ELAR 1-3

A sixth-grade teacher wants to assess the class's current knowledge of writing formal correspondence, specifically if they can request more information through writing. Which of the following prompts would best achieve this purpose?

Your grandmother and her dog are visiting, and everyone wants to go to the zoo. Write an email to the zoo director to find out if she can bring her dog.

A teacher is beginning a unit in which students will use both textbook and internet sources to research a historical event. Which of the following lessons should the teacher be sure to include to make sure the student reports are accurate and well-written? Select all answers that apply.

a lesson on citing sources and not plagiarizing a lesson on citing sources and not plagiarizing

Which of the following assignments would best assess a student's mastery of using formal tone and word choice?

a letter to the mayor about an issue facing the town

In a middle-school language arts classroom, a successful reading program should:

allow for student-selected texts.

As part of a research paper requirement, students are expected to use at least 2 online sources. The class spends time reviewing how to determine an online source's author and credibility. What other mini-lesson could the teacher provide to ensure that students are finding high quality, reputable online sources?

utilization of advanced search features and online databases

An eighth-grade teacher is reading the following poem from Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass. The Ship Starting Lo, the unbounded sea, On its breast a ship starting, spreading all sails, carrying even her moonsails. The pennant is flying aloft as she speeds she speeds so stately — below emulous waves press forward, They surround the ship with shining curving motions and foam. After reading the poem in class, a student asks the meaning of the word unbounded. The teacher should respond with which of the following statements?

"Consider the structure of the word and think of other words containing the same root word or prefix."

While reading an unfamiliar passage for a diagnostic test, a teacher records the following errors made by a student reading at a normal pace.

Adding consonants that are not there.

When presented with the unfamiliar vocabulary term "brouhaha" during a reading, a student attempts to define the word on his own. Which question should he ask himself that would most likely help him determine the meaning?

Are there any nearby synonyms or antonyms used to help me define "brouhaha?"

Which of the following best describes a value specific to assessing with an authentic task?

Authentic tasks assess a skill being used in a context that has meaning and value outside of the classroom context.

A sixth-grade class is studying the historical events of World War II, specifically the bombing of Japan by the United States. Students have read accounts of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States's reaction, and accounts of the bombing and aftermath in Hiroshima. Which type of graphic organizer would be most appropriate to use to help students comprehend the relationship between these texts?

Cause and Effect

Ms. Ciernia decides to do a project-based assessment with her fifth-grade class in which they design their own society. Her class consists of ELLs of varied levels. She sets clear parameters using a rubric with targeted standards and skills. In which way will this assessment benefit the ELLs in her class?

It will provide opportunities for ELLs to apply what they have learned in a student-centered project.

Sixth-grade students will be giving formal speeches at the end of the month. Which activity would best help students prepare for presenting to the whole class?

Practicing delivering a section of their speech to a peer and receiving guided feedback about the content and presentation skills.

A teacher is preparing an instructional activity that will involve use of context clues to determine words' meanings. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate when guiding students in analysis of a paragraph of text?

Select a text that contains vocabulary words that support ideas in the text.

Where in a nonfiction book would a student most likely find the author's purpose?

The Preface

A student included the sentence fragment "The blue shoes that we bought last week." in their writing. Which of the following sentences correctly incorporates the sentence fragment into a complete sentence?

The blue shoes that we bought last week are giving me terrible blisters.

Use the following excerpt from The Story of a Bad Boy (1870) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich to answer the questions that follow. This is the story of a bad boy. Well, not such a very bad, but a pretty bad boy; and I ought to know, for I am, or rather I was, that boy myself. Lest the title should mislead the reader, I hasten to assure him here that I have no dark confessions to make. I call my story the story of a bad boy, partly to distinguish myself from those faultless young gentlemen who generally figure in narratives of this kind, and partly because I really was not a cherub. I may truthfully say I was an amiable, impulsive lad, blessed with fine digestive powers, and no hypocrite. I didn't want to be an angel and with the angels stand; I didn't think the missionary tracts presented to me by the Rev. Wibird Hawkins were half so nice as Robinson Crusoe; and I didn't send my little pocket-money to the natives of the Feejee Islands, but spent it royally in peppermint-drops and taffy candy. In short, I was a real human boy, such as you may meet anywhere in New England, and no more like the impossible boy in a storybook than a sound orange is like one that has been sucked dry. But let us begin at the beginning. Whenever a new scholar came to our school, I used to confront him at recess with the following words: "My name's Tom Bailey; what's your name?" If the name struck me favorably, I shook hands with the new pupil cordially; but if it didn't, I would turn on my heel, for I was particular on this point. Such names as Higgins, Wiggins, and Spriggins were deadly affronts to my ear; while Langdon, Wallace, Blake, and the like, were passwords to my confidence and esteem. The teacher wants to include a journal prompt to encourage students to make a personal connection to the text. Which of the following prompts best serves this purpose?

The narrator says, "I was a real human boy, [not] like the impossible boy in a storybook." Which category would you put yourself in? Are you a real human or an impossibly well-behaved one?

A language arts teacher is working with a student who is struggling to develop the paragraphs of her expository essay. She has a strong thesis, and the basic organization of the piece is clear, but each body paragraph is very short, one with only two sentences. Which of the following would be the most applicable mini-lesson to support this student in her writing process?

Utilizing different writing strategies, such as analogies, definitions, or descriptions, to develop points within an essay.

A sixth-grade classroom is working on a unit about perspective and active listening. The teacher needs to design an activity that will help students understand how emotional response to the speaker can influence how the audience listens and responds. The teacher plans to show multiple video clips and ask guided questions after the viewings. Which activity below would meet this goal?

Watch video clips of speakers with varying purpose, emotional level, and mood. For example, a news clip about a natural disaster and an interview with someone who survived the same disaster.

A middle school English teacher is reviewing grammar concepts with students. He writes the following sentence on the board: After our dog ran away, my brother and me spent hours searching the neighbors' yards calling it's name. What type of errors are displayed in the sentence? More than one choice is correct. Select all answers that apply.

correct use of subject and object pronouns correct use apostrophes to show possession

A student is still in the phonetic stage of spelling development. In order to move this student from phonetic to transitional, the teacher should incorporate activities that:

introduce and reinforce common spelling patterns

A student is writing a letter to his school principal about why each grade should have at least one field trip per year. Which of the following types of writing would be best suited to this goal?

persuasive

Below is a sample from a student's essay on her favorite part of winter break. (1) I am so glad it snowwed a bunch over brake. (2) My family lived in front of a big hill. (3) Anytime it snowed my brothres and I get the sleds and go sleding on them. (4) We like to go on our sleds and race two see who can go down the fastest. (5) This time my brothres won but next time it snows I have an idea of how I can be the fastest. What grammatical area does the student need remediation in in order to correct sentence 5?

run-on sentences

A teacher makes sure to incorporate group work into her weekly lesson plans at least 3 times a week. In addition to allowing students to interact socially with their peers, group work is beneficial for students because:

they are able to practice listening to others, sharing their own thoughts, and demonstrating appropriate communication techniques.

During a writing conference, Jamie and her teacher discuss the following selection of her essay. it was summer i was riding a bike and i stoped becuz there were a dog not on a leesh. the dog run at me i thaught it wood bit me but it didnt an the owner come out and save me The teacher asks Jamie if she notices any punctuation errors. Jamie reviews her work, adds a period after "save me," and says, "Oops, I forgot that period." In order to assist Jamie in identifying additional punctuation errors, the teacher could:

read the passage aloud, emphasizing the run-on sentences, then ask Jamie to identify the errors.

Which of the following best demonstrates the abilities of an early reader?

A reader selects a new story and can successfully decode new words and read sight words on most pages.

Before starting a new unit, a teacher has students complete a short writing assignment in which they share what they know about the topic and predict what might be learned during the unit. Once the unit is finished, the teacher would like to have students revisit their essays. What step could the teacher take next that would allow students to expand on their new vocabulary knowledge?

Ask students to revise the essay to include newly learned vocabulary terms.

A student is having trouble fully comprehending a paragraph he just read about tectonic plate movement. The student doesn't normally struggle with fluency or vocabulary, so the teacher assumes the student is struggling to visualize the process. What should the teacher do to help the student fully comprehend the topic?

Ask the student a basic level question about the passage, then continue with more prompts and guided questions to encourage understanding.

A sixth-grade teacher had decided to use literature circles with her class to work through a new fiction text they're reading. She will provide the groups with guided questions and discussion ideas to complete during and after their reading sections. Which question stem would encourage students to cite textual evidence to support a prediction for the next chapter of the reading?

