Embalming

These types of individual sutures are temporarily used to align tissues into position prior to, during, or after embalming:

"Bridge" suture

Which suture is a common method to seal a trocar incision:

"N" suture

A funeral director has just completed embalming an autopsy case and is ready to close the trunk standard "Y" incision area that had previously been made by the forensic pathologist. After aligning the skin with his bridge sutures, he is ready to begin suturing superiorly from the pubic symphysis using the:

"worm" suture

Since a funeral director decided to use the baseball stitch to close an incision as a result of the long bone being removed for donation, the best way to insure a strong, tight closure, the funeral director should:

-At every 5-inch interval pass the needle through both sides of the incision and tie the suture closed, WITHOUT cutting the ligature but starting the baseball stitch fresh each time.

The treatment recommended to reduce radiation levels during embalming is:

-Continuous flushing of the body and table with copious amounts of water

In a contagious case, it is important that the embalmer:

-Disinfect the blood, body fluids and aspirant before disposing of it

The blood discoloration known as post-mortem stain is:

-Extravascular and immovable by arterial injection

Dehydration is an embalming problem best treated by a:

-Slow injection of a large volume of a weak fluid

Autoclaves are very effective sterilization equipment because they:

-Use steam under pressure for a specified length of time

How many ounces of a 32-index fluid are needed to make 2 gallons of a 2% fluid dilution:

16

The arterial solution strengths recommended for a septicemia case are ___ to the head and ___ to the torso:

2%, 5%

In order of the purposes of embalming, preservation is:

2nd

The OSHA Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) for formaldehyde is:

2ppm

The Formaldehyde Standard for short-term exposure to formaldehyde is:

2ppm/15minutes

The minimum amount of cavity fluid that should be injected into the abdominal and thoracic cavities together is:

32 ounces

An embalmer should consult a radiation officer before embalming an autopsied body with a radiation level higher than:

5mc

Light will:

Accelerate polymerization of formaldehyde

An example of a dehydrating agent is:

Alum? <> EDTA -glycerin glycerol

If the eyes swell during embalming, the swelling may be reduced by using:

An electric spatula

Generalized edema is known as:

Anasarca

Which of the following is characteristic of a jaundice fluid:

Low formaldehyde content

? The body has a mutilated mouth and chin due to a car accident. Which suture is best suited to hold loose tissue flaps along the lateral areas of the wound prior to applying filler:

Basket weave

The primary purpose of embalming is:

Disinfection

A chemical that is used as both a buffer and a water conditioner is:

EDTA

One reason why cavity embalming is performed is to:

Ensure against putrefaction within the abdominal and thoracic cavities

Discoloration resulting when formaldehyde reacts with hemoglobin in the tissues is called:

Formaldehyde grey

A 68-year-old woman dies as a result of renal failure. She also experienced second-degree burns on her legs a couple of weeks before her death. The embalmer should mix an arterial solution that has a:

High astringent quality to it Hypertonic quality to it

Cavity fluids differ from arterial fluids by:

Higher concentration of preservatives in arterial fluids

Which of the following conditions would require special attention during thoracic cavity embalming:

Hydrothorax and hydropericardium

The settling of the blood to dependent portions of the body is called:

Hypostasis

? (Answer is really Liver mortis) Intravascular blood discoloration is known as:

Hypostasis ??? petechia ecchymosis hematoma

A dye which does not stain tissue is:

Ponceau Red

One reason for the importance of blood drainage during the embalming operation is to:

Prevent the plasma of the blood from diluting the arterial solution

Methyl salicylate is used in arterial fluids as a:

Reodorant

EDTA works by:

Sequestering ions which coagulate blood

The difference between primary and secondary flaccidity is:

The onset of hemolysis primary flaccidity only affects involuntary muscles The onset of rigor mortis??? <> the onset, duration, and termination of rigor mortis

When death is due to pneumonia, an embalmer should expect:

