Electrolytes questions prepu

The nurse is assessing a newly admitted client and finds that he has edema of his right ankle that is 2 mm and just perceptible. The nurse documents this at which grade? 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+

1+ Explanation: The edema in the client should be graded as 1+, which means that the edema is just perceptible and of 2 mm dimension. A measurement of 2+ or 3+ indicates moderate edema of 4 to 6 mm. A measurement of 4+ indicates severe edema of 8 mm or more.

A nurse is performing a venipuncture on an older client. The client has visible veins that appear to roll. What nursing technique is mostappropriate? Avoid use of a tourniquet. Select a large-gauge needle. Consider venipuncture in the foot where veins are less visible. Use the client's nondominant hand to hold the vein in place.

Avoid use of a tourniquet. Explanation: It may be possible and advantageous to avoid using a tourniquet when accessing a vein that is visually prominent on an older adult. Use of a tourniquet may result in bursting the vein, sometimes referred to as "blowing the vein," when it is punctured with a needle. Using a large-gauge needle may also "blow" the vein. A small gauge or butterfly should be used. Using veins in the foot is not appropriate nor is attempting to hold the vein in place.

Which is a common anion? magnesium potassium chloride calcium

chloride Explanation: Chloride is a common anion, which is a negatively charged ion. Magnesium, potassium, and calcium are cations, or positively charged ions.

What commonly used intravenous solution is hypotonic? 0.45% NaCl 0.9% NaCl lactated Ringer's 10% dextrose in water

0.45% NaCl Explanation: Half-strength saline (0.45% NaCl) is hypotonic. Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) and lactated Ringer's are isotonic. 10% dextrose in water (D10W) is hypertonic.

A client has been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal bleed and the health care provider has ordered a transfusion. At what rate should the nurse administer the client's packed red blood cells? As fast as the client can tolerate 1 unit over 2 to 3 hours, no longer than 4 hours 75 mL/hr for the first 15 minutes, then 200 mL/hr 200 mL/hr

1 unit over 2 to 3 hours, no longer than 4 hours Explanation: Packed red blood cells are administered 1 unit over 2 to 3 hours for no longer than 4 hours.

Which client(s) would be an appropriate candidate for total parenteral nutrition (TPN)? Select all that apply. client who has full-thickness (third-degree) burns over 40% of the body client with peptic ulcer disease client who had gastric surgery and is unable to eat for a few weeks client with anorexia nervosa client who has cholelithiasis

client who has full-thickness (third-degree) burns over 40% of the body client who had gastric surgery and is unable to eat for a few weeks client with anorexia nervosa Explanation: A client with severe burns, as well as a client who has had gastric surgery, would both be a candidate for TPN. TPN is designed for clients who are severely malnourished who will not be able to eat for a long period. A client with anorexia nervosa would also be an appropriate candidate for TPN. A client who has peptic ulcer disease will be able to eat after initiation of a medication regimen. A client who has cholelithiasis (gallstones) is able to feed oneself through standard means.

A nurse is caring for a client who has recently suffered burns on 30% of his body. Based on his condition, what type of IV solution might be ordered for this client? 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) Lactated Ringer's 5% dextrose in 0.45% NaCl 5% dextrose in 0.9% NaCl

Lactated Ringer's Explanation: Lactated Ringer's solution is a roughly isotonic solution that contains multiple electrolytes in about the same concentrations as found in plasma (note that this solution is lacking in Mg2+ and PO43- ). It is used in the treatment of hypovolemia, burns, and fluid lost as bile or diarrhea and in treating mild metabolic acidosis.

A 50-year-old client with hypertension is being treated with a diuretic. The client reports muscle weakness and falls easily. The nurse should assess which electrolyte? Calcium Chloride Phosphorous Potassium

Potassium Explanation: Diuretics, commonly given to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, can cause an extracellular deficit or loss of electrolytes including potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Signs of potassium defecit, or hypokalemia, include muscle weakness and leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, and dysrhythmias.

Which statement most accurately describes the process of osmosis? Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Solutes pass through semipermeable membranes to areas of lower concentration. Water shifts from high-solute areas to areas of lower solute concentration. Plasma proteins facilitate the reabsorption of fluids into the capillaries.

Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Explanation: Osmosis is the primary method of transporting body fluids, in which water moves from an area of lesser solute concentration and more water to an area of greater solute concentration and less water. Solutes do not move during osmosis. Plasma proteins do not facilitate the reabsorption of fluid into the capillaries, but assist with colloid osmotic pressure, which is related to, but not synonymous with, the process of osmosis.