Because the character said _____, I believe s/he will _____.

Students are about to begin a research report on an assigned topic. Which of the following steps should the students perform first in order to successfully research and write the report?

Brainstorm a list of what is already known about the assigned topic.

Which activity below would be most beneficial for instructing students who are just beginning a problem and solution essay?

Brainstorm with a peer, writing down what is known about the problem and possible solutions.

A class has just read two informational texts about interesting careers in the field of science and technology. For the first article, the teacher models how to pull information from the text to create a summary. The students are asked to do the same for text number two. Once students have both summaries written, what activity should the class complete to further analyze the two articles?

Compare the ways in which the jobs are similar or different in a Venn diagram.

A seventh-grade student, Nora, is reading aloud from a nonfiction text about the Civil War. She comes to the following sentence and pauses. Brigadier General Twiggs surrendered his Union army and supplies to the Confederate cause. The student attempts to sound out "brigadier," but she becomes self-conscious and decides to just skip the word and continue reading. Which of the following statements is the best option to encourage the student to continue reading while also helping her to learn the word?

I noticed you struggled with the first word of the sentence. Lots of military titles are difficult to pronounce. That word is bri/ga/deer. It's a French word, which can sometimes make the spelling and pronunciation tricky. Everyone, practice saying it with me. Bri/ga/deer/."

Which of the following assignments would best assess a student's ability to use figurative language?

a poetry free-write about time spent in nature

A fourth-grade class is reading the first novel in the series A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket. The Bad Beginning, narrated by Lemony Snicket, tells the story of three orphan children who are plagued by an evil relative trying to adopt them for their fortune. As part of the lessons that take place during the novel, the students are asked to choose a scene they found particularly interesting and rewrite it, making a new character the narrator. After everyone has finished, the teacher invites students to share their stories with the class.

to explore how point of view impacts a narrative

A sixth-grade student has strong reading fluency skills but below grade-level vocabulary knowledge. While reading informational texts, the student can answer literal comprehension questions, but struggles with inferential or evaluative comprehension questions. Which intervention activity would most benefit this student?

A preview of content specific or challenging vocabulary terms.

Which activity would fit in a unit focusing on enhancing student abilities in word recognition?

After studying some common prefixes, suffixes, and root words, play a game where students generate as many words as possible that use a specific root, prefix, or suffix.

An eighth-grade teacher wants to improve how the students function in small groups. What is the best strategy for improving the functionality of the small groups?

After the students have completed the small group activity, the teacher should conduct an evaluation with the group to review their performance and identify ways to improve their collaboration in the future.

Marta, an ELL student from Mexico, always introduces herself by saying, "My name is Marta. I am student at Davis Elementary School." Marta would most likely benefit from further instruction in:

Articles

A fourth-grade teacher is working on promoting writing development for her students, most of whom are in the proficient writing stage. While her students are capable of writing and spelling with accuracy, they moan anytime she mentions a new writing assignment. What is one strategy the teacher could use to promote her student's interest in writing while continuing to hone their writing skills?

Creating writing assignments that are meaningful to students, such as writing emails, letters, or to-do lists.

A reading teacher has built 50 minutes into her weekly schedule each week for students to read a book of their choice. What is the biggest benefit of using class time for student-led independent reading?

It promotes the idea that reading is pleasurable and enjoyable.

A fifth-grade teacher is using student examples to demonstrate how to edit and revise writing. After reading the excerpt, the teacher presents the class with options on how to best edit the writing. Jack is a really strong character. He is brave and not scared of anything. I enjoyed the part when him and Tony played at the park. I would be scared to fight a mountain lion, but Jack wasn't. It reminded me of my best friend that I always play with. Which of the options below best modifies the underlined sentence to improve the paragraph's organization?

Move the underlined sentence so it comes after the second sentence.

While reading a new text, a sixth-grade teacher has pulled out a few multiple-meaning words for the students to define on a separate sheet of paper. Which strategy below would meet grade-level expectations for sixth-grade students?

Using text structure clues to define the words.

Mrs. Tacey assigns a persuasive essay to her class about the benefits of using reusable straws over plastic straws. After the initial research phase, students pair up to discuss their findings. Mrs. Tacey provides some questions the students need to answer to help guide their writing. Which question below would best help students to include adequate persuasive details for their essays?

What are some statistics regarding straw usage in the United States?

A fourth-grade teacher has identified a small group of students who are struggling to read fluently. These students are able to decode most words with ease, although they still struggle with irregular multisyllabic words. While reading, the students pause in irregular places, enunciate randomly, and read with a monotonous tone and volume. Based on this assessment, these students would benefit the most from which reading fluency activity?

choral reading

A fifth-grade class is reading Wonder by R.J. Palacios. Which of these journal questions would the teacher ask in order to encourage students to make a text-to-world connection?

in what ways is the school in Wonder similar to or different from our school? Do you think other schools are also like ours and August's?

Research has analyzed many predictors of students' success in learning to read in early grades. This research has found that which of the following abilities are the best predictors of good readers?

knowledge of letters and phonemic awareness skills

While reading a new passage, a student raises her hand and asks, "What does this word mean?" Instead of defining the word for her, the teacher should encourage the student to determine the meaning of the word by:

searching the sentence and surrounding sentences for context clues like synonyms, antonyms, or examples.

A candidate for class president begins his speech by sharing a short story of his first week at their school. What element of effective oral communication is the student incorporating into his speech?

using anecdotes relevant to the audience

Which of the following is not an important component of creating an effective language arts learning environment?

using teacher-selected texts and writing prompts

While studying the Civil War in social studies class, students are asked to read some excerpts from Civil War related texts. After reading the excerpt below from The Sword of Antietam by Joseph A. Altsheler, students are asked to make an inference about the character named Dick. The first youth rode to the crest of the hill, and, still sitting on his horse, examined the country in the south with minute care through a pair of powerful glasses. The other two dismounted and waited patiently. All three were thin and their faces were darkened by sun and wind. But they were strong alike of body and soul. Beneath the faded blue uniforms brave hearts beat and powerful muscles responded at once to every command of the will. "What do you see, Dick?" asked Warner, who leaned easily against his horse, with one arm over the pommel of his saddle. "Hills, valleys, mountains, the August heat shimmering over all, but no human being." "A fine country," said young Pennington, "and I like to look at it, but just now my Nebraska prairie would be better for us. We could at least see the advance of Stonewall Jackson before he was right on top of us." Dick took another long look, searching every point in the half circle of the south with his glasses. Although burned by summer the country was beautiful, and neither heat nor cold could take away its picturesqueness. He saw valleys in which the grass grew thick and strong, clusters of hills dotted with trees, and then the blue loom of mountains clothed heavily with foliage. Over everything bent a dazzling sky of blue and gold. Which student inference about Dick is best supported by the text?

Dick is observant of the landscape and enjoys looking at it.

A teacher is planning a lesson to help students understand how various elements of media can have an impact on the meaning of what is viewed. She shows a number of commercials about breakfast foods and asks students to take notes on what they saw and how they felt. Which follow-up activity will help her achieve her lesson objective?

Discuss how the techniques used influenced their feelings about the products.

Students are reading a persuasive text. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate to complete while reading this type of text?

Finding examples of facts and opinions in the text.

A fourth-grade teacher wants to encourage more sustained independent reading from her students. She includes 15 minutes most days for students to read a self-selected text. Once a week she checks with each student to see how they've progressed on their text and to ask a few questions. When meeting with Tina, the teacher discovers that Tina has only read 20 pages since her last check. Tina explains that she is struggling to understand what the book is saying; some words are too big and she gets distracted trying to figure out what they mean. She also says she really wants to finish reading the book because all her friends have read it already. What should the teacher do to help Tina be successful during silent reading time?

Have Tina keep a journal while reading to document challenging vocabulary and take notes on the plot or other interesting elements of the text.

A fourth-grade teacher wants to introduce idioms to her class. She projects an image of a man and woman standing under a porch while cats and dogs fall from the sky. The caption says, "Well, Jill, looks like it's raining cats and dogs again." The class discusses the definition of an idiom and uses the image to determine the true meaning of the phrase. Which of the following activities best represents a scaffolded approach to teaching the meaning of idioms?

In small groups, students look at illustrations of new idioms and come up with the actual meaning.

Mr. Miller recognizes that his seventh-grade science class has many new vocabulary words with each unit. What is one teaching practice he can use to assist his students with disabilities that are also English Language Learners (ELLs)?

