Electrolyte

Na- What are the signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia?

(GI loss, vomiting, diarrhea, NG suctioning, burns, SIADH) Headache, lethargy, mental status changes

What do electrolytes do?

-Balances fluid -Conduct electricity throughout body -Make muscles function -Support mental function -Regulate Acid base production -Transport nutrients

What are the negatively charged electrolytes?

-Chloride -Phosphate -Bicarbonate

What is an electrolyte?

-Ions -Ions are atoms or molecules with an electric charge

What is also included in the ECF?

-Lymph -Synovial Fluid -Aqueous humor (intraocular fluid) -cerebrospinal fluid -sweat -urine -pleural space -peritoneal space

What are the basic principles of electrolyte movement?

-Particles want to be equally spread out -Charges want to be balanced -Water follows electrolytes

What are the positively charged electrolytes?

-Sodium -Potassium -Calcium -Magnesium

The second largest fluid compartment is know as _______ and refers to all the fluid outside the cells?

Extracellular

Where do electrolytes live?

Cell membrane of ICF and ECF

What is the most abundant cation and anion in the ECF?

Sodium + -Muscle contraction -Impulse transmission -Fluid and electrolyte balance Chloride - -Regulates osmotic pressure -Forms HCl in gastric acid

K- What are the signs and symptoms of HypoKalemia?

(GI loss, dialysis, diuretics) Bradycardia, irregular weak pulse, ectopy, decreased GI function

K- What are the signs and symptoms of HyperKalemia?

(Excessive intake) Cardiac arrhythmias, V-fib, irritability, anxiety, abdominal cramps

PO43- What are the signs and symptoms Hyperphosphatemia?

(Renal insufficiency) Usually related to other abnormal labs, such as hypocalcemia

PO43- What are the signs and symptoms Hypophosphatemia?

(burns, hypothermia, other electrolyte causing issues) Confusion, coma, chest pain, other electrolyte abnormalities

Cl- What are the signs and symptoms of Hypochloremia?

(dehydration) Can be asymptomatic OR agitation, arrhythmias, slow/shallow respirations, muscle cramps

Na-What are the signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia?

(dehydration, fever, heat, insensible water loss; it's a water problem, not a sodium problem) Thirst, dry/flushed skin, confusion, muscle twitching

Ca signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

(hyperparathyroidism, dehydration, supplements, immobility - bones don't bear weight, therefor they don't release Ca) Increased thirst, increased urination, belly pain, nausea, bone pain, muscle weakness, confusion -Think about how you feel if you drink too much milk (milkshakes)

Cl- What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperchloremia?

(increase intake, medication) Decreased LOC, hyperventilation, weakness

Mg- What are the signs and symptoms of Hypomagnesemia?

(malnutrition, malabsorption) Confusion, neuromuscular excitability, seizures, cardiac dysfunction

Mg- What are the signs and symptoms of Hypermagnesemia ?

(primary renal failure) Lethargy, drowsiness, N/V, decreased reflexes

Magnesium (Mg+)

1.5 - 2.5 mE/L Dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, fish, beans, avocados, yogurt, chocolate, bananas

Sodium (Na+)

135 - 145 mEq/L Salt, celery, beets, milk, processed/packaged foods, soup

Phosphate (PO43-)

2.8 - 4.5 mg/dl Beans, lentils, salmon, shellfish, nonfat yogurt

Intravascular Fluid

25% of ECF Present in blood (plasma)

Potassium (K+)

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L Avocado, spinach, sweet potatoes, bananas, chocolate

Interstitial fluid

75% of ECF Present between the cells

Calcium (Ca+)

8.8-10.8 mEq/L -Dark leafy greens, cheese, low fat milk, yogurt, broccoli, green beans, almonds, canned fish

Chloride (cl-)

95-105 Meq/L Sea salt, seaweed, rye, tomatoes, celery, lettuce, olives

Ca- Signs and symptoms of Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia (hypoparathyroidism, Vit D deficiency, sepsis, renal failure, cancer, bone less) -Chvostek's Spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland (on the masseter muscle) Think Cheek = Chvostek's -Trousseau's sign Tetany in which carpal spasm is elicited by compressing upper arm, causing ischemia to nerves distally Think about the T's (Trousseau, tight, tetany)

The extracellular fluid outside the cell is divided into two smaller compartments called?

Interstitial and intravascular

The greatest quantity of body fluids is contained within the cells, which is called?

Intracellular

Anions

Ions that are negatively charged

Cations

Ions that are positively charged

What is the most abundant cation and anion in the ICF?

Potassium + -Resting membrane potential -Action potentials -Maintains intracellular volume -Regulations of pH Phosphate -