A client with protracted nausea and vomiting has been receiving intravenous solution at 125 ml/h for the past several hours. The administration of this solution has resulted in an increase in blood pressure because the water in the solution has passed through the semipermeable membrane of blood cells, causing them to swell. What type of solution has the client been receiving? Packed red blood cells An isotonic solution A hypertonic solution A hypotonic solution

A hypotonic solution Explanation: Because hypotonic solutions are dilute, the water in the solution passes through the semipermeable membrane of blood cells, causing them to swell. This temporarily increases blood pressure as it expands the circulating volume. Hypertonic solutions draw water out of body cells while isotonic solutions have little effect on the distribution of body fluids. Blood transfusions do not cause the entry of water into body cells.

A client with a diagnosis of colon cancer has opted for a treatment plan that will include several rounds of chemotherapy. What vascular access device is mostlikely to meet this client's needs? An implanted central venous access device (CVAD) A peripheral venous catheter inserted to the antecubital fossa A peripheral venous catheter inserted to the cephalic vein A midline peripheral catheter

An implanted central venous access device (CVAD) Explanation: Implanted CVADs are ideal for long-term uses such as chemotherapy. The short-term nature of peripheral IVs, and the fact that they are sited in small-diameter vessels, makes them inappropriate for the administration of chemotherapy. Because of the caustic nature of most chemotherapy agents, peripheral IV's are not appropriate.

A nurse inspecting a client's IV site notices redness and swelling at the site. What would be the most appropriate nursing intervention for this situation? Discontinue the IV and relocate it to another site. Call the primary care provider to see whether anti-inflammatory drugs should be administered. Cleanse the site with chlorhexidine solution using a circular motion and continue to monitor the site every 15 minutes for 6 hours before removing the IV Stop the infusion, cleanse the site with alcohol, and apply transparent polyurethane dressing over the entry site.

Discontinue the IV and relocate it to another site. Explanation: The nurse should inspect the IV site for the presence of phlebitis (inflammation), infection, or infiltration and discontinue and relocate the IV if any of these signs are noted. Cleansing will not resolve this common complication of therapy.

A client is receiving a peripheral IV infusion and the electronic pump is alarming frequently due to occluded flow. What is the nurse's most appropriate action? Assess the area distal to the IV site for signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis. Flush the IV with 3 mL of normal saline. Change from infusion with an electronic pump to infusion by gravity. Flush the IV with 2 mL of 100 U/mL heparin.

Flush the IV with 3 mL of normal saline. Explanation: If fluid is slow to infuse, the nurse should reposition the client's arm and/or flush the IV. Changing to IV infusion will not resolve the problem and heparin is not used for clearing peripheral IVs. Deep vein thrombosis is unrelated to slow IV fluid infusion.

A client who recently had surgery is bleeding. What blood product does the nurse anticipate administering for this client? platelets granulocytes albumin cryoprecipitate

platelets Explanation: Platelets are administered to restore or improve the ability to control bleeding. Granulocytes are used to overcome or treat infection. Albumin is used to pull third-spaced fluid by increasing colloidal osmotic pressure. Cryoprecipitate is used to treat clotting disorders like hemophilia.

The student nurse asks, "What is interstitial fluid?" What is the appropriate nursing response? "Fluid inside cells." "Fluid outside cells." "Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells." "Watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood."

"Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells." Explanation: Intracellular fluid (fluid inside cells) represents the greatest proportion of water in the body. The remaining body fluid is extracellular fluid (fluid outside cells). Extracellular fluid is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (fluid in the tissue space between and around cells) and intravascular fluid (the watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood).

The nurse is caring for a client who will be undergoing surgery in several weeks. The client states, "I would like to give my own blood to be used in case I need it during surgery." What is the appropriate nursing response? "Unfortunately, your own blood cannot be reinfused during surgery." "Let me refer you to the blood bank so they can provide you with information." "This surgery has a very low chance of hemorrhage, so you will not need blood." "We now have artificial blood products, so giving your own blood is not necessary."

"Let me refer you to the blood bank so they can provide you with information." Explanation: Referring the client to a blood bank is the appropriate response. Most blood given to clients comes from public donors. In some cases, when a person anticipates the potential need for blood in the near future or when procedures are used to reclaim blood from wound drainage, the client's own blood may be reinfused.

The student nurse asks, "What is intravascular fluid " What is the appropriate nursing response? "Fluid inside cells." "Fluid outside cells." "Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells." "Watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood."

"Watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood." Explanation: Intracellular fluid (fluid inside cells) represents the greatest proportion of water in the body. The remaining body fluid is extracellular fluid (fluid outside cells). Extracellular fluid is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (fluid in the tissue space between and around cells) and intravascular fluid (the watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood).