Provide a word wall with vocabulary words and pictures.

Maria recently moved from Mexico and began schooling in the US. She has been having trouble spelling words in English and is frustrated that one letter can have so many possible sounds. What is the best way for her teacher to help Maria with her phonetics?

Provide her with model reading activities, specifically readings containing high-frequency words.

Students in an advanced English class are reading a text from the 1700s with lots of unfamiliar vocabulary and description. In order to help students begin to understand the complex vocabulary, which strategy could the teacher use?

Relate the situation in the text to its modern-day equivalent, thus activating student schema.

A small group of sixth-grade students is reading an article about circuits and wiring, hoping to learn to program and build robots in their spare time. After reading the article, the teacher asks the students a few questions and discovers that they struggled to comprehend the contents of the text. What strategy should the teacher employ to help the students with their comprehension?

Review any challenging vocabulary words with the students.

A student is currently in the conventional stage of writing development. His teacher wants to incorporate activities that will build on his current strengths but also push his development towards proficient. Which activity below would be best suited to this purpose?

Review simple and complex sentence structures and introduce how to incorporate transition words into writing.

Before beginning a new unit, a teacher provides her class with a list of new vocabulary terms they will encounter. Other than defining the words as they are used and front loading lessons with new vocabulary, which activity would help students successfully identify and understand the words in context?

Sorting words based on similarities in structure, meaning, or parts of speech.

A fifth-grade class is reviewing and practicing word families with irregular spellings. The teacher begins class with a warm-up sentence containing an incorrectly spelled irregular word. The class discusses the correct spelling and brainstorms other irregular spelling patterns. Next, the students are given a list of words and asked to correctly form a new version (for example, leaf to leaves). The list is reviewed as a whole class to see how well the class performed. In a systematic approach to teaching this skill, which activity would likely happen next?

Students are placed in groups based on performance and given an enrichment activity or remediation mini-lesson.

What is one benefit of using a word processing program to draft and edit writing?

Students can easily manipulate sentences to improve organization and clarity, so there's no need to rewrite a whole paragraph on paper to fix one simple issue.

Which of the following is a similarity between a norm-referenced assessment and a criterion-referenced assessment?

They both formally assess a test-taker's knowledge in a specific area.

A seventh-grade class is reading an informational article on technology usage and teenagers. Which set of questions would the teacher ask in order to encourage students to analyze the author's purpose?

What is the tone of this article? What is the author's goal in writing this piece? What evidence does the author include to support his goal?

A seventh-grade teacher wants to include more higher-level thinking questions in her reading comprehension activities. Which of the following questions should she ask to focus on the inferential level of comprehension?

Why does Little Bear leave his camp in the middle of the night instead of waiting for morning?

A fifth-grade class has recently learned how to use commas and quotation marks in dialogue. The teacher then assigns a short fiction writing assignment and asks students to include at least 10 instances of dialogue. After everyone has finished writing, students are asked to swap stories with a peer. In order to encourage the best use of time and provide the most effective feedback, the teacher should ask students to:

read the peer's essay, identifying only errors in dialogue punctuation.

A sixth-grade class is researching famous inventors in order to write a brief biography of the person. The students are expected to include biographical information as well as a paragraph about the invention and how it works. In order to support students with reading challenges, the teacher should

show videos or images depicting the invention.

As part of a science unit, a fourth-grade teacher wants to provide opportunities for her students to interact with new vocabulary words from the unit in context. Which of the following activities would be least effective for this learning goal?

sort new words into categories generated by the student

Which of the following types of writing would be most appropriate for a student's use of academic vocabulary? short story

informational essay

A teacher is hoping to demonstrate to students how writing changes based on the author's intended purpose. In order to demonstrate writing that persuades the audience, which of the following texts would be the most suitable?

"Their Finest Hour" speech by Winston Churchill

A reading teacher has designed a lesson focused on skimming and scanning texts for significant features. What is the purpose of developing this skill?

This skill will help students locate information more quickly.

Which of the following best describes the impact of decoding skills on reading comprehension?

A student's ability to accurately and quickly decode words improves fluency and student comprehension.

A sixth-grade class has just finished drafting a personal narrative about a time or event that helped them grow as a person. Before drafting, the teacher provided focused instruction on using descriptive and precise words, using and correctly punctuating compound sentences, and the use of chronological organization and transition words. Once everyone has completed the first draft, the teacher pairs students and has them complete a peer review. The teacher provides the following checklist to use while reviewing. Did your classmate use transition words? Highlight these in green. Did your classmate use descriptive language? Underline two examples of strong descriptive language. Put a star next to a place where you think descriptive language could be added. Are there any sections of the writing that are confusing? Make notes in the margins as needed. Circle any places where your classmate has an error with grammar or spelling. In order to make this peer review more effective, what should the teacher add to or change about the provided checklist?

Ask students to review only for correctly written compound sentences, capital letters, and end punctuation marks, rather than looking for all grammatical errors.

Mrs. Landingham has noticed that her students are great at identifying similes in their reading, but she wants to know if the students understand what they mean. What would be the best way for her to evaluate the students' understanding of similes they identified?

Ask them to explain what two things are being compared and what they have in common

Use the following excerpt from The Story of a Bad Boy (1870) by Thomas Bailey Aldrich to answer the questions that follow. This is the story of a bad boy. Well, not such a very bad, but a pretty bad boy; and I ought to know, for I am, or rather I was, that boy myself. Lest the title should mislead the reader, I hasten to assure him here that I have no dark confessions to make. I call my story the story of a bad boy, partly to distinguish myself from those faultless young gentlemen who generally figure in narratives of this kind, and partly because I really was not a cherub. I may truthfully say I was an amiable, impulsive lad, blessed with fine digestive powers, and no hypocrite. I didn't want to be an angel and with the angels stand; I didn't think the missionary tracts presented to me by the Rev. Wibird Hawkins were half so nice as Robinson Crusoe; and I didn't send my little pocket-money to the natives of the Feejee Islands, but spent it royally in peppermint-drops and taffy candy. In short, I was a real human boy, such as you may meet anywhere in New England, and no more like the impossible boy in a storybook than a sound orange is like one that has been sucked dry. But let us begin at the beginning. Whenever a new scholar came to our school, I used to confront him at recess with the following words: "My name's Tom Bailey; what's your name?" If the name struck me favorably, I shook hands with the new pupil cordially; but if it didn't, I would turn on my heel, for I was particular on this point. Such names as Higgins, Wiggins, and Spriggins were deadly affronts to my ear; while Langdon, Wallace, Blake, and the like, were passwords to my confidence and esteem. Which question could the teacher use to best assess her student's ability to draw conclusions from the text?

Based on the information in the passage, do you think Tom Bailey is a trustworthy, reliable narrator?

A new student has arrived in Mrs. Turner's class. She is an English language learner and is showing some shyness and trouble communicating with both her classmates and Mrs. Turner. The student is doing well with written communication, so Mrs. Turner would like to focus some instruction on oral communication. Which strategy would be most beneficial for Mrs. Turner to use to encourage more oral communication skills?

Build in multiple partnering activities so the new student can meet and interact with her peers.

Charles Darwin, famous researcher and scientist, impacted our understanding of the natural world in one significant way. Darwin was born in 1809, but despite living in a time with less technical and scientific advances, he was able to observe his world and write on of the most influential scientific papers of his time. In 1831, Darwin set off on the adventure that would change everything. After boarding the HMS Beagle, Darwin sailed around the coast of South America. At each stop, Darwin collected and catalogued the various plants and species native to the land. While reviewing the specimens, he made the discovery that different animals' bodies change to adapt to the environment they lived in. After many years of research and theorizing, Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Because of his research, new light was shed on evolution and natural selection, and our understanding of nature was forever changed. How does the text structure of the paragraph help convey the main idea of the passage?

By listing the events in chronological order, we are able to understand how Darwin came about his discovery.

Charles Darwin, famous researcher and scientist, impacted our understanding of the natural world in one significant way. Darwin was born in 1809, but despite living in a time with less technical and scientific advances, he was able to observe his world and write on of the most influential scientific papers of his time. In 1831, Darwin set off on the adventure that would change everything. After boarding the HMS Beagle, Darwin sailed around the coast of South America. At each stop, Darwin collected and catalogued the various plants and species native to the land. While reviewing the specimens, he made the discovery that different animals' bodies change to adapt to the environment they lived in. After many years of research and theorizing, Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Because of his research, new light was shed on evolution and natural selection, and our understanding of nature was forever changed. After reading this paragraph, students were asked to write a summary of the information presented. Which summary below is the most complete summary?

