EDSE 410: Ch. 3 & 4

Characteristics of deaf culture

values (beliefs) are: respect for asl respect for eyes and hands full visual access to information

United States

was the only country that did not adopt oralism

What happened in 1954?

Andrew Foster, the first black person to graduate from college

How did deaf people get their higher education?

They would receive education without interpreting services. Ron (author of book) got his master's from University of Maryland (1964) w/o interpreters with 2 other deaf students

Who started Sunday school for Deaf people in NYC?

Thomas Gallaudet and Edward Miner Gallaudet

T or F: EMG and AGM never agreed about deaf education and deaf people

True

What is a deaf utopia?

Where deaf people can live together and communicate effortlessly, similar to Martha's vineyard

What happened in 1965 regarding deaf culture?

William Stoke mentioned Deaf culture. There were more self awareness and self actualization for deaf people. People began to recognize the social and cultural characteristics of the deaf community.

How did segregation affect the learning environment?

Within residential schools, boys and girls were segregated by gender and race. They had separate classrooms and separate leisure weekends.

What happened in 1951?

Women could purchase life insurance

can deaf be audists as well?

YES

1988

a hearing person was chosen to be the president of Gallaudet rather than the other two deaf candidates, one board member stated that "deaf people are not ready to function in the hearing world"

Deaf Clubs

a place where deaf people can govern, socialize, and communicate in ASL. Most clubs have the word "silent" in the name, most rented halls, and they were open every weekend usually friday evenings and all day saturdays

2006

another protest: Jane Fernandes, a deaf woman was picked even though her record shows a no vote of confidence by current and former faculty members

DeafWorld is

another word for deaf community. They use it to indicate relationships among themselves, social networks set up not by geographical location

1970

author Ron applied for the principal position at the Minnesota School for the Deaf (asked questions like how will you deal with a secretary who does not sign? How will you work with hearing parents of deaf students)

Audism reasons

medical profession and paternalism

How did manufacturing help the deaf?

moved to big cities to congregate or near state deaf schools, the vocational training from schools made them marketable and WW1 and WW2 provided them job opportunities

what happened in 1960s

only 1/8th of teachers were deaf and all of the superintendents were hearing

What did vocational training do within deaf schools?

prepared the deaf for specific jobs

1880

signing was banned in schools

What did agriculture do to deaf?

some deaf stayed on the farm and had no education and only communicated using homemade signs. Others may have gone away to school for a couple of years then came back to help on the farm

1920s-1930s

some states banned licenses to deaf drivers for the "safety of motorists"

Why did his professor say?

the 3 deaf students wrote the best paper in class, but got an overall B because of no participation in class discussions

What changed in 1970s for deaf people?

they became more assertive, empowered in pursuing their education, became more qualified for jobs other than printing and keypunching, they wanted and got more positions that require decision making

What did the girls at VSD&B do?

they sold over 2,200 worth of stamps and bonds

What happened when WW2 broke out?

Goodyear and Firestone hired 1,000 deaf people

Audism

1977- Tom Humphries

1930

22 deaf priests

what happened in 1905?

14 students were transferred to the MD school for Colored Deaf Mutes in Baltimore

What is the National Fraternal Society of the deaf?

1903- 13 men met at Michigan Scholastic's for the Deaf to set up Fraternal Society of the Deaf to provide insurance protection and social opportunities

When were black students admitted?

1950s

How many residential schools?

57, but 3 did not provide vocational training

1900

7 deaf priests

What was published in 1929?

A bi-monthly publication called "The Frat"

International Congress on Education of the Deaf

All deaf should be educated, teachers of the oral system should publish their works on oral education.

What happened in the 1960s within deaf education?

Bachelor education for deaf people were on the rise

Why were deaf teachers reassigned?

Because they could only teach the oral failures or be a part of the vocational departments

Why did the employer's attitudes change?

Because they were not easily distracted, they realized their deafness did not affect their ability to complete tasks

What are the trends in Education of the Deaf?

Benefits are schools being closer to home (not the specific state schools), creates an isolation because student might be the only deaf person, the academic is on par because its a public school.

Alexander Graham Bell

Born in Scotland, mother was Hard of Hearing, postlingually deaf, had a speech reader, used trumpet to hear, had a different perspective on deafness

Who were not allowed to be around small deaf children?

Deaf Teachers

What did deaf men do vs deaf women?

Deaf men worked in tire factories and deaf women did keypunching

What was the result of post war?