A client is undergoing a knee replacement tomorrow morning and is ordered nothing by mouth (NPO) prior to surgery. The client asks the nurse how long before the procedure can water be taken in. Based on the nurse's knowledge of standard protocols, what is the nurse's best response? 2 hours 4 hours 6 hours 12 hours

2 hours Explanation: Two hours is a standard NPO time for clear liquids, though the nurse should always check with the institution's policy and the orders of the health care provider.

While removing a client's peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), part of the catheter breaks off. What action is the nurse's priority? Apply a tourniquet to the client's upper arm. Apply pressure to the site with sterile gauze until hemostasis is achieved. Have the client perform the Valsalva maneuver. Measure the catheter and compare it with the length listed in the chart.

Apply a tourniquet to the client's upper arm. Explanation: In the event that a portion of the catheter breaks off during removal of a PICC, the nurse should immediately apply a tourniquet to the upper arm, close to the axilla, to prevent advancement of the piece of catheter into the right atrium. The other actions should be performed during a routine PICC removal. Use of the Valsalva maneuver by the client during expiration reduces the risk for air embolism. Measurement and inspection of the PICC following removal ensures that the entire catheter was removed. Application of adequate pressure with sterile gauze following PICC removal prevents hematoma formation.

The nurse is caring for a client with "hyperkalemia related to decreased renal excretion secondary to potassium-conserving diuretic therapy." What is an appropriate expected outcome? Bowel motility will be restored within 24 hours after beginning supplemental K+. ECG will show no cardiac dysrhythmias within 48 hours after removing salt substitutes, coffee, tea, and other K+-rich foods from diet. ECG will show no cardiac dysrhythmias within 24 hours after beginning supplemental K+. Bowel motility will be restored within 24 hours after eliminating salt substitutes, coffee, tea, and other K+-rich foods from the diet.

CG will show no cardiac dysrhythmias within 48 hours after removing salt substitutes, coffee, tea, and other K+-rich foods from diet. Explanation: If the client is taking a potassium-conserving diuretic, he must be mindful of the amount of potassium he is ingesting because the potassium level is more likely to elevate above normal. Cardiac dysrhythmias may result if hyperkalemia occurs. Supplemental potassium should not be added to the client's intake. Potassium does not have a direct impact on bowel motility.

A nurse is providing care to a client with hypocalcemia. The nurse would monitor the client's laboratory test results for which imbalance? Hyperphosphatemia Hypermagnesemia Hyponatremia Hypokalemia

Hyperphosphatemia Explanation: Calcium and phosphorus have a reciprocal relationship—if the calcium level is low, the phosphorus level would be high. A magnesium deficiency, not excess, may be accompanied by hypocalcemia. Sodium and potassium deficiencies are not typically associated with low calcium levels.

What type of solution causes water to move out of the cells drawing it into the intravascular compartment, causing the cells to shrink? Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Isotonic solution Collis solution

Hypertonic

Which nursing interventions would be appropriate for a client diagnosed with deficient fluid volume? Select all that apply. Hypervolemia management Fluid restriction Intravenous therapy Electrolyte management Monitoring edema Nutrition management

Intravenous therapy Electrolyte management Nutrition management Explanation: If a client is at a fluid volume deficit, intravenous therapy may be ordered by the primary care provider to replenish fluids and electrolytes, warranting fluid and electrolyte management. Nutrition management may help to increase and maintain electrolyte levels by adding foods high in certain electrolytes to the diet. Hypervolemia refers to fluid volume excess. Fluid restriction would be contraindicated because the client is already at a deficit. Edema would be monitored in the case of fluid volume excess.

Which nursing actions would be performed when preparing an IV solution and tubing to initiate intravenous therapy? Select all that apply. Maintain aseptic technique when opening sterile packages and IV solution. Clamp tubing, uncap spike, and insert into entry site on bag as manufacturer directs. Squeeze drip chamber and allow it to fill one-quarter full. Remove cap at end of tubing, release clamp, and allow fluid to move through tubing. Allow fluid to flow and cap at end of tubing before all air bubbles have disappeared. Apply label to tubing reflecting the day/ date for next set change, per facility guidelines.

Maintain aseptic technique when opening sterile packages and IV solution. Clamp tubing, uncap spike, and insert into entry site on bag as manufacturer directs. Remove cap at end of tubing, release clamp, and allow fluid to move through tubing. Apply label to tubing reflecting the day/ date for next set change, per facility guidelines. Explanation: Aseptic technique must be maintained when handling any of the IV solutions or containers to decrease the chance of infection. The nurse then clamps the tubing to allow for filling of the drip chamber to the halfway mark, uncaps the spike, and inserts the spike into entry site. The tubing is then primed to eliminate all air by removing the cap at the end of the tubing, releasing the clamp, and allowing fluid to move through tubing prior to initiating fluid flow into the client's IV cannula. A label is then applied to identify when the next change of tubing is required.

