Emerging Infectious Disease Final Exam

The ways of preventing Alpha-Gal:

Use insect repellents that contain DEET, check for ticks when coming indoors, use permethrin, avoid grassy areas

Is there currently a cure to Alpha-Gal Syndrome

nah

so, if the majority of Americans were naturally infected in the 3rd and 4th waves of this pandemic, we may have enough protection to get us through Winter. Reinfections will eventually get more and more common, though. And we have no idea who's protected and who's not.

okay gary

Acanthamoeba are categorized as:

opportunistic protists

vectors

organisms that spread disease from one host to another

what virus has specific trophism

papillomavirus only infects epithelial tissues

SARS-CoV-2 is a ______ sense single stranded RNA virus

positive

Animal viruses bind:

specific receptor proteins on their host cell

If Pangolins (or whatever) carry SARS CoV-2 or similar coronaviruses, we could have

spillover events over and over

Hendra virus

where is it - costal australia caustitive agent - paramyxoviridae henipavirus, single stranded negative sense RNA, lipid bilayer envelope, nucleocapsid and matrix proteins transmission - reservoir is flying foxes (bats) who give it to horses and horses to people. human to human is unknown. spread via body fluid, feces etc. the bats - transmit HeV, spectacled flying fox, little red flying fox, black, and grey headed. primary habitat is north cost australia clinical manifestations - sore throat, fever, headache tiredness, meningitis, encephalitis, convulsions and coma. case fatality is 57% diagnosis - RT-PCR and antibody ELISA, similar to Nipah treatment - ribavirin and vaccines for horses are effective, no specific human treatments, stay away from sick horses and wear protective gear and get the vaccine research - yearly monitoring of HeV in feral horses and maybe pigs, HeV is isolated from bats and phylogeny is being worked on threat - severe mortality rate, higher potential to mutate because of negative sense, new variant discovered in 2021 in non-cost regions

Are individuals with latent tuberculosis infection asymptomatic

yes

Corona has enveloped viruses?

yes

SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have _____ origins.

zoonotic, it has close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses

How is avian flu transmitted?

· Direct contact with an infected bird · Direct contact with infected bird's fecal matter · Virus droplets in air around infected bird · Consuming poultry products that have been contaminated with the virus

What are the steps of vector borne transmission of West Nile Virus

· Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. · Infected mosquitoes then spread West Nile virus to people and other animals by biting them.

What are the diagnostic methods for avian flu?

· Oropharyngeal swab testing is preferred to test the upper respiratory system · Bronchoscopy testing is done in more specific, severe cases

How do you prevent rabies in humans?

stay away from raccoons, skunks, bats, etc.; vaccination

Most infected birds with west nile:

survive

What are the symptoms of ebola?

symptoms of Ebola show up 2 to 21 days after infection and usually include headache, stomach pain, sore throat, rash, bloody diarrhea, and bleeding inside the body as well as from the eyes, ears, and nose.

The S1 subunit of the spike protein binds to?

the ACE-2 enzyme on the cell membrane surface.

What is the pathogenesis of avian flu?

· The H5N1 virus, after inhalation, attacks the cytokines and chemokines of the pulmonary epithelial cells · Leads to alveolar damage and acute hemorrhaging of the lungs

How do some predator birds catch west nile virus?

·after eating sick or dead birds that were infected with WNV

Tropism

the ability to infect a particular tissue type

The primary site of infection for measles is?

the alveolar macrophages or dendritic cells in the lungs.

What does tuberculosis commonly infect?

the alveoli of the lungs, or cells of the infected organ, through phagocytosis in macrophages

Rabies is transmitted through:

the bite of a rabid animal

What is distinct about the viron of rabies

the bullet shape

What can be used to treat measles?

Vitamin A

Where are avian flu positive cases reported?

WHO

Where was a confirmed case of Marburg Virus Disease in 2021

West Africa

How does Bartonella quinata enter humans

through lice fecal matter coming in contact with cuts, scratches or mucus membranes

period of infectivity

time during which source is infectious or is disseminating the organism

Transmission of zoonosis to human can be direct or indirect (T/F)

true

we speculate that organotropism influences the course of Covid-19 disease and, possibly, aggravates preexisting conditions" (T/F)

true

Can the tests for zika be read as false positives for other diseases?

Yes, Zika testing can be difficult bc certain tests can be read as false positives.