Thoracic congestion and increased blood viscosity

Jaundice fluids are NOT characterized by:

a phenol base <> A high index HCHO without modifiers??? bleaching agents counter-staining ingredients

After death, the pH of human blood is generally:

acidic

The pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle when the injector motor is running and the arterial tubing is clamped off is described as:

actual

Borax is used to:

adjust pH

The arterial injection/blood drainage method that is most likely to result in uniform fluid distribution and diffusion is:

alternate

Which of the following methods consist of injecting a few ounces of arterial chemical, then draining for a few minutes-each one separately:

alternate

A common embalming complication found in cases that received chemotherapy prior to death is:

an increased preservative demand brain purge extensive skin slip edema

Those changes occurring in the interval prior to somatic death are:

antemortem

Sodium citrate when used in embalming fluid acts as a(n):

anticoagulant

Death beginning at the lungs is termed:

apnea

The deceased was in a motor vehicle accident. There are multiple fractures, facial abrasions, and deep lacerations of the face. Major restorative work is needed. (Question): With which suture should the facial laceration be closed:

baseball purse string Intradermal?? <> basket weave

The injection of a jaundice case with a formaldehyde-based fluid without modifiers, may cause a green stain due to the formation of:

biliverdin

In a male adult body, the last organ(s) to undergo decomposition is/are the:

blood vessels

The usual color of an artery is:

bluish-white Red <> Cream white???

+ Of the types of body compounds, the type that decomposes FIRST are:

carbohydrates

In the case of an infant, a year old or less, the vessel to inject is the:

carotid

Which of the following direct treatments is usually accompanied by aspiration and injection:

cavity treatment

Arterial injection/blood drainage method by which arterial injection and blood drainage are performed at the same time is termed:

concurrent

A condition associated with edema is:

congestive heart failure

Buffers:

consist of a weak acid and the basic salt of that acid help maintain constant pH can neutralize excess acid within limits

A pacemaker should be removed if the body is going to be:

cremated

Formaldehyde preserves tissues by:

cross-linking of protein

A rapidly forming blood clot containing all the blood elements in a homogenous mass is termed:

cruor clot

The cessation or extinction of life manifested by the absence of a heartbeat and respiration is the definition of:

death

The irreversible cessation of all vital functions is:

death

The sound made by the dying, caused by the expulsion of breath through the channels partly filled with mucous is the definition of:

death rattle

Of the following, which is NOT considered a sign of decomposition:

dehydration

One of the problems an embalmer may anticipate in a tuberculosis case is:

dehydration arteriosclerosis edema none of these

One of the purposes of blood drainage is to:

diminish secondary dilution

The movement of embalming solutions from the point of injection system and into the capillaries is called:

distribution

This type of suture is made by using two needles threaded with opposite ends of the same ligature passing the needle through the dermis at opposite margins so that both stitches are parallel:

double intradermal suture

Eosin is used as a(n):

dye

Ponceau red is a(n):

dye

A condition that increases the amount of secondary dilution in the body would be:

edema

A factor that indicates the use of a MORE dilute arterial solution is:

emaciation

A process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance is:

embalming

In an autopsied case, the vessel usually injected to embalm the lower extremity is the:

femoral

A 2-year-old child should be injected through the:

femoral artery

A needle injector is used:

for mouth closure

Zephran chloride is used in arterial fluids as a(n):

germicide

Quaternary ammonium salts are used as:

germicides

A reodorant:

has no odor itself Masks odors??<>removes odors dehydrates

The single intradermal suture is also known as the:

hidden suture

Co-injection fluids generally consist of:

high concentration of preservatives reodorants humectants <> Dyes???