The nurse is caring for a client receiving intravenous fluids through a peripheral intravenous catheter (IV). On rounds, the nurse notes that the client's IV site and arm are swollen and cool to the touch. Based on these assessment findings, what will the nurse do? Decrease the rate of intravenous fluids. Remove the peripheral intravenous catheter. Place a warm compress over the swollen site. Elevate the swollen extremity on a pillow.

Remove the peripheral intravenous catheter. Explanation: The assessment findings of a swollen IV site with surrounding tissue swelling and cool to touch indicate infiltration. The correct action for an infiltrated IV is to remove the IV. Decreasing the rate of fluids requires the health care provider's prescription and is not indicated for infiltration. Placing a warm compress is not indicated for infiltration. Elevating the swollen extremity is for peripheral edema, not infiltration.

A client is diagnosed with hypovolemia after significant blood loss. Which action will the nurse take? Allow nothing by mouth. Give the client a glass of orange juice with added sugar. Encourage fluid intake. Start an IV of normal saline as prescribed.

Start an IV of normal saline as prescribed. Explanation: To treat a client with hypovolemia, the nurse should obtain an IV bag with normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) as prescribed. Fluid intake by mouth will not provide fluid quickly enough for the desired effect but should be attempted if feasible, in addition to an IV. Orange juice with additional sugar may be given to a person with low blood sugar.

During a blood transfusion of a client, the nurse observes the appearance of rash and flushing in the client, although the vital signs are stable. Which intervention should the nurse perform for this client first? Stop the transfusion immediately. Infuse saline at a rapid rate. Prepare to give an antihistamine. Administer oxygen.

Stop the transfusion immediately. Explanation: The nurse needs to stop the transfusion immediately. The nurse should prepare to give an antihistamine because these signs and symptoms are indicative of an allergic reaction to the transfusion, infuse saline at a rapid rate, and administer oxygen if the client shows signs of incompatibility.

The oncoming nurse is assigned to the following clients. Which client should the nurse assess first? a 20-year-old, 2 days postoperative open appendectomy who refuses to ambulate today a 60-year-old who is 3 days post-myocardial infarction and has been stable. a 47-year-old who had a colon resection yesterday and is reporting pain a newly admitted 88-year-old with a 2-day history of vomiting and loose stools

a newly admitted 88-year-old with a 2-day history of vomiting and loose stools Explanation: Young children, older adults, and people who are ill are especially at risk for hypovolemia. Fluid volume deficit can rapidly result in a weight loss of 5% in adults and 10% in infants. A 5% weight loss is considered a pronounced fluid deficit; an 8% loss or more is considered severe. A 15% weight loss caused by fluid deficiency usually is life threatening. It is important to ambulate after surgery, but this can be addressed after assessment of the 88-year-old. The stable MI client presents no emergent needs at the present. The pain is important to address and should be addressed next or simultaneously (asking a colleague to give pain med).

The nurse is caring for a client who had a parathyroidectomy. Upon evaluation of the client's laboratory studies, the nurse would expect to see imbalances in which electrolytes related to the removal of the parathyroid gland? calcium and phosphorus potassium and sodium chloride and magnesium potassium and chloride

calcium and phosphorus Explanation: The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium and phosphorus. Removal of the parathyroid gland will cause calcium and phosphorus imbalances. Sodium, chloride, and potassium are regulated by the kidneys and affected by fluid balance.

A client who is NPO prior to surgery reports feeling thirsty. What is the physiologic process that drives the thirst factor? decreased blood volume and intracellular dehydration increased blood volume and intracellular dehydration increased blood volume and extracellular overhydration decreased blood volume and extracellular overhydration

decreased blood volume and intracellular dehydration Explanation: Located within the hypothalamus, the thirst control center is stimulated by intracellular dehydration and decreased blood volume. When a client does not drink, the body begins intracellular dehydration and the client becomes thirsty. There is no extracellular dehydration.

A nurse who has diagnosed a client as having "fluid volume excess" related to compromised regulatory mechanism (kidneys) may have been alerted by what symptom? muscle twitching distended neck veins fingerprinting over sternum nausea and vomiting

distended neck veins Explanation: Fluid volume excess causes the heart and lungs to work harder, leading to the veins in the neck becoming distended. Muscle twitching, and nausea and vomiting may signify electrolyte imbalances. The sternum is not an area assessed during fluid volume excess.

After surgery, a client is on IV therapy for the next 4 days. How often should the nurse change the IV tubing for this client? every 12 hours every 24 hours every 36 hours every 72 hours

every 72 hours Explanation: IV tubings are generally changed every 72 hours or as per the facility's policy. Solutions are replaced when they finish infusing or every 24 hours, whichever occurs first. IV tubings are not replaced after every solution is over or after every 12, 24, or 36 hours.