What are the symptoms of measles?

a high fever, a cough, a runny nose, red/watery eyes, Koplik spots, and a rash.

Due to the low amount of avian flu cases:

a proper treatment has not been put in place

In what ways has trench fever reemerged since the 1980's

● Found in homeless populations across the US and Europe ● 15% of homeless population in Denver has been diagnosed with trench fever in 2021

What are the clinical manifestations of trench fever

● High, periodic (5-day) fever ● Shin pain ● Hepatomegaly/splenomegaly

How do you diagnose trench fever?

● Most accurate results are with a PCR test ● Blood Culture ● Serological Testing (antibody testing)

How is trench fever prevented?

● Trench fever is best prevented by practicing good hygiene. ● Even if a human is hosting infected lice, trench fever can be prevented by frequent washing to remove the lice's fecal matter (and therefore the B. quintana)

What are the symptoms of rabies in humans

abnormal behavior, hydrophobia, itchy sensation at site of bite

A host transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 then does what?

activates the spike and cleaves ACE-2

When does the rabies virus go the salivary glands?

after brain inflammation

GAE is most commonly not detected until:

after death

Cysts produced by Acanthamoeba are:

airborne

The spike protein is responsible for?

allowing the virus to attach to and fuse with the membrane of a host cell this spike basically determines the host range

What occurs in the case study of avian flu in India in 2021

an 18 year old boy with a preexisting condition was treated with immunosuppressants. A fever and cough rapidly developed into acute respiratory distress syndrome and he was placed on a ventilator. Patient passed after one month of symptom onset. RT-PCR tests were taken for both Influenza A and B, which were positive. SARS-CoV-2 test was negative

What is the best way to prevent catching ebola?

avoiding travel to places where the virus is found. If in areas where the virus is present, avoid contact with bats, monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas since these animals spread Ebola to people.

MRSA

background - (methicillin resistant) MRSA is a staph bacterium that is gram positive, invades tissue through open cuts, sores and colonies importance - resistant to antibiotics, 2/100 people carry it in their nose, southern countries are more affected transmission - spread by touching infected skin or direct contact with the bacteria from a surface, can be spread through air through coughing, hospital acquired is through poorly sanitized linens and instruments pathogenic mechanisms - MecA gene allows for resistance, PBP-2a has a low affinity to methicillin and takes over the function of PBPs that are constantly present in the body allowing it to grow symptoms and diagnosis - boils or abscess that are swollen, red, itchy, filled with pus and warm. Diagnosed using a small sample of skin or discharge from wound and a PCR is ran to detect mecA gene treatment - bactrim can be topical or oral, cream is applied inside the nose or infection. abscess is drained and infection cut out, wound is packed to help heal from the inside out

neither HCQ nor CQ can block the SARS-CoV-2 from infecting the lungs or stop the virus from replicating, why?

because this enzyme is not controlled by acidity

The best way to prevent measles is by?

being vaccinated. MMR and MMRV vaccines

How do you differentiate between the 3 diseases caused by Acanthamoeba

biopsy where microscopy and staining will be utilized

What are the 2 forms of transmission for malaria

blood borne and vector borne

What must be taken to correctly diagnose malaria

blood samples

Internalized virions undergo ______, where genome is released from its capsid

uncoating

Measles can survive in air for how long?

up to 2 hours after a sneeze or cough

Human lung cells have very low levels of _____ ____ enzyme.

cathepsin L

kidney cells, need an enzyme called

cathepsin L for the virus to successfully infect them

Diagnosis of West Nile is through:

clinical criteria and testing for antibody responses

In green monkey kidney cells, both hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine _______ the acidity, which then?

decrease the acidity, which then disables the cathepsin L enzyme, and the virus is blocked from infecting the monkey cells

How is immunoassay utilized in the diagnosis of west nile

detects presence of anti-WNV IgM antibodies from cerebrospinal fluid or serum

What is the transmission of ebola?

direct contact of broken skin or mucous membrane to bodily fluids from an infected animal (e.g., Monkey, Fruit Bat) or human(symptomatic). by touching contaminated objects such as needles, bedding etc

What virus has broad tropism

ebola, infecting many kinds of host tissues

The virus enters the cell in an ______?

endosome

Cutaneous Acanthamoebiasis

enter via broken skin

What is the family and genus of west nile virus

family Flaviviridae and genera flaviviruses

Zika presents with what signs/symptoms?

fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash

What animals serve as a reservoir for Marburg Virus

fruit bats, Egyptian Fruit bats

What are the symptoms of rabies in animals

general sickness, problems swallowing, animal that bites at everything

What is the mortality rate of avian flu

greater than 60%

How is rabies diagnosed in animals?

have to be euthanized to test; specimens taken from brain stem or cerebellum, sent to lab for results

The S, E, and M proteins do what?

hold together the viral envelope

What are some other incidental hosts of west nile

horses and other vertebrates

What is the dead end host for west nile?

humans

When did ebola first appear?

in 1976 with two outbreaks in africa. . It gets its name from the Ebola River which is near one of the villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo where the disease first appeared.

The largest Ebola virus outbreak which occurred when?

in 2014-2016 and was centered on three countries in West Africa: Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone.

Measles live where?

in the nose and throat mucus

Where do most cases of rabies occur in the US

in wildlife

Zoonose or zoonosis

is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals to humans or from humans to non-human animals

MERS coronavirus reservoir

is believed to be camels and bats

SARS-CoV-2 reservoir

is not yet certain However, recent evidence suggests that both bats and the pangolin may be the reservoir.

Viral ssRNA can be positive or negative sense?

it can be either

How is Bartonella quinata transmitted between humans

lice

SARS reservoir

likely of animal origin SARS coronavirus reservoir is believed to be civets and bats

Source?

location from which pathogen is transmitted to host

How do you prevent the 3 diseases caused by Acanthamoeba

- Avoid contact with contact contaminated water, objects, or substances - Maintain proper contact lens hygiene, avoid swimming with lenses, wear daily disposables

Which individuals are at high risk of exposure to Marburg Virus

- Coming into contact with fruit bats, non-human primates, and infected or deceased patients with Marburg virus - Healthcare workers are at a high risk.

How do you prevent Marburg Virus?

- Use protective masks, gowns, and gloves - Avoid direct physical contact with infected or deceased persons, fruit bats, and sick non-human primates

This study was done in vitro in Vero E6 cells. These are kidney cells. NOT lung cells.

...

SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in multiple organs, including the

lungs, pharynx, heart, liver, brain, and kidneys

What is the frequency of tuberculosis

10 million individuals infected, 1.5 million of those were fatal

Where was Bartonella quinata first isolated

1960's in Mexico City, but shows to be prevalent during roman empire

Where was the avian flu first discovered

1996 in Chinese Geese

When did West Nile Virus Appear in the US?

1999 in New York City

What are the 3 stages of the fever caused by malaria (malaria paroxysm)?

1st Stage - cold stage 2nd Stage - hot stage 3rd Stage - fever breaking stage

RNA depended RNA polymerase is prone to?

making mistakes due to the no proofreading function. This causes many more mutations

What is the incubation period of west nile virus

2-14 days

What is the current incidence of tuberculosis in the US

2.4 (rate/100k)

In endemic areas what percent of the population is infected of alpha gal, but undiagnosed

20%

How many people have died of avian flu since 2003?

393

How many types of Dengue viruses are there?

4

Measles spread ____ days before its signature rash forms.

4

The average case fatality rate of Marburg virus is ___________________ but it can range from:

50, 24 to 90

The avian flu is endemic in _______ countries

6

What is the average time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of alpha gal?

7 years

What percent of vector-borne diseases are caused by ticks every year

77%

More than _________ of individuals are asymptomatic when contracting west nile virus

80%

When was the first reported cases of rabies

Ancient Egypt and Greece

trench fever has spread to every continent except:

Antarctica

Where were the first instances of Alpha-Gal Syndrome

Athens, GA in 1989

What are used to diagnose ebola?

Blood tests and tissue tests

Ebola is caused by?

viruses from the genus Ebolavirus, from the family Filoviridae

Why do we have waves?

we dont know. we hypothesize it's largely driven by the combination of four factors

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis

Chest pain, chronic cough lasting more than 3 weeks, and the defining trait separating TB from other similar diseases being the patient is coughing up blood. However, tuberculosis can infect multiple organs in the body, and this can cause the symptoms to vary based on location.

2005 paper:

Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread

What other symptoms develop in tuberculosis

weight loss, chills, fever, and fatigue

What occurs during the surgery for Acanthamoeba

Debriding epithelial tissue, debulking in eye, corneal transplant, enucleation of eye

How is Marburg Virus diagnosed

ELISA and PCR

What cancer drug can patients with antibodies against alpha gal sugar molecule have an allergic reaction to?

