus puts pressure on maternal organs and disrupts sleep and digestion.

third trimester first trimester second trimester second trimester third trimester