The nurse is caring for a client who has had partial removal of the parathyroid gland. The client reports numbness and tingling of the hands and fingers as well as showing signs of tetany. Which imbalance does the nurse suspect? hypocalcemia hypermagnesemia hypokalemia hypophosphatemia

hypocalcemia Explanation: The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels, and partial removal can cause hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia is manifested by numbness and tingling as well as tetany. The signs and symptoms do not relate to altered magnesium or potassium levels. Calcium and phosphorus have an inverse relationship, so with low calcium, the nurse will expect a high, not a low, phosphorus level.

Which solution is a crystalloid solution that has the same osmotic pressure as that found within the cells of the body and is used to expand the intravascular volume? hypertonic colloid isotonic hypotonic

isotonic Explanation: Isotonic fluids have an osmolarity of 250-375 mOsm/L, which is the same osmotic pressure as that found within the cell.

When the nurse reviews the client's laboratory reports revealing sodium, 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L); potassium, 4.1 mEq/L (4.1 mmol/L); calcium 7.9 mg/dL (1.975 mmol/L), and magnesium 1.9 mg/dL (0.781 mmol/L); the nurse should notify the physician of the client's: low potassium. low calcium. high sodium. high magnesium.

low calcium. Explanation: Normal total serum calcium levels range between 8.9 and 10.1 mg/dL (2.225 to 2.525 mmol/L).

Upon assessment of a client's peripheral intravenous site, the nurse notices the area is red and warm. The client complains of pain when the nurse gently palpates the area. These signs and symptoms are indicative of: phlebitis. an infiltration. a systemic blood infection. rapid fluid administration.

phlebitis. Explanation: Phlebitis is a local infection at the site of an intravenous catheter. Signs and symptoms include redness, exudate, warmth, induration, and pain. A systemic infection includes manifestations such as chills, fever, tachycardia, and hypotension. An infiltration involves manifestations such as swelling, coolness, and pallor at the catheter insertion site. Rapid fluid administration can result in fluid overload, and manifestations may include an elevated blood pressure, edema in the tissues, and crackles in the lungs.

A client with renal disease requires IV fluids. It is important for the nurse to: catch the rate up when it falls behind. place the fluids on an electronic device. check the intravenous rate once a shift. administer the fluids through the dialysis access.

place the fluids on an electronic device. Explanation: An IV electronic infusion device usefully and accurately regulates the infusion rate, especially if fluid administration must be watched very carefully, such as when infusing fluid to a renal client or when administering certain medications.

A client needs an intravenous fluid that will pull fluids into the vascular space. What type of fluid does the nurse prepare to administer as prescribed? Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Osmolar

Hypertonic Explanation: A hypertonic solution has a greater osmolarity than plasma, which causes water to move out of the cells and be drawn into the intravascular compartment. A hypotonic solution has a lower osmolarity than plasma; therefore, fluid would move out of the intravascular space rather than pulling fluids from the tissues into the vascular space. An isotonic fluid remains in the intravascular compartment without any net flow across the semipermeable membrane. The concentration of particles in a solution is referred to as the osmolarity of a solution.

The nurse is caring for a client whose blood type is B negative. Which donor blood type does the nurse confirm as compatible for this client? B Positive O negative A positive AB negative

O negative Explanation: Type O blood is considered the universal donor because it lacks both A and B blood group markers on its cell membrane. Therefore, type O blood can be given to anyone because it will not trigger an incompatibility reaction when given to recipients with other blood types. B positive, A positive, and AB negative are not considered compatible in this scenario.

A client's BUN test results are significantly elevated. When reviewing the client's history, which finding is consistent with BUN elevation other than renal compromise? The client is on a low protein diet. The client is dehydrated. The client has a history of osteoarthritis. The client is lactose intolerant.

The client is dehydrated. Explanation: The BUN test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea, the major nitrogenous end-waste product of metabolism, is formed in the liver. The bloodstream carries urea from the liver to the kidneys for excretion. When the kidneys are diseased, they are unable to excrete urea adequately, and urea begins to accumulate in the blood, causing BUN to rise. Normal BUN is 8 to 25 mg/100 mL. Because other factors, such as high dietary intake of protein, fluid deficit, infection, gout, or excessive breakdown of protein stores, can also elevate BUN, it is not a highly sensitive indicator of impaired renal function.

A client's most recent blood work indicates a K+ level of 7.2 mEq/L (7.2 mmol/L), a finding that constitutes hyperkalemia. For what signs and symptoms should the nurse vigilantly monitor? cardiac irregularities muscle weakness increased intracranial pressure (ICP) metabolic acidosis

cardiac irregularities Explanation: Hyperkalemia compromises the normal functioning of the sodium-potassium pump and action potentials. The most serious consequence of this alteration in homeostasis is the risk for potentially fatal cardiac dysrhythmias. Muscle weakness is associated with low magnesium or high phosphorus. Increased intracranial pressure is a result of increase of blood or brain swelling. Metabolic acidosis is associated with a low pH, a normal carbon dioxide level and a low bicarbonate level.