Erbitux

What is avian flu denoted as?

H5N1

Name three symptoms of Alpha-Gal syndrome

Hives, swelling of face, headache, wheezing

Where did the 1997 outbreak of avian flu take place?

Hong Kong

What is the host for measles?

Humans

Where is tuberculosis the worst today?

India, China, and Indonesia

What are the two drug treatments for ebola? & what do they do?

Inmazeb and Ansuvimab-zykl are monoclonal antibodies used to block the virus from the cell receptor, preventing its entry into the cell.

What happens inside the cell?

Inside the cell the virus is released from endosomes by acidification or the action of an intracellular cysteine protease, cathepsin

Is Dengue positive or negative sense RNA?

It is an arbovirus with single-stranded positive sense RNA

4th hypothesis for waves

Levels of Vaccine and/or Natural Immunity. As more people become immune, spread slows and the virus eventually stops because it runs out of people to infect. We, no doubt, saw this with vaccine rates and Delta. Highly vaccinated states, like Vermont (70% population fully vaccinated), came out relatively unscathed. As far as natural immunity, we saw this in Michigan. Michigan was hit hard with Alpha in April, which likely provided some protection against Delta. But Michigan numbers are starting to increase now, so we need to keep an eye on this.

Trench fever is very similar to ___________________________ but can be differentiated by:

Malaria and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, differentiated by shin pain

What are the clinical manifestations for dengue?

Many signs and symptoms. With severe infections, severe plasma leakage, severe bleeding, severe organ impairment, impaired consciousness, or heart impairment can be expected.

Marburg virus is the causative agent of

Marburg Virus Disease

What supportive treatment is commonly utilized with west nile?

Medication for headache and rehydration therapy

What is the treatment for the 3 diseases caused by Acanthamoeba

Medication often in combinations and along with surgical treatment

What is the mortality rate for Dengue?

Mortality rate has increased from 0.31% percent in 1990 to 0.53% in 2017. # of Cases increased throughout the world from 23 million in 1990 to 104 million in 2017.

What causes tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

In regards to west nile treatment, there is currently ______________ treatment or vaccine

NO

How are the symptoms of ebola managed?

Physicians manage the symptoms of Ebola with blood pressure medications, fluids and electrolytes, blood transfusion, and oxygen.

Which of the 5 causative agents of malaria is the most dangerous

Plasmodium falciparum

What are the 5 causative agents of Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium knowlesi

What are the symptoms of GAE

Psychiatric disorders, including confusion, lethargy, and hallucinations, headache, stiff neck, changes in body temperature, seizures and epileptic seizures, nausea, and vomiting.

Coronavirus is ___ virus.

RNA

The N protein holds the?

RNA genome

What is the most accurate way to identify zika?

RT PCR

How is avian flu tested?

RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests

What are the leading candidates for a west nile vaccine in clinical trials?

Recombinant Dengue Virus Vaccine Strain and Recombinant Yellow Fever Vaccine Strain

What are the 4 structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2?

S (spike) E (envelope) M (membrane) N (nucleocapsid) proteins

Although these three novel coronaviruses are all quite distinct from each other, emerging evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 likely evolved from a virus related to the:

SARS coronavirus.

How is Marburg Virus spread

Spreads through direct contact: interaction of broken skin or mucous membrane with: - Blood or body fluids (urine, saliva, sweat, semen, vomit, feces, breast milk, and amniotic fluid​) of infected people - Objects contaminated with body fluids from an infected person: clothes, bedding, medical equipment, and needles

The virus used the enzyme ______ to enter lung cells

TMPRSS2

lung cells need an enzyme called

TMPRSS2 (on the cell surface) for the virus to infect them

TMPRSS2 also acts on the? doing what?

TMPRSS2 also acts on the S2 subunit, facilitating fusion of the virus to the cell membrane

How is tuberculosis transmitted from person to person

The infection is spread from person to person through respiratory droplets, so when an individual sneezes, speaks, or coughs, the bacteria can be transmitted from one person to another.

In humans and birds:

mild to severe respiratory disease, common cold, SARS, MERS, COVID-19

Is there a vaccine for ebola?