To successfully treat a case of generalized edema, the best arterial fluid to use would be a:

high index, dehydrating hygroscopic fluid

Chemicals that create an increased capability for embalmed tissues to retain their moisture are called:

humectants

Chemicals that would be considered modifying agents are:

humectants

The process of decomposition of the human body after death begins:

immediately

Which is NOT a function of preservative chemicals:

inactivates fats

Rigor mortis is weakest in:

infants and aged persons

Cavity embalming consists of two steps: aspiration and:

injection

This type of suture creates a tight, leak proof closure, however, it also leaves an unsightly ridge on the surface of the incision:

interlocking suture

The arterial injection/blood drainage method by which arterial injection is constant, and blood drainage is performed at intervals, is called:

intermittent

Most purges are due to:

internal pressure

Phenol:

is used as a carbolic acid is a hydroxyl benzene is used as a disinfectant and preservative <> All of the above

Why does autolysis not occur in living tissue:

it does, but tissue is replaced

A special purpose fluid would be:

jaundice fluid

Low index fluids used to inhibit bilirubin from turning to biliverdin are known as:

jaundice fluid

To aspirate the stomach, direct the trocar point towards the intersection of the fifth intercostal and the:

left mid-axillary line

Of the discolorations due to decomposition, the one that appears SECOND in order is:

light green blue-black black-streaked with red dark yellow

Which of the following is the first organ/tissue to decompose:

lining of trachea

The post-mortem gravitation of blood in all dependent areas not directly pressed upon is termed:

liver mortis

The post-mortem adjustment of the temperature of the body to that of the surrounding medium is the definition of:

liver mortis rigor mortis Algor mortis <> none of these

The interlocking suture is also known as the:

lock suture

In the general order of appearance of rigor mortis, the SECOND part of the body to be affected is the:

lower jaw

A creamy texture, white color, and the absence of odor are the characteristics of:

lung purge

Chemicals that have the capability of displacing unpleasant odors are:

masking agents

Hemoglobin and formaldehyde form:

methylhemoglobin

Personal effects and clothing of the deceased are best accounted for by using a(n):

personal effects form

Chemicals which inactivate saprophytic bacteria are called:

preservatives

The force required to distribute embalming fluid throughout the body is:

pressure

Blood drainage may be stimulated by:

pressure massage the use of certain tools e.g. longstring forceps Answer: All of the above

The passage through the capillary walls because of positive intravascular pressure is termed:

pressure filtration

Which of the following sutures would best be employed for an abdominal puncture wound:

purse string

An artery that could be used to inject the arterial solution directly into the hand would be the:

radial

Of the following, the factor that would NOT be considered in the selecting of an artery for injection is:

relative humidity

According to the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard, full Personal Protective Equipment must be worn during which of the following tasks:

removal of a non-contagious case from a hospital washing the outside of the hearse casketing an embalmed body <> while performing the terminal disinfection of the prep room

Oil of wintergreen is used by embalmers as a:

reodorant

Rigor mortis influences embalming by:

restricting fluid distribution

Which is NOT a somatic mode of death:

rubor

The formation of adiopocere is due to:

saponification

A sharp cutting instrument used for making incisions is the:

scalpel

The study of death is called:

thanatology

The condition of the body could be a factor influencing:

the onset of post mortem cellular death the duration of rigor mortis the use of co-injection fluids

Of the signs of fluid distribution and diffusion, the least reliable is:

tissue fixation (firming)

A type of plastic undergarment is:

unionall

The formula C x V = C ' x V ', V ' represents the:

volume of dilute fluid

An anticoagulant can also be called a:

water conditioning agent

This type of suture is used to gather in and turn under excess tissues utilizing the same pattern of the intradermal suture, except that the stitches are made parallel to the incision edges and do not pierce the margins of the incision:

worm/inversion suture

Information provided by the manufacturer about the properties and proper use of dangerous embalming chemicals is contained in a document called the:

Material Safety Data Sheet

An extravascular condition that may influence injection pressure is:

Ascites

A 76-year-old patient died as a result of complications from heart disease. Which of the following embalming problems might be expected:

I-Affected tissues are swollen with fluid II-Fluids can leak from intravenous or invasive punctures through the skin surface by gravitation or through surgical incisions III-Arterial fluid is diluted through secondary dilution