The nurse is caring for a client who was in a motor vehicle accident and has severe cerebral edema. Which fluid does the nurse anticipate infusing? isotonic hypotonic hypertonic hypotonic, followed by isotonic

hypertonic Explanation: A hypertonic solution is more concentrated than body fluid and draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment. This causes cells and tissue spaces to shrink. Hypertonic solutions are used infrequently, except in extreme cases when it is necessary to reduce cerebral edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly. The nurse does not anticipate using isotonic fluids.

A nurse is reviewing the client's serum electrolyte levels which are as follows: Sodium: 138 mEq/L (138 mmol/L) Potassium: 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L) Calcium: 10.0 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L) Chloride: 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L) Phosphate: 4.5 mg/dL (2.6 mEq/L) Based on these levels, the nurse would identify which imbalance? hyponatremia hypokalemia hypercalcemia hypermagnesemia

hypokalemia Explanation: All of the levels listed are within normal ranges except for potassium, which is decreased (normal range is 3.5 to 5.3 mEq/L; 3.5 to 5.3 mmol/L). Therefore, the client has hypokalemia.

A client age 80 years, who takes diuretics for management of hypertension, informs the nurse that she takes laxatives daily to promote bowel movements. The nurse assesses the client for possible symptoms of: hypocalcemia. hypothyroidism. hypoglycemia. hypokalemia.

hypokalemia. Explanation: The frequent use of laxatives and diuretics promotes the excretion of potassium and magnesium from the body, increasing the risk for fluid and electrolyte deficits.

The nurse, along with a nursing student, is caring for Mrs. Roper, who was admitted with dehydration. The student asks the nurse where most of the body fluid is located. The nurse should answer with which fluid compartment? interstitial extracellular intracellular intravascular

intracellular Explanation: Intracellular is the fluid within cells, constituting about 70% of the total body water. Extracellular is all the fluid outside the cells, accounting for about 30% of the total body water. Interstitial fluid is part of the extracellular compartment. Intravascular is also part of the extracellular compartment

An intravenous hypertonic solution containing dextrose, proteins, vitamins, and minerals is known as: cellular hydration. volume expander. total parenteral nutrition. blood transfusion therapy.

total parenteral nutrition. Explanation: Total parenteral nutrition is a hypertonic solution containing 20% to 50% dextrose, proteins, vitamins, and minerals that is administered into the venous system.

A client is preparing for discharge to home following a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism with associated low parathyroid hormone. Which food(s) will the nurse include when creating a diet-based teaching plan for the client? Select all that apply. peanuts yogurt broccoli tofu peaches bananas

yogurt broccoli tofu Explanation: The parathyroid produces the hormone parathormone (PTH), which regulates serum calcium levels. A low level of PTH results in hypocalcemia. The nurse's diet-based teaching plan should include foods that include high levels of calcium, such as dairy products like yogurt and cheese. Dark green vegetables like broccoli, spinach, or greens are important sources of calcium. Oysters, salmon, and sardines are also great sources of calcium. Peanuts will help raise the levels of sodium, but not calcium. Other sources of sodium are bouillon, canned soups, and snack foods. A client can increase their levels of potassium by eating fruits such as peaches and other fruits, vegetables, or juices like orange and tomato juices. Bananas are excellent sources of magnesium, as well as potassium. Other sources of magnesium include eggs, milk, and whole grains.

Mr. Jones is admitted to the nursing unit from the emergency department with a diagnosis of hypokalemia. His laboratory results show a serum potassium of 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L). For what manifestations should the nurse be alert? Muscle weakness, fatigue, and dysrhythmias Nausea, vomiting, and constipation Diminished cognitive ability and hypertension Muscle weakness, fatigue, and constipation

Muscle weakness, fatigue, and dysrhythmias Explanation: Typical signs of hypokalemia include muscle weakness and leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, and dysrhythmias. Manifestations of hypercalcemia include nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, excessive urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, and slurred speech. Diminished cognitive ability and hypertension may result from hyperchloremia. Constipation is a sign of hypercalcemia.