There is a single dose vaccine to prevent Ebola, called Ervebo but it protects against the Zaire strain of the virus

Which individuals have the hardest time with tuberculosis?

Those with weakened immune symptoms often develop TB disease and have a much harder time fighting the infection, such as those with HIV and Diabetes

What is the main reservoir for Dengue?

(Humans) The four Dengue Virus serotypes (which are in the Flaviviridae family) are referred to as DENV-1 through DENV-4. The initial serotype one is infected by is usually mild. Every subsequent infection with different serotypes is more dangerous.

What is utilized to treat avian flu?

Common flu medications like Tamiflu and Symmetrel work best in dual usage

What is the route of pathogenesis for dengue?

Dengue spreads through the lymphatic system by infecting macrophages and monocytes and then the infection can spread to places in the body like lymph nodes, the liver, and blood

What is the structural makeup of ebola?

Ebola virus is an enveloped virus shaped like a long string covered in glycoproteins, containing a single stranded, negative sense RNA genome. There are five species of Ebola of which four are confirmed to affect humans.

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Enter through direct contact with the eye by contaminated water or objects. More likely in those who wear contact lenses

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

Enter through nose by inhaling contaminated water or insertion of contaminated object. May also enter through broken skin.

What are the family and species for zika?

Flaviviridae Family and Flavivrus Species

Bartonella quintana is categorized as a:

Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium

One of the hypothesis for waves being:

Human behavior: Once numbers start increasing, people start changing behavior (whether they know it or not). Even modest restrictions can bring numbers back down, like masking or cancelling plans. People did take the Delta wave seriously. The Kaiser Family Foundation reported an uptick in vaccinations due to Delta, hospitals filling up, and knowing someone who got seriously ill or died due to Delta. Human behavior plays a big role in wave patterns.

What is sense important?

It needs an RNA dependent RNA polymerase to convert negative sense RNA to positive

Is there a cure for ebola?

Nah, but there are two drug treatments which have been approved for treating the disease

Marburg virus is a: _______________________________________ virus

Negative sense single stranded RNA

Are individuals who are not symptomatic contagious?

No

Does ebola pose a significant risk to the US?

No

Is this the last wave?

No one really knows, but it could be. At this point it's certainly partially (if not fully) dependent on the durability of natural immunity.

Is Alpha-Gal Syndrome considered an infectious disease

No, because the Mayo Clinic definition for an infectious disease is "...disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, virus , fungi, or parasites

Is Alpha-Gal syndrome caused by a virus or a bacteria

No, it is an immune response to the Alpha-Gal Glycoprotein

Is ebola spread through the air?

No, it's not a respiratory disease

What are the symptoms of avian flu?

Normal flu symptoms are commonly present; fever, cough, sore throat, headache, wheezing Unlike the flu, respiratory distress can be extremely severe and fatal

What is the makeup of the cell?

Nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. Large genome size - 26 to 32 kilobases Have a "corona" of club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which looks like the solar corona

What occurs during the blood stage for the parasite introduced into the body during malaria

Schizonts emerge from liver cells and mature into merozoites and infect blood cells, at this stage is when the person gets sick due to blood cells being lysed. At this stage is when a person is infectious to other people and also mosquitos.

3rd hypothesis for waves

Seasonality. During non-pandemic times, most coronaviruses are seasonal. Other viruses, like the flu, are seasonal because of climate patterns (and human behavior). It's not a coincidence that our largest COVID19 wave was during the Winter months. But, again, this doesn't fully explain all waves, as we had some during the summer months too.

What are the symptoms of AK

Severe eye pain, blurred vision, photophobia, redness, foreign body sensation, followed by edema of the conjunctiva and eyelids. Inflammation of lacrimal gland and extraocular muscle inflammation. Sign of multiple ring-like infiltrates in the central part of the cornea with disappearance of keratocytes. Vision loss possible

West Nile Virus is a :_________________________________________________________ virus

Single-stranded positive sense RNA virus

What are the symptoms of CA

Skin lesions most in face, trunk, limbs. Spots can be nodules and can increase in size and become ulcerated

2nd hypothesis of waves

Social networks: This plays some sort of role too (and I think the most interesting). As people see their regular contacts and these networks reassert themselves, Delta runs out of places to go. This is highly dependent on how and where people mix. As we all know, schools just started, which would open social networks (not limit them). So this may only play a limited role with Delta.