Deaf peddlers. They sold inexpensive tokens in exchange for contributions at railroad stations, bus depots, and downtown bars. Cards that explained their situation and had an illustration of the manual alphabet on the back, they had no taxes some deaf made 25-30 dollars a day and some made 100.

1988

Deaf president now (picked a hearing president of GU, protests lasted a week, I. King Jordan became the first deaf president of GU)

Why did deaf people move to Akron, Ohio?

During WW1 most worked for Goodyear (around 500-1,000 deaf were employed), they held skilled technical and professional positions, management, and office work.

Normal Department at Gallaudet

EMG wanted to train hearing teachers, teacher training program did not accept deaf trainees for almost 100 years.

Post-Milan Attitudes

Early 1900s, the ban was effective in America. During this time, the percentage of deaf teachers were in decline. Schools in the US started adopting the oral method (1882- 7.5%; 1900- 47%; 1919- 80%)

What happened in 1880 at Milan, Italy?

Educators gathered around the world for the second international congress on education of the deaf. There they outlawed the use of sign language and there were only 1 of 164 representatives who were deaf. (James Denison).

Why were jobs unavailable for deaf people prior to the world wars?

Employers were afraid to hire because they couldn't hear and deaf were seen as risks to the company

What happened in 1887?

Gallaudet college allowed women to attend (only 6 women- took as an experimental basis), became permanent in 1888.

1910

George Veditz: despised hearing people who listened more carefully to others speaking on behalf of the deaf and not to the deaf people themselves

What did Thomas become?

He became an Episcopalian priest and founded St. Ann's church for the deaf

What did Garretson do?

He made the dean require all faculty to sign at meetings and he only taught deaf graduate students for the first 3 years, then hearing students petitioned to take his class and they were successful.

What did President Lyndon B. Johnson do in 1965?

He signed a bill that created the National Technical Institute for the Deaf. 28 colleges and universities applied. RIT was awarded in 1966. In 1968 it opened with 71 students, now it has 1500 students

What was Andrew Foster given in 1970?

He was awarded the Doctor of Humane Letters

1970s

Hearing impaired was the politically correct term to describe all people with hearing problems

Who lead deaf churches?

Hearing people

What happened in 1884?

Henry Syle was the first deaf Episcopalian priest to be ordained, lost his hearing at the age of 6 from scarlet fever

1876

Henry was ordained as a deacon in Philidelphia

1883

Henry was ordained as priest

Who is the first black student admitted?

Hume Le. P. Battiste (class of 1913)- his admittance is controversial because they said he was indian or creole not black

Who was Mervin Garretson?

In 1962, he was the first Deaf graduate level professor. He was also the first deaf person to become a principal (Montana School for the deaf and blind).

What did Marvin Miller do?

In 2003 he tried to make Flournoy's Utopia dream become true. He purchased real estate in Salem, South Dakota. Named it Laurent in honor of Clerc, but then filed bankruptcy. It was not successful

What did John Hames Flournoy propose?

In the 1850s he suggested a community where only deaf can reside. He proposed to congress for land, but it was denined

How did the educational opportunities help?

Increased opportunities for deaf youth. In the 1970s, the advanced educational opportunities were limited. They were denied admissions to graduate programs, hearing people thought the deaf were unable to do advanced work, and deaf who had masters were those who had intelligible speech

What is Deafhood

It created and accepted the deaf identity, multiple workshops are being offered, state of mind where deaf people can achieve their fullest and strongest deaf selves and a positive approach to one's place in society.

What did the civil rights movement do for deaf people?

It empowered them in the 1960s

What is the Deafworld known today?

It is seen as the Deaf community. It also includes interpreters, CODA, and professionals

What happened in 1906?

John W. Michaels wanted deaf people to have access so he was appointed the first missionary for deaf people

What happened in 1952?

Miller V. D.C. Board of Education stipulated that Kendall School accepted colored students

Edward Miner Gallaudet

Mother only used sign language to communicate, was born a decade from AGB, had a deaf mother, from connecticut

Who were considered dangerous by oral programs?

Non-Deaf teachers who knew sign language

What were their typical jobs 20 years after the war?

Printers, capenters, bakers, upholsters, tailors, tire factory workers

Vocational training within residential schools

Provided training in woodworking, printing, upholstery, tailoring, shoe repair, automobile body, automobile mechanics, coopering, harness making

What happened in the middle of the 19th century?

Religion was not accessible

The conquest of deafness

Resolution 1: oral method than sign language was preferred for education. Resolution 2: The pure oral method Focusing on speech, then writing; talking with other people, using speech exclusively; favorable age for a deaf child to enter school was 8-10 years of age

What happened in the 1890s?