The nurse is administering intravenous (IV) therapy to a client. The nurse notices acute tenderness, redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the insertion site. Which complication related to IV therapy should the nurse mostsuspect? Sepsis Phlebitis Infiltration Air embolism

Phlebitis Explanation: Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein caused by mechanical trauma from a needle or catheter. It is characterized by local acute tenderness, redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the insertion site. Infiltration, the escape of fluid into the subcutaneous tissue, is caused by a dislodged needle or penetrated vessel wall. It is characterized by swelling, pallor, coldness, or pain around the infusion site and a significant decrease in the flow rate. Sepsis, or infection, is caused by invasion of microorganisms. It is characterized by erythema, edema, induration, drainage at the insertion site, fever, malaise, chills, and other vital sign changes. Air embolism is air in the circulatory system caused by a break in the IV system above the heart level. It is characterized by respiratory distress, increased heart rate, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure, and a change in level of consciousness.

The nurse is monitoring a blood transfusion for a client with anemia. Five minutes after the transfusion begins, the client reports feeling short of breath and itchy. Which action should the nurse take? Reassure the client that the feelings are associated with anxiety and will pass. Confirm the shortness of breath by listening to the client's lungs. Stop the transfusion and notify the health care provider. Increase the rate of infusion to restore blood volume more quickly.

Stop the transfusion and notify the health care provider. Explanation: Life-threatening transfusion reactions generally occur within the first 5 to 15 minutes of the infusion. The nurse or someone designated by the nurse usually remains with the client during this critical time. Whenever a transfusion reaction is suspected or identified, the nurse's first step is to stop the transfusion, thereby limiting the amount of blood to which the client is exposed, and to notify the health care provider. Reassuring the client will not help if the client is experiencing a blood reaction. Increasing the rate of the administration will make the potential reaction worse if this is a transfusion reaction. Listening to the client's lungs is not the priority action.

A nurse uses an infusion pump to administer the IV solution to a client. The nurse is aware that an infusion pump adjusts the pressure according to the resistance it meets and there is a possibility that the needle may get displaced. How would a change in the needle's position affect the infusion pump? The pump will continue to infuse fluid even when the needle is displaced. The pump stops pushing the fluid in the client's vein when the needle is displaced. The pump compresses the tubing to infuse the solution at a precise, preset rate. The pump will sound an audible and visual alarm warning the nurse of the situation.

The pump will continue to infuse fluid even when the needle is displaced. Explanation: The nurse should be aware that an infusion pump continues to infuse fluid even when the needle is displaced. The pump continues to infuse fluid into the tissue until the machine's maximum preset pressure reaches its limit. The infusion pump adjusts the pressure according to the resistance it meets. The pump does not compress the tubing to infuse the solution at a precise, preset rate, which is done by a volumetric controller. An electronic infusion device would sound an audible alarm if the infusion container is empty, air is detected in the tubing, or resistance is met in delivering the fluid. The infusion pump does not stop pushing the fluid in the client's vein when the needle becomes displaced.

The nurse is describing the role of antidiuretic hormone in the regulation of body fluids. What phenomenon takes place when antidiuretic hormone is present? The client has a decreased sensation of thirst. The renal system retains more water. Urine becomes more diluted. The frequency of voiding increases.

The renal system retains more water. Explanation: When antidiuretic hormone is present, the distal tubule of the nephron becomes more permeable to water. This causes the renal system to retain more water. A lack of antidiuretic hormone causes increased production of dilute urine. Antidiuretic hormone does not cause thirst.

During a blood transfusion, a client displays signs of immediate onset facial flushing, hypotension, tachycardia, and chills. Which transfusion reaction should the nurse suspect? allergic reaction: allergy to transfused blood febrile reaction: fever develops during infusion hemolytic transfusion reaction: incompatibility of blood product bacterial reaction: bacteria present in the blood

hemolytic transfusion reaction: incompatibility of blood product Explanation: The listed symptoms occur when a blood product is incompatible. Hives, itching, and anaphylaxis occur in allergic reactions; fever, chills, headache, and malaise occur in febrile reactions. In a bacterial reaction, fever; hypertension; dry, flushed skin; and abdominal pain occur.

The nurse is caring for a client, who was admitted after falling from a ladder. The client has a brain injury which is causing the pressure inside the skull to increase that may result in a lack of circulation and possible death to brain cells. Considering this information, which intravenous solution would be most appropriate? isotonic hypotonic hypertonic plasma

hypertonic Explanation: Because a hypertonic solution has a greater osmolarity, water moves out of the cells and is drawn into the intravascular compartment, causing the cells to shrink. Because of a lower osmolarity, a hypotonic solution in the intravascular space moves out of the intravascular space and into intracellular fluid, causing cells to swell and possibly burst. An isotonic fluid remains in the intravascular compartment. Plasma is an isotonic solution.