Charles Darwin made one of the most important discoveries in evolution.

A class has recently completed a science unit and the teacher would like to incorporate some form of writing task into an upcoming lesson. She breaks students up into groups based on what stage of writing development they are in. Which activity would be best suited to students in the transitional stage of writing development?

Complete a prewrite graphic organizer for a mock short essay.

A teacher gives her class a political cartoon to look at and analyze. To perform this task the student needs to understand the historical context of the image and assess how the individual parts of the illustration create meaning. To best support her students in their analysis, what should the teacher recommend? Select all answers that apply.

Determine the general mood evoked by the image. Note the size or scale of parts of the images. Carefully read the text included with the image.

A class is working on critically evaluating spoken words and messages. A teacher pulls together a series of Public Service Announcements. Students watch the video and then answer a few questions with a peer. The teacher wants to encourage students to actively listen to and critique the message in the video. To achieve this goal, the teacher should ask all of the following questions except:

Did you find the contents of this video interesting?

A teacher is considering which novel to read with a fifth-grade class. While considering The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett, the teacher asks himself the following questions: Does this novel contain any 20th-century stereotypes or biases that will need to be discussed? Is this novel appropriate for the age of my students? Will my students relate to the characters in the novel? How much background knowledge will I need to frontload for the class? In addition to these questions, what else should the teacher ask to ensure the selected novel brings cultural diversity and responsiveness?

Does this novel mirror the cultural landscape of my classroom?

Students are told that they are to create an online quiz regarding the unit they just finished in Social Studies. The quiz will be given to other students in the same grade level. What technology tool would be easily accessible for students to use for this project?

Google Forms

Maria, an English language learner, tells the teacher she is concerned the class will not understand her presentation because of her inability to pronounce words perfectly. Which of the following would be the most appropriate recommendation for the teacher to make?

Have Maria write out notes that indicate the correct pronunciation of the words.

In a social studies class in which the teacher is reinforcing ELA skills, he shows a short video of an exciting event that happened in the city. What might a good follow-up activity be to help students understand point of view?

Have each student write their impressions of what they saw in the video and then read to the class.

Students in a sixth-grade science class are studying biomes across continents. What would be the most appropriate instructional strategy to help students recognize types of biomes, plants and animals in each biome, and vocabulary words associated with each?

Have students take virtual field trips using video clips of biomes and complete a cloze activity using a graphic organizer.

A sixth-grade teacher is looking for a way to improve her students' understanding of how visual images create meaning. Which activity below would be the best way to achieve this goal?

Have students tell a new story using only photographs from a magazine or newspaper.

While reading "The Tell-Tale Heart" as a class, the teacher pauses after the first paragraph. TRUE!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses—not destroyed—not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily—how calmly I can tell you the whole story. Which question would the teacher ask to encourage students to identify supporting details in the text?

In what ways does the narrator contradict himself when he says he is not mad?

A sixth-grade teacher had decided to use literature circles with her class to work through a new fiction text they're reading. She will provide the groups with guided questions and discussion ideas to complete during and after their reading sections. What question could the literature circles ask to encourage students to make connections to the text?

In what ways is the main character relatable to yourself or someone you know? How does this likeness help you understand his motivations and actions?

Students in an 8th-grade class are preparing presentations to provide factual historical context for their historical fiction short stories. The teacher has required her class to include an interactive multimedia element into each presentation. Which of the following describes an appropriate interactive multimedia element that a student could include?

Include a map graphic of the setting with clickable links to more information about each location.

A fifth-grade class will take turns recording themselves reading aloud from a novel. Each student will listen to himself read and use the following questions to assess his fluency skills. Do I clearly pronounce the words? Are there sections where I can't understand myself? Which words did I say incorrectly? How many times did it take to correct myself and pronounce a word properly? Did I change my voice and inflection to match the tone of the story? Where? Did I read with a consistent speed throughout? How does an activity like this improve oral reading skills?

It encourages students to self-monitor and correct while reading.

Mrs. Mendez explains to her sixth-grade students that she wants them to start using technology for specific reasons as they do more oral and written presentations. For this week's assignment, they are to do a brief written report about their recent social studies unit of study. They will then find related pictures on the computer and print them off to attach to their reports. They will also need to identify the sources of their information. Which of the following best explains why Mrs. Mendez would have them identify their sources?

It will help establish an understanding of the need to document websites and other sources for their work.

A teacher has just finished teaching her class how to write a strong thesis statement. Now the students need to choose supporting details that are relevant to the topic and will provide sufficient support for their arguments. To scaffold this skill, which of the following could the teacher provide to the students?

a list of details for them to order from strongest to weakest

A sixth-grade teacher had decided to use literature circles with her class to work through a new fiction text they're reading. She will provide the groups with guided questions and discussion ideas to complete during and after their reading sections. In what way can literature circles build reading proficiency in students?

Literature circles allow students to discuss what they've read, providing students with both verbal and reading opportunities to comprehend literature.

When reading and analyzing a new nonfiction passage, students could use all of the following strategies except:

Make a list of character traits for any people or characters present.

A middle school teacher wants to do more to promote reading to her students. Which of the following strategies should she try? Select all answers that apply.

Make books accessible to students by setting up a system where students can easily borrow and return books. Allow students the ability to occasionally choose what to read from a list of pre-selected options

Megan has offered to babysit the kids overnight and Janet the children's grandmother stopped by to help with bedtime. Which answer best corrects the grammar errors in the sentence?

Megan has offered to babysit the kids overnight, and Janet, the children's grandmother, will stop by to help with bedtime.

While researching about the benefits of spending time outside, an eighth-grade student records these two statements in his research notes. "Researchers claim spending time outdoors leads to an increase in productivity, creativity, and a decrease in mental health problems." "After walking three miles every day for a month, research participant Patricia recorded that she could more quickly accomplish inside chores such as washing dishes or picking up after her kids, a task that she felt unmotivated to do prior to beginning this challenge." The student plans to use these notes as supporting details in his paper. Which sentence below best summarizes these two sentences into one?

Multiple research studies concluded that time spent outside improves productivity and mental health.

A fourth-grade class is beginning a research assignment. The teacher provides the class with the guiding question "How do humans positively or negatively impact ecosystems?" Which step of the research project should the class complete next?

Narrow the research topic down by identifying specific questions to answer

A teacher wants to informally assess the speaking skills of her English learners (ELs). Which of the following activities would best achieve this? Select all answers that apply.

Observing student speech, inflection, and volume as they converse with peers in small groups. Asking each student to read part of a text aloud to the class.

A fourth-grade class is reading a short story. One of the characters says, "Jim's a little wet behind the ears, but he'll get there." A student raises her hand to ask what "wet behind the ears" means. The teacher discusses the phrase, the term idiom, and then continues with the story. The teacher decides to create a mini-lesson for the next day focusing on idioms. Which of the following activities should the teacher include in the mini-lesson to best help students understand the concept of idioms?

Students illustrate the literal meaning of an idiom and use it metaphorically in a sentence.

A fifth-grade class has read a historical fiction piece about the drafting of the U.S. Constitution and a grade-level appropriate biography of Benjamin Franklin. After reading both texts, the teacher asks students to answer the question, "How did Benjamin Franklin's life impact his contributions to the Constitution?" To ensure his students can successfully complete the writing prompt, the teacher should do which of the following?

Provide a cause-effect graphic organizer to complete before drafting their answers.

A teacher needs to make accommodations to a nonfiction reading comprehension assignment for an English language learner who is in the beginning stages of language development. Which accommodation would be most appropriate for this student's ability level?

Provide a graphic organizer and simple, direct instructions.

A teacher wants to model for students how to pull the main idea(s) from a nonfiction text. Which activity below would be the most effective way to demonstrate this for the students?

Read a text that's projected for the class and take notes in the margins while reading.

Which of the following activities would best help students practice the skill of summarizing information?

Read articles or excerpts and write a title for each.

A class has just finished writing informative essays. Essays were then given to a peer to read and edit. The teacher provided a rubric with instructions and reminders of what to look for while reading. What step should the teacher take next to ensure students are getting the most benefit from their peer's edits and comments?

Require students to resubmit the essay with corrections and edits made

A classroom has been broken into small groups before being assigned a complex nonfiction text to read and analyze. After reading, the groups will be given a set of teacher-provided discussion questions to answer. Of the options below, which is the best way the teacher could scaffold this activity with a during-reading writing assignment to better enable the student's use of oral language and communication skills while discussing the questions?