The type of suture and ligature used is determined by the location and size of the wound, as well as, the purpose of the suture. Which of the following statements regarding the different types of sutures are true:

I-An Intradermal Suture is a type of suture used to close incisions so the suture thread remains entirely under the skin; a hidden subcutaneous suture II-The Worm Suture is a method whereby the suture becomes visible and the line of the suture becomes depressed, making easy concealment by wax III-A Basket Weave suture is a network of stitches employed to cross the borders of a cavity or excision, used to anchor fillers IV-A purse-string suture is a suture made around the circumference of a circular opening or puncture to close it or to hold the margins in place II, III, IV I, II, III I, II, III, IV <> I, III, IV

Signs of death exhibited by the eyes of the deceased include:

I-Clouding of the cornea and flattening of the eyeball II-Loss of luster of the conjunctiva III-Pupil dilation and non-response to light

+ When embalming the unautopsied 4-year-old, the two major injection sites the embalmer should use, include the:

I-Common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein II-Femoral artery and the femoral vein

A body has visible signs of purge. Conditions predisposing to purge are:

I-Decomposition II-Peritonitis or bloodstream infections III-Drowning or asphyxia IV-Hydrothorax or ascites I, II, & III I, II, III, IV <> I, III, & IV I, II, & IV

A corpulent man presents with pitting edema in the face. The embalmer should:

I-Elevate the head and shoulders during and following arterial injection II-Use a humectant co-injection fluid- III-Pass the trocar through the tissues of the neck while aspirating IV-Use a hypotonic arterial solution III & IV II & IV I & IV <> I & III

An embalmer is presented with a body from a patient that has suffered from years of chronic alcoholism. The embalmer can likely expect:

I-Jaundice as a result of liver failure II-Edema in the skeletal tissues or cavities III-Bloody purge that may exit the mouth or nose during injection IV-Good drainage due to depletion of blood clotting factors

When performing the case analysis, the embalmer notices that there is ascites present in the body. Ascites will:

I-NOT dilute the arterial fluid II- NOT affect secondary dilution III-Will be a diluting factor for the cavity fluid

A 77-year-old diabetic has died as a result of a serious mycotic infection. It is important that the embalmer:

I-Never handle the body with bare hands II-NOT compress the abdominal or thoracic cavity while moving the remains III-Take extra care to wear protective garments such as gloves, coveralls, facial masks, goggles, and shoe coverings in the preparation room

An antemortem patient experiences significant losses of fluids due to a slow hemorrhagic and febrile condition. Postmortem the body was also refrigerated for 4 days prior to the embalming. The embalmer would be wise to:

I-Use a hypertonic arterial solution II-Use intermittent and alternative drainage to help distribute and diffuse the arterial solution III-Avoid rapid arterial injection and drainage IV-Add liberal amounts of massage cream to the head and neck regions II, III, & IV <> I, II, III, IV I, II, IV -I, II, III-???

Which of the following conditions would be caused by a thrombus as evidenced during embalming:

I-diminished distribution III-Intravascular resistance

An embalmer is faced with having to prepare the remains of an autopsied body. Place the following into the correct order as they should be performed by the embalmer:

II-Shave the body and set the features I-Locate and place ligature around the six vessels needed for sectional arterial injection III-Inject at rates of flow and pressures that meet the demands of the various body areas V-Drain all liquids from cavities and treat internal surfaces with hardening compounds or autopsy gels IV-Suture thoracic and abdominal cavities

This type of suture is best used on exposed areas of the body and is directed through subcutaneous tissue only. This type of suture is also made using one needle and one piece of ligature:

single intradermal suture

A therapeutic agent that turns tissue green when brought into contact with HCHO is:

sulpha methylene blue atabrine Answer: None of these

Bleaching of tissue may be accomplished by:

surface packs local hypodermic injection arterial injection All of these???

Chemicals which reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller apertures are called:

surfactants

Penetration and diffusion of embalming fluids is aided by:

surfactants