A client who is admitted to the health care facility has been diagnosed with cerebral edema. Which intravenous solution needs to be administered to this client? hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution colloid solution

hypertonic solution Explanation: Hypertonic solutions are used in extreme cases when it is necessary to reduce cerebral edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly because it is more concentrated than body fluid and draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment. Hypotonic solutions are administered to clients with fluid losses in excess of fluid intake, such as those who have diarrhea or vomiting. Isotonic solution is generally administered to maintain fluid balance in clients who may not be able to eat or drink for a short period. Colloid solutions are used to replace circulating blood volume because the suspended molecules pull fluid from other compartments. However, these solutions are not related to clients with cerebral edema.

A client is admitted to the facility after experiencing uncontrolled diarrhea for the past several days. The client is exhibiting signs of a fluid volume deficit. When reviewing the client's laboratory test results, which electrolyte imbalance would the nurse likely to find? hyperphosphatemia hyperchloremia hypokalemia hypomagnesemia

hypokalemia Explanation: Intestinal secretions contain bicarbonate. For this reason, diarrhea may result in metabolic acidosis due to depletion of base. Intestinal contents also are rich in sodium, chloride, water, and potassium, possibly contributing to an extracellular fluid (ECF) volume deficit and hypokalemia. Sodium and chloride levels would be low, not elevated. Changes in magnesium levels typically would not be associated with diarrhea.

During an assessment of an older adult client, the nurse notes an increase in pulse and respiration rates, and notes that the client has warm skin. The nurse also notes a decrease in the client's blood pressure. Which medical diagnosis may be responsible? hypervolemia hypovolemia edema circulatory overload

hypovolemia Explanation: The nurse should recognize that hypovolemia, also known as dehydration, may be responsible. Additional indicators of dehydration in older adults include mental status changes; increases in pulse and respiration rates; decrease in blood pressure; dark, concentrated urine with a high specific gravity; dry mucous membranes; warm skin; furrowed tongue; low urine output; hardened stools; and elevated hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Hypervolemia means a higher-than-normal volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment and is another example of a fluid imbalance that would manifest itself with different signs and symptoms. Edema develops when excess fluid is distributed to the interstitial space.

The nurse is caring for Mrs. Roberts, an 86-year-old client, who fell at home and was not found for 2 days. Mrs. Roberts is severely dehydrated. The nurse is aware that older adults are at increased risk for fluid imbalance due to: increase in muscle mass. smaller stomach capacity. decreased skin area. increase in fat cells.

increase in fat cells. Explanation: The decreasing percentage of body fluid in older adults is related to an increase in fat cells. In addition, older adults lose muscle mass as a part of aging. The combined increase of fat and loss of muscle results in reduced total body water; after the age of 60, total body water is about 45% of a person's body weight. This decrease in water increases the risk for fluid imbalance in older adults. Older adults do not have an increase muscle mass, smaller stomach capacity, or decrease skin area.

Mr. Jones is admitted to the nurse's unit from the emergency department with a diagnosis of hypocalcemia. His laboratory results show a serum calcium level of 8.2 mg/dL (2.05 mmol/L). For what assessment findings will the nurse be looking? muscle cramping and tetany nausea, vomiting, and constipation diminished cognitive ability and hypertension muscle weakness, fatigue, and constipation

muscle cramping and tetany Explanation: Manifestations of hypocalcemia include numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth, or feet; tetany; muscle cramps; and seizures. Manifestations of hypercalcemia include nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, excessive urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, and slurred speech. Diminished cognitive ability and hypertension may result from hyperchloremia. Constipation is a sign of hypercalcemia.

The primary extracellular electrolytes are: potassium, phosphate, and sulfate. magnesium, sulfate, and carbon. sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. phosphorous, calcium, and phosphate.

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Explanation: The primary extracellular electrolytes are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

The nurse is performing an assessment for an older adult client admitted with dehydration. When assessing the skin turgor of this client, which area of the body will be best for the nurse to assess? sternum thigh hand abdomen

sternum Explanation: The older adult client will most likely demonstrate a decrease in skin turgor when dehydrated and the best option for assessment is the sternum. The hand may normally tent when the skin is pulled up since older adult clients lose elasticity in that area first. The thigh and abdomen do not give the best information related to skin turgor when assessed due to the lack of elasticity in these areas of the older adult client.

When capping a primary line for intermittent use, a nurse notices local, acute tenderness; redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the insertion site. Which complication has most likely occurred? sepsis infiltration speed shock thrombus

thrombus Explanation: Phlebitis and thrombus present as local acute tenderness, redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the site. Sepsis manifests as a red and tender insertion site with fever, malaise, and other vital sign changes. Infiltration (or the escape of fluid into the subcutaneous tissue) manifests as swelling, pallor, coldness, or pain around the infusion site and a significant decrease in the flow rate. The signs of speed shock are pounding headache, fainting, rapid pulse rate, apprehension, chills, back pains, and dyspnea.