Does a vaccine exist for tuberculosis?

There is a vaccine available, known as the Bacille Calmette-Guerin, or BCG, vaccine. However, this vaccine is sparsely used, and is only used for infants and small children residing in countries with vast numbers of TB infections.

Is there a vaccine for zika?

There is no available vaccine for Zika. Previous attempts make the subject more susceptible to similarly related virus that are also endemic to the areas where Zika is present

Alpha-Gal is transmitted by what?

Ticks

How is West Nile Virus spread from person to person

Transmission may also occur person-to-person through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, breast-feeding, or intrauterine exposure.

Do people who care for the sick or bury someone who has died from ebola tend to get it?

Yuh

Can zika be passed from both mother or father to a child in vitro?

Yup

How is zika transmitted?

Zika can be transmitted to humans by mosquitos and interpersonally though sexual intercourse, and tears. Zika can persist inside of male testis for several weeks after signs and symptoms have cleared.

How does zika enter the cell?

Zika enters the cells through posphotidylersine receptors followed by endocytosis.

does zika have a single stranded RNA genome? and how many nonstructural proteins/ structural proteins?

Zika is a single stranded RNA genome. They code for seven nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins.

What is the amplifying host for west nile virus

birds

findings clearly show that that HQC can do what?

block the coronavirus from infecting kidney cells from the African green monkey. But it does not inhibit the virus in human lung cells

Why is the immune response problematic with tuberculosis?

causes the formation of granulomas. Granulomas harbor the bacterium and allow it to survive and replicate, thus producing an active case of TB.

Active tuberculosis is commonly diagnosed via a:

chest x-ray

What age are most susceptible for measles?

children

A virus that has a genome that is more than 99% similar to SARS-CoV-2 has recently been isolated from pangolins - NOT SURE THIS IS CORRECT - my research shows a virus with 92% similarity from pangolins I can't find a paper stating 99% (it's yet to be published) so... who knows

cool gary

What is the most common vector of west nile virus

culex mosquito

Has malaria increased or decreased in prevalence since 2000

decreased

Why is tuberculosis considered emerging?

it is incredibly prominent in many countries outside of the U.S., is one of the most common infections in the world, and multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are appearing at a high rate.

Animals that can become infected with rabies are?

mammals

COVID causes disease in?

mammals and birds, in humans and birds.

Negative sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and so must be transcribed to?

positive sense before translation

Is the corona positive or negative sense?

positive sense single-stranded RNA genome

Rabies is a:

preventable, viral disease

Positive sense viral RNA can be translated immediately into _____.

proteins

Exposure to _____________ is cause of nearly all human rabies deaths worldwide

rabid dogs

Rabies is ____________ in the US

rare

What are the onset symptoms of Marburg Virus

rash (most prominent on chest and back), fever, chills, myalgia

_____ determine the viral tropism

receptors

Bartonella quintana is parasitic to what in humans?

red blood cells

(SARS-CoV-2) preferentially infects cells in the:

respiratory tract, but its direct affinity for organs other than the lungs remains poorly defined

How is rabies diagnosed in humans?

samples of saliva, spinal fluid, or a skin biopsy; RT-PCR tests saliva

SARS-CoV-2 stands for?

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 the strain of coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

What are the severe symptoms of Marburg Virus

shock, liver failure, massive hemorrhaging, multi- organ dysfunction

Why is Marburg Virus difficult to differentiate?

similar to other infectious diseases and viral hemorrhagic fevers

Measles is a what kind of virus?

single stranded encapsulated RNA virus

Rabies virus travels from ______________________________, eventually causing death

site of the bite to the nerves

reservoir

site or natural environmental location in which pathogen is normally found sometimes functions as source of pathogen

How is one diagnosed with Alpha-Gal

skin test, blood test

When was trench fever discovered?

soldiers during WWI & WWII

What occurs during the liver stage for the parasite introduced into the body during malaria

sporozoites enter liver cells and replicate and mature into schizonts, this stage is considered dormant because no signs or symptoms are visible during this stage.

How is rabies spread?

spread through direct contact with infected saliva or brain tissue from rabid animal

Which diagnostic method for tuberculosis can be utilized to determine whether the infection is latent or not?

sputum culture

A way to distinguish measles from the chicken pox rash is?

that the measles rash does not usually cause itching.

