EDP- Final

Which is not a Vygotsky concept?

Assimilation/Accommodation

All of the following questions reflect an information-processing approach to learning except which one?​

How do genetic factors influence the age at which a child learns to walk?​

Piaget's Interest in schemas focused on how children do which of the following?​

Make sense of their experiences​

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?​

Martha asks her students if the concept of algebra can be applied to astrophysics.​

What is inductive reasoning?

Specific to general knowledge

Which of the following statements best describes William Stern's (1912) concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)?​

Comparison of a person's mental age with their chronological age.​

R. W. White proposed the idea that people are motivated to deal effectively with their environment. Which of the following best describes this idea?​

Competence motivation​

Which of Piaget's stages is characterized by conservation?

Concrete Operational

According to Piaget, a child first understands the idea of "conservation if volume" when that child reaches which of the following stages?​

Concrete Operational Stage​

What is an example of elaboration?

Connecting material to your own life

One of Susie's students requires an extra point to pass an exam. Susie refuses to award the extra point to the student. She feels that it is a violation of the law to award students points they did not earn. She fails this student, and the student does not graduate. According to Kohlberg, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning. ​

Conventional

Which of the following is the greatest barrier to effective verbal communication?​

Criticizing the other person​

Which of the following is an example of macrosystem?

Cultural influcences

Which of the following children seems to have the most well-developed theory of mind?

Darby realized that Bryson didn't mean to step on her when he moved his desk into place for group work, so she didn't make an issue of it.

Dewayne is engaged in the following activities. Which of the activities illustrates conservation?

Dewayne poured paint from the gallon bucket into his pain pan and realized it's the same amount of pain, but looks like less

Which of the following individuals is at Kohlberg's social systems morality stage of moral reasoning?​

Don obeys his teacher because the rules of the school are that all students must obey the teachers. As a student, he has a duty to obey his teacher.​

Anthony usually spends a lot of time answering questions on IQ tests. He analyzes the different aspects of a question and considers all relevant information before answering them. Which of the following statements is true about Anthony?​

He most likely has a reflexive style of thinking and learning.​

What is a "rule of thumb" that suggests a solution to a problem (but doesn't guarantee that it'll work).

Heuristic

Which of the following best reflects the social cognitive approach to learning?​

How behavior, environment, and other factors influence learning​

Conrad notices that the new boy Stefano doesn't know what to do when the bell rings for lunch. Conrad goes to Stefano and tells him that the students leave their books at their desks and go to the lunchroom to line up for lunch. Conrad invites Stefano to go with him and a couple of other boys in fifth grade. Conrad demonstrates which one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

Interpersonal

Which of the following is not a form of intelligence according to Sternberg's triarchic theory?

Interpersonal intelligence

Correlational research is an ineffective way of establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between variables because:​

It does not involve manipulation of factors​

Which of the following statements is true about the Good Information-Processing model?​

It emphasizes that competent cognition results from a number of interacting factors, such as content knowledge and motivation.​

Which of the following statements best describes shaping?​

It involves teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations to a specified target behavior.​

In the context of classical conditioning, identify an accurate statement about generalization.​

It involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to elicit a similar response.​

Which of the following statements is true about the direct instruction approach to teaching?​

It is characterized by teacher direction and control​

Which is true about the prefrontal cortex?

It is the region where higher-level thinking and self-regulation take place

Which of the following statements is true about the prefrontal cortex?​

It is the region where higher-level thinking and self-regulation take place​

Janice is 14 years old. She is able to understand complex math and science equations. Mark, a social psychologist, tells his colleague James that Janice is most likely in the formal operational stage of cognitive development. James disagrees with Mark because he believes that Janice hardly shows egocentrism. Which of the following strengthens Mark's claim?​

Janice thinks logically and devises plans to solve problems.​

Which of the following students is attributing success or failure on a geology test to an internal source and thinks the cause is stable and uncontrollable

Joe said he studied hard, but he failed because he is just not good in geology.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts a student's declarative memory?​

Julia can summarize Jean Piaget's theory about the stages of development.​

Kenny lives in the united states. His friend, with whom he chats on the internet, lives in a culture in which men and women have traditional gender roles. Kenny's friend is very surprised to hear that Kenny's mom goes to work and that his dad stays home with the children. According to Bronfenbrenner, this scenario demonstrates the:​

Macrosystem

When faced with a difficult task, Maria focuses on the activity rather than her abilities and tends to concern herself more with the process than with the outcome. She enjoys the challenge, even if she doesn't succeed. Maria can best be described as which of the following?​

Mastery Orientation

_____ is defined as the motive to be securely connected with other people.​

Need for affiliation​

Generally speaking, how does elaboration help students learn new information?​

By having them add their own relevant information ​

What behavioral process helps students associate two separate events through conditioning?

Classical conditioning

ms. kovalik works with her third grade reading groups to teach her students the skill of identifying the main idea when they read a passage. she wants the students to transfer the skill to reading in content areas. which of the following is most likely to help her achieve the goal?

Provide practice with the skill to the point of overlearning the strategy and repeating it.

a high school teacher wishes to implement classroom-level techniques for increasing student motivation, so she would most likely do which of the following?

Reduce the competitive atmosphere of the classroom by using cooperative learning

Which best illustrates incubation as part of the creative process?

Santiago still has a problem but take a break to play and relax

What is confirmation bias?