Several African American shared classrooms with other students, but had separate sleeping facilities

What did the Columbia Institute state?

That there were no restrictions for black people in elementary and secondary schools (Kendall)

Who still contributes to charities that support education?

The NFSD

What happened in 2005?

The NFSD ceased to exist due to dwindling numbers

What happened when the war ended?

The deaf people were laid off because of all the soldiers returning to their positions

What is House One?

The first female only dorm, which is now the presidential house.

What happened in 1962?

The first time that deaf students were accepted into the Normal Department teaching program

What is Audism?

The notion that one is superior based on one's ability to hear or behave in the manner of one who hears

Who is James Gilbert?

The true, first black deaf student from Ohio School for the Deaf

During the post secondary educational opportunities, how did it help the deaf?

They assumed positions of power, increased deaf government officials, stockholders, accountants, lawyers, and dentists

What did the NAD do to support their nation?

They coordinated a victory fund supplying 7,700 to the american red cross for the purchase of 3 ambulance station wagons

What happened in 1907 with the NFSD?

They created an insurance business, they added sickness and accidents later

What did the National Association of the Deaf do in 1913 and 1915?

They fought to prevent the passage of a law requiring oralism at Nebraska School for the Deaf

How did Frat picnics and dinners help?

They gathered food and clothing to help needy deaf populations

How did the deaf community see peddling?

They looked down on it because they do not need charity

Why was life tough for deaf people post war?

They lost their jobs and were evicted for the returning members of the armed forces

What did the deaf do to show their patriotism?

They planted vegetables in "Victory Gardens" to feed the armed forces, knitted warm clothes.

What did the girls at MSD do for the Red Cross?

They produced 18,000 surgical dressings

What were interpreters considered in large cities?

They were seen as God's devoted saviors rescuing the unfortunates from the devil

What did NFSD do to help 9/11 victims?

They worked with NAD to provide for those

Why does the deaf community not like the hearing impaired term?

because the word impaired implies a malfunction, substandard, or defect / disability when the deaf community can still function like a regular person, their mode of communication is different.

Why were deaf teachers considered unfit?

because they cannot hear or teach speech

Why were deaf teachers still role models?

because they were functioning deaf adults

Deaf cultured is passed

born to deaf parents, learn through normal interactions with the deaf community. Deaf children bring the linguistic and cultural knowledge to deaf schools, play a major role in the spreading of knowledge

How did NAD preserve sign language?

by using "moving pictures" (early films).

1908

civil services banned those with various disabilities including deafness

Audists

consider themselves superior to deaf people

What did deaf schools do

create positive attitudes and sense of identity, realistic expectations, significant impact on education performance or achievements, communication and visual needs are met.

Personal Identity within deaf identity

cultural identity as part of our heritages, our roots, ancestry, religion, families, upbringing. It tells us who we are, where we are from, and where we are going

Define the deaf community:

deaf and hard of hearing, common language (ASL), similar experiences and values, degree of hearing is not an important factor, consider themselves deaf, ASL is a factor but not required, residential schools are thought to be the reason deaf community was formed.

School integration in the 1970s

deaf children have less of a chance of developing an identity, smaller groups of deaf children, lack adult deaf role models

The cultural perspective within the Deaf Identity

deaf people sees hearing loss as nothing negative, minor inconvenience established by the majority, to reject a language (ASL) is to reject a deaf person.

What happened during the outbreak of the wars?

deaf people were able to work manufacturing military products because most of the men that were hearing were fighting the war.

1900- 4th international congress on the education and welfare of the deaf

educators proposed a resolution to introduce the combined system, the proposal failed

Who were composed of the Department of Education in 1962?

faculty members who knew little to no sign, Lou Fant who was a CODA and became interpreter.

How did information help the deaf?

gave them more independence, technology allowed more access and convenience, the sense of belonging became more fragmented

Result of NAD fighting discrimination

half of the superintendents of deaf schools are deaf or hard of hearing. before 1960s none were deaf or HOH

what happened in the 1850s

half of the teachers were deaf

Who is Percival Hall?

he was the president of Gallaudet from 1910-1945. He stated that there was no legal restrictions for colored people

Why did the NFSD establish themselves?

in the late 1800s deaf people were not able to purchase life or disability insurance because they were considered high risks, accident prone, and had shorter than average lifespans thus resulting the deaf having to pay exorbitant premiums