The CDC says the reservoir of an infectious agent is?

the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies. Reservoirs include humans, animals, and the environment. The reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host. For example, the reservoir of Clostridium botulinum is soil, but the source of most botulism infections is improperly canned food containing C. botulinum spores."

Ebola damages what as it spreads?

the immune system and organs. It causes levels of blood clotting cells (platelets) to drop or rise which leads to uncontrollable bleeding.

What part of the body does tuberculosis most commonly effect?

the lungs, but can infect other major organs.

How is tuberculosis diagnosed?

the onset of symptoms, as well as a TB skin test, sputum culture, and/or chest x-ray

SARS-CoV-2 has affinity to?

the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on human cells (even more affinity than SARS does) and uses them as a mechanism of cell entry

What is the treatment for tuberculosis?

the use of antibiotics. The most effective regiment being isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, to be taken 7 days a week for 56 doses in the intensive phase of a new infection, followed by taking isoniazid and rifampin for 7 days a week for 90 doses in the continuation phase. Latent tuberculosis is most often treated by once-weekly Isoniazid and Rifapentine for 3 months.

What is the Milwaukee protocol?

treatment for rabies patients were the patient is placed in a medically induced coma and administered antiviral drugs, rarely successful

In what stage is Acanthamoeba active, feeding and capable of causing disease

trophozoite stage

How do you prevent rabies in animals?

vaccination of domestic animals, keep pets away from wildlife, spaying pets

Where does bartonella quinata prefer to infect?

vascular tissue (such as in the liver and spleen)

Most animal viruses enter host as?

virions (unlike bacteriophage which typically just send in genomic material)

What is the incubation period for the rabies virus

weeks to months

When is tuberculosis the most lethal

when it transitions from a lethal infection to disease

When is tuberculosis most easily spread?

when mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes airborne

What is the vector for malaria

Female Anopheles mosquito

What are the symptoms of west nile virus

Fever, myalgia, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and occasionally maculopapular rash

What is the current treatment for Marburg Virus

- No approved therapeutic treatment or antiviral treatment - Supportive care is the only option

What are the therapeutics and control measures for dengue?

- Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) are best tests to detect dengue. During initial diagnosis between dengue, chikungunya, and zika; rule out dengue first since it is most dangerous. Dengue is a reportable disease. -No antivirals are available and NSAIDs should not be used. Acetaminophen, IV fluid, and bedrest are only treatments. -Vaccines are available but should only be given to people who have already had at least one previous dengue infection. Various control measures are available such as wearing long sleeves.

What is the transmission rate of avian flu?

0.7

When was the measles considered eliminated?

2000, but we've seen spikes since then

What is the fatality rate of Ebola?

25% to 90%.

Acanthamoeba can causes how many diseases?

3

What is the incubation period for Marburg Virus

3 weeks

How long after eating red meat do people typically report symptoms of alpha gal

3-5 hours

How many people in the world are at risk from Dengue and what percentage has a global burden on Asia?

3.9 billion people are in the world are at risk from the disease with 70% of the global burden on Asia.

How many countries were endemic with malaria in 2019 and how many cases were there?

87 endemic countries with 229 million cases

The Dengue case study entailed what?

A physical examination with 1) infected man's shoulder: purpura and petechiae were visible due to broken blood vessels and 2) petechiae seen on the leg and large eccymotic lesions on back. Post admission: ELISA and Tourniquet Test to confirm diagnosis. DHF (1-4) infection determined through signs. Hospitalization for 11 days with no aches and pains or fever

How is malaria identified in a microscopic setting?

A sample of blood from the patient is spread out onto a microscope slide. It is first stained with Giemsa stain to allow for the malaria parasites to be seen. The identification of plasmodia in thick or thin blood cells is what the diagnosis depends on.

Transmission of dengue usually occurs through?

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes bites. Can infect multiple people in succession. Sometimes, transmission occurs from a mother to her child during pregnancy or childbirth

What is the vector for zika?

Aedes mosquito

Name one of the ticks that causes Alpha-Gal Syndrome

Amblyomma Americanium (Lone Star Tick)

How is trench fever treated?

Antibiotics such as doxycycline

What can worsen the infection of zika?

Antibodies from similarly related flavivirus' can worsen the infection of Zika.

What is the causative agent of trench fever?

Bartonella quintana

Marburg Virus ____________ be spread by semen of MVD patients

CAN

Social media insert?