Searching for information that supports our ideas

Before Terrence begins a large project, he takes time to ask himself these questions: "What do I have to do?" "What can I do right now?" and "What might I need help with?" After he successfully completes the project, Terrence positively reinforces himself with such statements as follows: "Good! I did it!" "All it took was a little planning and effort. I knew I could do it!" Which of the following cognitive-behavioral strategies is Terrence using?​

Self-talk

_____ refers to the idea that thinking is located in social and physical contexts, not within an individual's mind.​

Situated cognition

In the context of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, the ability of an individual to think three-dimensionally reflects the individuals:​

Spatial Skills​

At which level of Kohlberg's moral development theory are decisions made based off of reward and punishment

Stage 1: Pre-conventional

Tiny gaps between neurons where connections between neurons are made are called:​

Synapsis

Kiley is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly. If we consider Vygotsky's description of how children help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kiley:​

Talk herself through the steps

Which of the following is an effective approach to help students transfer learning?​

Teach for depth of understanding.​

Which of the following provides the best example of how the macrosystem, as described by Bronfenbrenner, influences education?​

Teachers go on strike in response to salary cuts​

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has his locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with his friends. In this scenario, what is most likely the unconditioned stimulus?​

The boy

The notion of a sensitive period suggests

The brain has times when it is particularly receptive to environmental influences, though certain capacities can develop after that period

What does not accurately describe a way in which the brain changes over time?

The brain shows linear development in which steady changes occur from infancy to adulthood

Identify an accurate statement about brain development.​

The corpus Callosum, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemisphere, thickens in adolescence.​

Identify an accurate statement about brain deveolopment

The corpus callosum, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence

Which of the following is a primary advantage of assessing student intelligence on an individual basis rather than using group intelligence tests?​

The examiner can establish a rapport with the student and determine the student's level of anxiety.​

Naomi, an educational researcher, wants to know about the effects of social media, peer groups, and parenting styles on the performance level of students. She analyzes the time spent by students on social media, the cultural background of people in their peer groups, and the impact of different parenting styles on performance of the students. In this case, the dependent variable is: ​

The performance level of students​

The humanistic perspective emphasizes which of the following as a key in determining a student's motivation?​

The student's capacity for personal growth​

The serial position effect states that recall:​

is best for items that are positioned at the beginning and the end of a list.​

_______ is Erikson's first psychological stage of development.​

Trust versus Mistrust​

What is the most effective type of reinforcement schedule for operant conditioning?

Variable-Ratio

Karen learned to play the guitar two years ago. Now, when she plays chords and notes on the instrument, she hardly looks at it. She is also able to sing and play at the same time. This scenario best exemplifies the concept of:​

automaticity.​

The importance of associative learning is emphasized in the _____ approach to learning.​

behavioral​

Myelination in the areas of the brain that are important in focusing attention is not complete in an individual until about _____.​

10 years of age​

By ____, most children accurately identify emotions that are produced by challenging circumstances and describe strategies they might call on to cope with everyday stress.​

5

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the sound of a bell ringing just prior to the presentation of food is best described as which of the following?​

A conditioned stimulus​

What is a prompt (cue)?

A hint or reminder that makes the desired behavior more likely.

Short-term or "working" memory is retained for approximately how long?​

About 30 seconds

Which of the following descriptions of students reveals the greatest level of practical intelligence, as proposed by Sternberg?

Antonia designed a hot-air ballon using equipment from her kitchen at home.

Alex tries to distract her teacher during the class by throwing erasers on the board. Alex's teacher talks to her about her misbehavior, but Alex continues to show this behavior on multiple occasions. The teacher realizes that Alex indulges in this behavior to get her attention. The teacher ignores Alex's misconduct, and soon Alex stops throwing erasers during the class. According to operant conditioning, this scenario exemplifies _____.​

Extinction

The neuroconstructivist view of cognitive development rejects the theory that the human brain has plasticity​

False

Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for reaching uninterested or alienated students? ​

Finding a mentor in the community​

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced after a set number of responses?​

Fixed-Ratio

In which of the following stages of Piaget's theory do children exhibit abstract thinking?

Formal operational

When a student applies new skills or strategies to rethink how he or she can approach a new situation, this student has accomplished which of the following?​

Forward-reaching transfer​

WHich theorist proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Gardner

_____ occurs when individuals have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.​

Identity diffusion

All of the following skills are included in Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligence except:​

Imaginative skills

What is the primary emphasis of strategy training?​

Improving students' domain- and task-specific skills​

A teacher who fosters critical thinking in students would most likely ask them to do which of the following?​

Infer and create

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, the primary risk during the elementary years is that an individual might develop a sense of which of the following?​

Inferiority, Unproductiveness, and Incompetence​

Which of the following statements best describes Robert J. Sternberg's (1986) triarchic theory of intelligence?​

Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.​

Cecilia's mother volunteers to help other students in Cecilia's class. She participates in classroom activities three times a week. Cecilia's father is on the school advisory committee that discusses important connections between the school and the families. According to Bronfenbrenner, Cecilia's connections with others demonstrate the:​

Mesosystem​

Mrs. Berstein created an activity for her students, which consists of having to reflect on their own learning and knowledge so that students can be more attentive to the knowledge they possess. Which of the following activities is Mrs. Berstein encouraging in her students? ​

Metacognition

Selena's parents divorced recently, and Selena is having difficulty adjusting to the changes in her life. According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, which of Selena's social/cultural systems is most directly affected?

Microsystem

The mesosystem is the linkage between two or more elements of which system?

Microsystem

Chase's mom thinks it's better to let her infant son cry for a while before attending to his needs so that he does not become spoiled. According to Erikson's life-span development theory, if an infant thinks that his needs may or may not be met, he or she will likely develop which of the following traits?​

Mistrust

Which is not a dimension of the attribution theory?

Motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic)

Which of the following researchers, during the late 1880s, argued for the importance of observing classrooms for improving education?

William James