Review annotation strategies before reading and ask students to make notes while reading.

Which of the following could be evidence of bias in a formal, standards based assessment?

Students of differing cultural backgrounds who have been performing similarly when informally assessed, unexpectedly score very differently from each other.

A sixth-grade class spends 15 minutes a day silently reading. Students are allowed to move freely about the room to find a comfortable spot to read. Which activity could the teacher incorporate into the class's schedule to further encourage her student's interest in reading?

Students participate in informal, bimonthly book talks with a small group.

A sixth-grade class will be participating in a cross-curricular research assignment on human migration and settlement patterns. The teacher provides the class with a list of 10 major cities across the world and includes a skyline and aerial photo of the city. The students are broken into small groups and asked to brainstorm a list of things these cities appear to have in common, including their knowledge of the cities and the information in the images. After discussing the brainstorm results, which activity would likely occur next in the research and writing process?

Students select one of the ten cities and complete a KWL chart about the city.

At the beginning of every language arts lesson, a teacher projects a sentence onto the board. Students are expected to read the sentence and make the appropriate grammatical corrections. After a few minutes, the class reviews the sentence together to discuss what the errors were and how to fix them. This informal assessment is beneficial for the teacher and students in all of the following ways except which?

Students use grammatical knowledge and editing skills in authentic writing experiences.

How does motivation influence the language arts learning environment?

Students who are motivated, intrinsically or extrinsically, will participate productively in the classroom and are excited to learn.

A fifth-grade class is beginning a science unit on ecosystems and food webs. Before beginning the unit, the teacher provides students with a list of important vocabulary terms, such as producer, consumer, decomposer, etc. As a class, the students practice reading each term, saying it aloud, and listening to the definition. The teacher presents a brief video that reviews these terms again with images of animals that fit in each category. Front-loading this vocabulary information will benefit student's oral language skills in which of the following ways?

Students will be more likely to correctly pronounce these new terms while speaking or reading aloud

Which of the following is not an example of how a strong and developing vocabulary leads to strong reading skills?

Students with strong vocabulary are able to form complete thoughts and sentences with ease.

A small group of ELL students is struggling with recognizing how printed words and spoken language are related. Which activity below would best help the students develop this skill?

The teacher reading aloud a familiar story to the group and pointing out the text and punctuation marks as she reads.

A fifth-grade class is working through a cross-curricular unit. The students have read primary source historical accounts and informational articles about events and new scientific inventions from the time period. The class conducted a small science experiment and wrote a report about their findings. The teacher notices that her students have begun to seem disinterested in the unit, and students who were previously engaged in the material are not motivated to participate or complete the work. What could the teacher consider that might help engage her class to complete the unit of study?

The teacher should diversify the readings by adding some fiction or creative pieces to the unit.

After writing a short research essay using the MLA citation style, students complete another research task, this time using APA style. What is the primary goal of switching between citation style guides?

To encourage students to cite sources while following a standardized rule and guide.

Before introducing a new text, a teacher leads a discussion about a theme that students will encounter during the reading and asks questions about how the theme is relevant to the students' lives. What is the primary benefit of having a pre-reading discussion?

To help students make connections with the text.

Students are put into groups of 4-5 and presented with the original version of a fairy tale. After reading the text version, the teacher provides the groups with a play version to act out in front of the class. What is the primary goal of presenting students with the same story in both written and oral versions?

To illustrate the difference between written and oral language.

During morning work time, a teacher walks around and visits with two or three students individually. During this time, she asks the students questions about their lives, interests, friends, books they're reading, or various other topics. While the students speak, the teacher makes a note of whether or not each student is answering in complete sentences, if they reframe the questions in their answers, and how well each student maintains eye contact. What is the most likely purpose of these individual chats?

To informally assess a student's oral language proficiency.

Below is a sample of a student written narrative. (1) The balmy summer breeze shook the branches of the trees and caused her hair to lightly tickle her cheeks. (2) Sarah knew she needed to get up but the gentle tinkle of the water lapping the shore and slight quiver of the leaves played like a lullaby on a continuous loop relaxing her and causing her to rest for just a moment longer on her warm beach chair. (3) Today was an important day. (4) Today was the day Sarah finally left to seek her destiny. (5) The small town of Leroy was located just 20 miles south of the much larger metropolis New Haven yet despite its closeness the opportunities for advancement were slim in Leroy. (6) Sarah knew that if she wanted to rise above her family's important but menial dairy business she would have to take this leap. (7) She opened her eyes and glanced at the small tattoo of wings on her wrist. (8) I will put on my wings and fly she whispered to herself. (9) Maybe I'll change my name to Icarus when I get to New Haven. (10) Sarah was startled when she heard Just be careful, little bird. (11) Sarah's mother had come out to find her wondering what was delaying her daughter on such a momentous day. What is the most effective way to combine sentences 3 and 4?

Today was an important day; Sarah would finally leave to seek her destiny.

An eighth-grade English teacher is teaching her students how to identify different text structures. As part of the lesson, she asks her students to read the following excerpt about the famous philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Although much of Aristotle's work was influenced by Plato, Aristotle was able to find many faults in Plato's theories and in time became a critic of his teacher. Their work targets many of the same aspects of philosophy, but their theories differ quite a bit. They both believed that thoughts were more powerful than senses. However, Plato believed the senses could not be used to determine reality, whereas Aristotle believed just the opposite, that the senses were needed to determine reality. So while Plato was busy imagining an invisible world, Aristotle looked to find truth in the world around him. Which graphic organizer would be helpful for students to use during the reading of this excerpt and the remainder of the text?

Venn diagram

After reading "A Sound of Thunder" by Ray Bradbury, a sixth-grade teacher asks his class the following comprehension questions: What does the word "immortal" mean in the sentence, "The dinosaurs seemed immortal, like a terrifying pagan god"? How many people participated in the Safari? "Far birds' cries blew on a wind, and the smell of tar and an old salt sea, moist grasses, and flowers the color of blood." How does the imagery in this sentence make you feel when you read it? What animal is Eckels hunting? If given the chance, would you participate in a Time Travel journey? Which question below should the teacher add to the list to make sure to assess all three levels of comprehension?

Why do you think there is such a strict penalty for people who don't follow the rules?

A teacher is beginning a unit on media literacy. She wants to create a project for students that will help them understand the impact of design and design choices on the intended audience. Which activity below will best help students understand her goal?

Work in groups to design a logo for the school. Students may design the logo using any images, colors, or other design elements.

A teacher instructs her students to write in a journal a few times a week. Sometimes she provides them with prompts, but most of the time their entries are reflections on their day or thoughts on topics of their choice. She occasionally asks the students to bring their journals to class so she can check whether they have been writing in it. She asks them to share one piece of writing. What is the purpose of this?

Writing in a relaxed format allows students to write freely.

With an increased focus on cross-curricular instruction, Mrs. Adams, a 7th-grade teacher, has developed an assignment in which her students will use the results of their science experiment, comparing the quality of two similar products, to write a short essay. Which of the following would best support the organization of the data collected in their science class?

a Venn diagram

Which lesson could Mrs. Swanson use to help her sixth-grade students learn to write complex sentences?

a lesson where students take example compound sentences and turn them into complex sentences

The following paragraphs were written by 8th-grade students responding to the prompt: "Write a story that lightheartedly reveals the consequences of being irresponsible." Student A: (1) I opened my eyes, instantly panicked when I realized the sun was shining much brighter into my room than would be normal for my 6:30 am wake up. (2) I brushed my teeth as quickly as I could. (3) Looking at my phone, I realized my alarm had not woken me up because my phone was out of power. (4) I sprinted through the house, grabbing a granola bar to inhale on the way to the bus stop. (5) I made it just in time. (6) When I sat in my seat, I looked down and realized I was wearing two different shoes, and my phone was still dead. Student B: (1) Middle school students have a reputation for being irresponsible and unreliable. (2) As far as I am concerned, this reputation is mostly accurate. (3) I'm still a kid! (4) In the last month alone, I have missed the bus twice. (5) I have also forgotten to turn in my homework three times, and one of those times it was even finished! (6) All joking aside, I know I need to improve on these things. (7) I shouldn't use my age as an excuse and hope to plan better in the future so I can live up to the expectations of my parents and teachers. Student A's paragraph is best described as:

a narrative.

A fifth-grade teacher asks students to take turns reading aloud from a non-fiction text in order to conduct an informal assessment. One student reads quickly, barely pausing between sentences. He correctly pronounces each word, but lacks any emotion or rhythm while reading. After he's finished, the teacher asks him to summarize the section he read. The student is unable to recall what he read well enough to give an accurate summary. Based on this assessment, the student would benefit most from:

a prosody mini lesson where the student reads phrase-cued reading passages.

Synthetic phonics instruction is best described as:

a strategy for teaching phonics that builds from the smallest units to the largest.

A teacher is assigning his students a short argumentative essay. Which of the following should students be sure to include in their introductory paragraphs in order to most effectively convey their arguments?

a thesis statement

Students are reading a nonfiction article about the events leading up to WWII. Which of the following graphic organizers would most likely help them comprehend the article?

a timeline

Sometimes reading difficulties are known not to be the outcome of lack of opportunities in education or limited intellect. Recent educational research has found that these difficulties are most often the result of what instead?

lack of skills in phonological processing

By the time many students reach middle school, teachers have often stopped reading aloud to them. But, research shows that there are still many benefits to reading aloud to students as they follow along in the text, including which of the following?

allows students to hear complex texts above their reading level improves students' understanding of different sentence structures furthers student comprehension by removing the stress of decoding words

During a unit on short stories and fables, a fourth-grade teacher presents students with a series of 5-10 sentence stories. After each story, students are asked to write a statement identifying the theme or moral of the story and provide textual evidence to support their thematic statement. This lesson focuses on which level of reading comprehension?

inferential

Below is a sample of a student written narrative. (1) The balmy summer breeze shook the branches of the trees and caused her hair to lightly tickle her cheeks. (2) Sarah knew she needed to get up but the gentle tinkle of the water lapping the shore and slight quiver of the leaves played like a lullaby on a continuous loop relaxing her and causing her to rest for just a moment longer on her warm beach chair. (3) Today was an important day. (4) Today was the day Sarah finally left to seek her destiny. (5) The small town of Leroy was located just 20 miles south of the much larger metropolis New Haven yet despite its closeness the opportunities for advancement were slim in Leroy. (6) Sarah knew that if she wanted to rise above her family's important but menial dairy business she would have to take this leap. (7) She opened her eyes and glanced at the small tattoo of wings on her wrist. (8) I will put on my wings and fly she whispered to herself. (9) Maybe I'll change my name to Icarus when I get to New Haven. (10) Sarah was startled when she heard Just be careful, little bird. (11) Sarah's mother had come out to find her wondering what was delaying her daughter on such a momentous day. Which figurative language device is used in sentence 9?

allusion

Which of the following assignments would best assess a student's ability to incorporate textual evidence as supporting details?

an essay comparing the theme of two short stories

Which of the following assignments would best assess a student's ability to create a thesis statement?

an informational essay about types of musical instruments.

In order to practice different genres of writing, a teacher asks her class to imagine they are small business owners looking for potential investors. Which genre would be the most appropriate for students to choose?

an informative brochure about the business including data and financial information

A seventh-grade class has just finished reading "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson. The teacher breaks students up into small groups and asks them to discuss and answer the questions below. When Mr. Summers brings the black box into the square, the narrator says, "the villagers kept their distance." This is an example of which literary device? The story opens upon a bright, beautiful summer day. How does the imagery of the first few paragraphs contrast the events of the lottery? Jackson spends a lot of time describing the condition of the black box. How is the black box a valid symbol for the town and townspeople? These questions are designed to encourage students to:

analyze the use of literary devices in the story.

A teacher has students read the following sentences from Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. (1) In an armchair, with an elbow resting on the table and her head leaning on that hand, sat the strangest lady I have ever seen, or shall ever see. She was dressed in rich materials—satins, and lace and silks—all of white.(2) My sister, Mrs. Joe, with black hair and eyes, had such a prevailing redness of skin that I sometimes used to wonder whether it was possible she washed herself with a nutmeg-grater instead of soap. The teacher uses the sentences to show how writing can be made more compact with the use of which of the following type of phrase?

appositive phrase

All of the following are ways to determine a student's reading level except:

asking students to separate multisyllabic words into individual syllables or word parts.

A fifth-grade class will take turns recording themselves reading aloud from a novel. Each student will listen to himself read and use the following questions to assess his fluency skills. Do I clearly pronounce the words? Are there sections where I can't understand myself? Which words did I say incorrectly? How many times did it take to correct myself and pronounce a word properly? Did I change my voice and inflection to match the tone of the story? Where? Did I read with a consistent speed throughout? In order for students to accurately assess their own reading, the novel selected should be:

at the student's reading level.

A teacher is providing instruction on root words. Which of the following is not a good example of root words to use with the class?

boyhood, childhood, neighborhood

A few weeks into the new school year, a fifth-grade teacher notices that some of her ELL students are hesitant to answer questions in front of the class. These students are capable of answering written questions or responding privately to just the teacher but seem nervous to speak before the whole class. What is the best strategy for their teacher to take to encourage these students to participate orally in class?

build in time for students to talk in small groups or partners about academic content and topics of student choice

A fourth-grade teacher is conducting a timed fluency assessment. She asks students to read the following excerpt. The Latin root omni is seen throughout the English lexicon. Omnivorous, omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent are only a few examples of this widely used root word. Latin for all, omni has its claws in all the sciences and arts. Omniscient narrators create beautifully scripted tomes; omnivorous creatures delight and ensnare the zoologist... As individual students complete the assessment, the teacher discovers that many students are reading with only 40% accuracy, and most students are not making it to the end of the second sentence before the time is up. What error in creating and administering fluency assessments did the teacher commit?

choosing a text above grade level

Charles Darwin, famous researcher and scientist, impacted our understanding of the natural world in one significant way. Darwin was born in 1809, but despite living in a time with less technical and scientific advances, he was able to observe his world and write on of the most influential scientific papers of his time. In 1831, Darwin set off on the adventure that would change everything. After boarding the HMS Beagle, Darwin sailed around the coast of South America. At each stop, Darwin collected and catalogued the various plants and species native to the land. While reviewing the specimens, he made the discovery that different animals' bodies change to adapt to the environment they lived in. After many years of research and theorizing, Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Because of his research, new light was shed on evolution and natural selection, and our understanding of nature was forever changed. This paragraph is an example of which organizational structure?

chronological

The following is a first draft from a sixth-grade student's persuasive essay. (1)More time should be spent outside. (2)When I go outside I have lots of fun and my brother and I ride bikes play base ball and look for snakes. (3)To many kids stay in all day on youtube or play videogames. (4)The auther said kids should be out side for 15 hours per weak. (5)I am only outside 1 hour or less. In sentence 2, the teacher should provide additional instruction in which of the following skills?

comma usage

Below is a sample of a student written narrative. (1) The balmy summer breeze shook the branches of the trees and caused her hair to lightly tickle her cheeks. (2) Sarah knew she needed to get up but the gentle tinkle of the water lapping the shore and slight quiver of the leaves played like a lullaby on a continuous loop relaxing her and causing her to rest for just a moment longer on her warm beach chair. (3) Today was an important day. (4) Today was the day Sarah finally left to seek her destiny. (5) The small town of Leroy was located just 20 miles south of the much larger metropolis New Haven yet despite its closeness the opportunities for advancement were slim in Leroy. (6) Sarah knew that if she wanted to rise above her family's important but menial dairy business she would have to take this leap. (7) She opened her eyes and glanced at the small tattoo of wings on her wrist. (8) I will put on my wings and fly she whispered to herself. (9) Maybe I'll change my name to Icarus when I get to New Haven. (10) Sarah was startled when she heard Just be careful, little bird. (11) Sarah's mother had come out to find her wondering what was delaying her daughter on such a momentous day. Based on the errors made in the excerpt, in which area(s) does the student need extra grammatical instruction? Select all answers that apply.

comma usage dialogue punctuation

An eighth-grade English teacher is teaching her students how to identify different text structures. As part of the lesson, she asks her students to read the following excerpt about the famous philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Although much of Aristotle's work was influenced by Plato, Aristotle was able to find many faults in Plato's theories and in time became a critic of his teacher. Their work targets many of the same aspects of philosophy, but their theories differ quite a bit. They both believed that thoughts were more powerful than senses. However, Plato believed the senses could not be used to determine reality, whereas Aristotle believed just the opposite, that the senses were needed to determine reality. So while Plato was busy imagining an invisible world, Aristotle looked to find truth in the world around him. Which of the following text structures is the teacher trying to help her students identify?

compare and contrast

A sixth-grade class is studying world cultures. For each culture studied, the teacher selects a short, representative piece to read. Which activity should the teacher include to help students understand and appreciate each new culture?

complete a Venn diagram comparing the new culture to the students' cultures

Read the sentence below and answer the question: Even though the man laughed, he said he did not like the play. The sentence is an example of which of the following?

complex sentence

The following sentence was written in a student's science report. When hungry, the omniverous predator prowls the savannah looking for plants or animals to eat. Which of the following best describes this student's stage of spelling development?

conventional

In order to write an effective summary of a text, a student must first be able to do which of the following?

correctly paraphrase information

Which research-based strategy of vocabulary instruction is most likely to effectively encourage vocabulary retention and growth?

creating a semantic map linking new words to old words

Students are instructed to write a summary of a section of the story they have just finished reading. Before being able to summarize, students first must be able to:

delete extraneous information and determine main idea.

During the morning warm-up in a sixth-grade classroom, the teacher will sometimes display images of newspaper headlines, advertisements, or other mainstream media texts that have misspelled words. The class discusses what word is incorrect, the correct spelling of the word, and the effect of the misspelling on the audience. This warm-up activity is included in the teacher's lessons as a way to:

demonstrate the importance of proper spelling in all contexts, not just academic writing.

Differentiation is important for children during alphabetic instruction. Which of the following is a way that formal assessment could support differentiation? Select all answers that apply.

determine a need for intervention determine student strengths

A student needs the ability to fluently read a text in order to be able to freely focus their attention on which of the following tasks?

determining the main idea

An eighth-grade teacher wants to support the collaborative analysis that occurs during her students' book group meetings by connecting the conversation to a digital platform that will allow the exchange of ideas outside of class. Which of the following tools will best support this goal?

discussion board

A teacher is beginning a unit on the parts of speech. When a new part of speech is introduced, the teacher plays short videos from Schoolhouse Rock that go over the part of speech and give examples of it in action. The teacher is making use of which type of media to enhance her students' understanding of the topic?

educational

A teacher is reading aloud to her class. At the end of a paragraph, she stops to ask the students a question like, "Where do you think the tiger is headed now?" In asking a question like this, the teacher is trying to:

encourage students to make predictions based on textual evidence.

A language arts teacher has students use a data notebook to monitor their reading fluency and progress. Each month the students set a new reading goal and monitor their progress towards that goal during the month, utilizing their data notebooks. Which of the following is the greatest benefit of this process?

encouraging students to self-monitor their reading progress

A classroom is studying plot structure in fiction literature. They have read a few short stories and charted the plot events on a plot diagram. Which type of media could the teacher use to enhance the student's understanding of plot structure?

entertainment

A seventh-grade class will be drafting argumentative essays, but before they begin the writing process, the teacher wants to read through a few mentor texts. The teacher gives students the following graphic organizer to complete while reading. Quotation from Article Can be/is proven true by data or evidence Claim made by author "17% of the state's waterways are free from pollution of any kind." X "Without changing our habits, humans will destroy all our clean water." X The primary purpose for this graphic organizer is to help students:

evaluate if a statement is a fact or opinion.

After reading a poem, a teacher would like students to reflect on the text that they read and determine whether students can appropriately identify the theme and tone of the poem. Which of the following is the most appropriate method?

exit slips

A teacher provides students with a topic name and a series of facts and statistics related to that topic. Using visual presentation software, the students are asked to create an image that displays the information in a visually appealing way. These infographics best exemplify which type of media?

informational

An eighth-grade English teacher is teaching her students how to identify different text structures. As part of the lesson, she asks her students to read the following excerpt about the famous philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Although much of Aristotle's work was influenced by Plato, Aristotle was able to find many faults in Plato's theories and in time became a critic of his teacher. Their work targets many of the same aspects of philosophy, but their theories differ quite a bit. They both believed that thoughts were more powerful than senses. However, Plato believed the senses could not be used to determine reality, whereas Aristotle believed just the opposite, that the senses were needed to determine reality. So while Plato was busy imagining an invisible world, Aristotle looked to find truth in the world around him. Which of the following will help students recognize the text structure of this excerpt?

finding signal words

The skills in the list below relate to which component of reading? Maintaining a consistent rate while reading Pronouncing words with accuracy Reading with expression

fluency

During a lesson about mass media, a teacher has her students watch an online video advertisement and evaluate the creative techniques used to capture their attention. Which concept of media literacy is the teacher focusing on?

format

After giving a lesson on simple sentences, Mr. Hummel posts a single review question and he asks the students to answer this question on an exit slip before heading off to lunch. What form of assessment is Mr. Hummel using?

formative

A sixth-grade class is working on a research project. Students were asked to choose from a list of teacher-provided topics. After each student selected a topic, the teacher reviewed safe internet practices, analyzing sources for credibility, and reminded students to log any sources they use for the bibliography at the end. After this review, students are given a graphic organizer to use to record notes and research and are allowed to begin searching either the class's reference material or the internet as needed. What step in the research process should the teacher have included before allowing students to begin researching?

generate questions to guide research and inquiry

In order to create the most effective spelling lists, middle school vocabulary lists should include words that:

have similar spelling patterns or are phonetically related.

To enhance sixth-grade students' abilities in the area of oral communication and literacy development, a teacher might do all of the following EXCEPT:

have students engage in a computer game that reads aloud and assesses comprehension.

A teacher wants to help her students understand how a written text can be improved through oral language. Which of the activities below would best help her students understand this concept?

have students read a story silently and then listen to the teacher read it aloud with animated gestures and expression.

An ESL teacher finds that many of her students, despite showing improvement in the classroom, don't do very well on formal assessments. She thinks it's because they get nervous when they know they are being tested. She wants to find another way to assess them. Her colleague should recommend:

having the students keep journals or learning logs.

A sixth-grade teacher presents the class with the following description of a fictional confrontation between a middle school principal and a middle school student: The student was sent to the office due to a dress code infraction. The secretary provided the student with a different pair of shorts to wear for the remainder of the day. The student refused to wear the shorts, explaining that she did not believe her shorts were too short or inappropriate. The principal and the student discuss, disagree, and the student ends up receiving an after school detention. The teacher then randomly provides each student with either the email that was sent to the parent of the student or the text message that the student sent to her parents after school. The students are placed in pairs to evaluate how the content of the principal's email varies from the student text message. This activity is most likely designed to teach the students:

how an author's point of view can impact the account of a particular event.

Mr. Ortega has assigned his students a research paper. He wants to ensure students do not plagiarize their work and that they give proper credit to their sources. Which of the following would be a good discussion topic to address Mr. Ortega's concern?

how to properly cite sources

A sixth-grade teacher has assigned each student a different modern day poet. She has asked the class to research the poets' lives and work, and create a short presentation to share with the class. All work will be completed digitally, and all sources, notes, and presentation media will be submitted to the teacher electronically. Which of the following lessons would be most important to a student learning how to apply reading comprehension strategies to a digital text?

how to save a document as a PDF and use digital annotation tools

A teacher plans to assess students' ability to identify participle phrases using an alternative method. In order to do this, the teacher should have the students:

identify participle phrases in an article selected from the internet or a local paper.

An eighth-grade teacher writes two sentences on the board and asks students to combine them in the most coherent, logical way possible. Combine: The automobile raced down the road with little regard to those passing. The well-mannered Great Dane sat calmly in the passenger seat. Single Sentence: The automobile raced down the road with little regard to those passing, but the well-mannered Great Dane sat calmly in the passenger seat. This activity is likely to help

improve the students' ability to write and comprehend compound sentences.

At the beginning of class, Mrs. Williams shares a paragraph with a student, asking her if she would read it aloud later in the class. Mrs. Williams suggests she reads through the paragraph before reading it aloud. Which of the following are likely reasons why the teacher asked her to pre-read the paragraph? Select all answers that apply.

improved prosody improved accuracy

During a unit on space and the solar system, a sixth-grade class is reading an informational article on planets. The teacher asks students to write an answer to the question, "What is the difference between a dwarf planet and a moon?" This question is an example of which level of comprehension?

literal

A teacher is reading "The Monkey's Paw" by W. W. Jacobs. The teacher pauses at the end of the following passage. Mr. White took the paw from his pocket and eyed it dubiously. "I don't know what to wish for, and that's a fact," he said slowly. "It seems to me I've got all I want." "If you only cleared the house, you'd be quite happy, wouldn't you!" said Herbert, with his hand on his shoulder. "Well, wish for two hundred pounds, then; that'll just do it." His father, smiling shamefacedly at his own credulity, held up the talisman, as his son, with a solemn face, somewhat marred by a wink at his mother, sat down and struck a few impressive chords. "I wish for two hundred pounds," said the old man distinctly. Which reading comprehension strategy would be the most likely for the teacher to demonstrate here?

making predictions

Before reading a short story about a character who overcomes a bully, the teacher has each student write a short journal entry about a time they were bullied or witnessed someone being bullied. After reading, students return to their writing and add a new paragraph describing how the main character acted similarly or differently to themselves. This journal prompt encourages students to practice which reading comprehension skill?

making text-to-self connections

A middle-school teacher is preparing an oral language assessment for her students in which she plans to listen to and analyze students' oral language to assess strengths and weaknesses and the next steps to support growth. Which of the following skills would be appropriate to include in her rubric?

modifies speech, inflection and volume as appropriate reads fluently and with correct pronunciation uses a variety of sentence types and structures

Which of the following is most important in promoting reading comprehension across all content areas?

oral reading fluency

When students take turns reading appropriate-level texts with a fellow student, which of the following strategies is being used?

partner reading

The following is an excerpt from an eighth-grade student's descriptive writing piece. She slowly tiptoed into the library, careful not to wake the others. Staring in awe at the grandiose collection of books, she took a deep breath and drew in their sweet, musky smell. The books were calling out to her like a newborn to his mother. She longed to turn the pages, to be engulfed in the stories inside of them, to experience all the lives different than her own. Which of the following literary techniques does the student use to enhance the reader's mental image? Select all answers that apply.

personification sensory language similes and metaphors

A class has recently studied how authors display bias in their writing and incorporate literary devices like hyperbole, inclusive language, and understatements to prove their point of view. The teacher would like to provide students with examples of media that also incorporates these devices. Which type of media should the teacher use to meet this goal?

persuasive

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping students in the emergent literacy stage of development?

phonological awareness skills

Before assigning a chapter in the science book for homework, Mr. Jones projects the chapter on the overhead and reviews with students the bold vocabulary, section titles, image captions, and included graphs. Which reading comprehension strategy is Mr. Jones modeling for his students?

previewing

A teacher has provided her class with a descriptive writing assignment. The students have chosen a topic and are now filling out a sensory-focused graphic organizer in which they list descriptions that align with each of the five senses. What step in the writing process are the students most likely to be in?

prewriting

The following is a first draft from a fourth-grade student's informative essay. (1)Jelly fish are a realy cool amimal. (2)Jelly fishs bodys are soft and skwishy. (3)It lives in all ocins aroun the world. (4)If you get stung by a jelly fish you need to see a docter. (5)Jelly fish eat tiny and big fish. In sentence 3, the teacher should provide additional instruction in which of the following skills?

pronoun/antecedent agreement

All of these factors impact a person's ability to comprehend written and spoken language except:

proper punctuation usage.

Which of the following would best promote students' knowledge about how printed words represent specific sounds?

provide labels for commonly referred to items around the classroom

A fifth-grade class will take turns recording themselves reading aloud from a novel. Each student will listen to himself read and use the following questions to assess his fluency skills. Do I clearly pronounce the words? Are there sections where I can't understand myself? Which words did I say incorrectly? How many times did it take to correct myself and pronounce a word properly? Did I change my voice and inflection to match the tone of the story? Where? Did I read with a consistent speed throughout? Which question focuses on a student's use of prosody?

q4

While choosing fiction and nonfiction pieces to include in her syllabus, Mrs. Lawrence takes care to include a variety of genres, authors, and perspectives. Pieces that she cannot include within the time constraints of the classroom she adds to the classroom library whenever possible. This practice best demonstrates the teacher's understanding that:

reading a variety of genres and authors builds student interest in reading both independently and in the classroom.

A teacher has introduced a research project. One resource the teacher will require the students to use is a website. Which of the following activities would best help students differentiate between relevant and irrelevant information?

reading, identifying, and highlighting information in articles that contain pertinent information to the subject being researched

While discussing a new short story about living in the Arctic with a student, a teacher discovers the student is struggling to comprehend the text even though she has previously been capable of comprehending other grade-level texts with little struggle. What is the student likely missing in order to be able to fully comprehend the text?

schema

A television advertisement for a local fast food restaurant shows a seven-year-old girl playing on an indoor play structure within the restaurant. The girl climbs up a rock wall and slides down before running to play with another child. Which of the following changes could be made to the advertisement to make the restaurant more appealing to teens ages 13 to 17?

showing a group of teens enjoying their meals along with a voiceover sharing that the restaurant provides free charging stations and wifi for restaurant patrons

While listening to a student read, a teacher records the following errors in pronunciation. Word Student Pronunciation Cologne ku-log-neh Sword s-WOR-d Raspberry RASP-ber-rie Based on the errors in all three words, the student is struggling with which phonics pattern?

silent letters

An informal reader response journal is a beneficial activity for developing reading comprehension and connections because: Select all answers that apply.

students can focus on the content of their writing, rather than the grammar. students can include any connections they find interesting or relevant.

During silent reading time, a teacher holds individual reading conferences with each student. During conferences, the teacher addresses individual issues with reading fluency and provides direct support for the student's current needs. This teaching strategy best demonstrates the teacher's understanding that:

students progress through the stages of fluency at their own pace and must be met with instruction tailored toward their individual needs.

The following is a first draft from a fifth-grade student's descriptive essay. (1)Walking into the sun the cold creemie drip fell onto my fingers. (2)I slurpt the drip tasteing chocolate and tangie rasberrie. (3)I looked at the rainbow sine that said bubbles ice creem parler. (4)Suddenly i jumped cause my sister were screamin like a hieena. (5)A storm of tears hit the ground like her scoop of ice creem did. In sentence 4, the teacher should provide additional instruction in which of the following skills?

subject/verb agreement

A fifth-grade teacher wants to design small group fluency remediation activities. The teacher would like to group students based on their current needs and skill levels. Which of the following would be the most efficient way to gather data for grouping students?

supervised oral reading

When teaching the alphabetic principle, which step should happen first?

teach letter-sound relationships

the following was written by a 7th-grade student. Last week, I went to the park with my friends. It was so so so fun! I forgot to leave my mom a note and she was so worried when she got home and didn't know where I was. It was so late when I got home. I told her that this wouldn't have happened if she would just let me have a cell phone. It wouldn't even be so expensive because she could just add me to her plan. She was so mad. Now I am grounded. Which of the following tools would be most helpful in the revision process?

thesaurus

Ms. Simpson is beginning a research project with her class. What is one of the first things she should teach her students?

to develop a focused, open ended research question

After a student has chosen a topic for their research essay, the next step is:

to find research about their chosen topic.

While reading a fiction text, a student stops at the unfamiliar word "hemorrhaged" in the following sentence. Chase jumped the fence, not realizing his bag of loot snagged on a sharp corner; the fabric hemorrhaged jewels and coins all throughout the field as he ran. Which of the following strategies would best help the student determine the true meaning of the word as used in this sentence?

use a dictionary to define the word

Which of the following activities would be most helpful in aiding student comprehension of the main idea of a memoir?

using a timeline or similar graphic organizer to plot out important events

While evaluating a student's reading performance, Mr. Daniels identifies two problem areas. The student struggles to correctly read unfamiliar three-syllable words. The miscues from these words are causing comprehension issues after the fact. In order to help the student improve his comprehension, which activities should Mr. Daniels provide?

using context clues to decode for meaning

After reading a class set of essays on a favorite summer memory, a teacher notices that many of the students are using the same adjectives throughout the essays. She makes a list of these adjectives, pairs the students, and asks them to come up with 3 synonyms for each word on the list. The class then shares their answers, and the teacher writes down the new options. Later, she prints the words in large font and posts them to a bulletin board. Which writing quality is the teacher hoping to improve through this activity?

using varied language

A special education teacher is working with the language arts teacher to promote her students' understanding of media literacy and advertising techniques. What activity would be most appropriate to use to achieve this learning objective?

viewing commercials and having discussions about the advertising techniques used

An ELL student says the following: "What address should I address the letter to?" The student makes an error in the pronunciation of the noun and verb form of "address." The error in pronunciation of these words indicates a problem with:

word stress patterns.

teacher is considering the following types of groups for an upcoming literature unit. Which group type would be the least effective option to promote literary analysis and the development of her students' oral language skills?

workshops

A class has just finished reading and analyzing an informative compare/contrast essay about polar bears and brown bears. Which activity would most help students further understand the use and importance of organizational style and transitions in this type of writing?

writing their own essays that compare and contrast a type of animal