FAUCI is hiding the fact that hydroxychloroquine has been PROVEN to work against SARS-CoV-2

5th hypothesis of waves

Other factors: And there are likely many other reasons that play a less dominant role, like testing patterns (antigen becoming more dominant; less testing due to pandemic fatigue) and humidity. Others??

Foods that can cause an alpha gal reaction?

Pork, steak, lamb, gelatin

What is the step by step process of corona entering the cell

The coronavirus approaches the cell membrane An S1 subunit (red) at the end of a glycoprotein spike binds to a membrane-bound molecule of ACE-2 (blue) As more S1 subunits of the glycoprotein spikes bind to membrane-bound molecules of ACE-2, the membrane starts to form an envelope around the virus (an endosome) The process continues ... ... until the endosome is complete The virus enters the cell

What occurs in a case study of trench fever in 2002?

a healthy 43-year-old man with no predisposition for the disease, presented with many of the characteristic signs and symptoms of trench fever such as Hectic fever, thigh and calf pain, and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). An enzyme immunoassay was used to diagnose by identifying antibodies against Bartonella quintana. The antibiotic doxycycline was used to successfully treat him. He recovered roughly 6 weeks after treatment with no further recurrence

Cathepsin L requires an _______ environment to?

acidic environment to function and allow the virus to infect the cell, while TMPRSS2 does not.

Naegleria fowleri amoebic meningoencephalitis

effects males 10-14 years old reservoirs are lakes, rivers, industrial plant discharge, poorly maintained swimming pools, water heaters, NOT seawater transmitted from contaminated water entering sinuses, can be from swimming, netti pots physiology: thermophilic, considered a shape shifter and has three forms. cyst stage- similar to endospore storage state (adverse conditions). trophozoite stage- feeding dividing and infective stage, destroys tissues. flagellate stage- free floating or when exposed to ionic charges mechanisms of pathogenesis - inhaled in flagellate or trophozoite forms, travels up olfactory nerve nerve and proceeds to consume brain tissue, proliferates CSF diagnosis - MRI to look for brain tissue damage, grey CSF and visible flagellate under microscope no treatment death by - meningoencephalitis, 97% fatality rate global warming increases water temperatures increasing the range of reservoir

What is the best conditions for Bartonella quinata to spread and cause trench fever

highly crowded, unhygienic areas

Where is Acanthamoeba most commonly found?

in lakes, swimming pools, tap water, heating and AC units, soil, and tubing from medical equipment.

Where was zika first identified?

in resus monkeys and later in Aedes mosquitoes in the Ziika Forest in Uganda

Lyme disease

most common tick borne disease in US, 25% cases in children, lifelong joint pain, increase in cases due to human expansion into wildlife territory borrelia burgdorferi bacteria is the causative agent. harbored in rodents and transmitted through tick (ixodes) transmission - larval ticks bite rodent, pick up borrelia burgdorferi through blood meal. molt and turn into nymphs and feed on humans or large mammal blood, molt again and become adults and lay eggs pathogenesis - protein binds to blood, WBC concentrate and inflammation, immune complexes accumulate in joints and attract neutrophils to release enzymes to attack joints, O-antigen stimulates macrophages to stimulate production of collagenase and pain signs - bullseye rash no itching or pain, hot to touch, fever, migraines, facial paralysis, inflammation of brain and spinal cord, numbness and tingling in hands and feet, joint swelling diagnosis - show flu like symptoms outside of flu season, EM rash present, STTT- immunoassay followed by western blot, diagnosis include fibromyalgia, diabetes, alzheimer's, fatigue, Bell's palsy treatment - oral or IV antibiotics over 5 weeks. no vaccine, can progress into chronic lyme disease, caditis, arthritis, neurologic, post-treatment prevention - avoid heavily wooded areas, check the body for ticks and pets, very low chance if you remove the tick correctly and quickly, DEET repellents

How does measles spread?

most commonly through coughing and sneezing

Influenza is ______ sense

negative

Rabies is a _____________________________________________ virus

negative sense single stranded RNA

CCHF

negative sense single stranded mRNA visus transmitted via ixodid hyalomma ticks or body fluid targets mononuclear phagocytes, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes treated from fluid balance and electrolyte correction, oxygenation and hemodynamic support or ribavirin diagnosed from RT-PCR, ELISA (antigen capture, enzyme linked, or antibody detection) 3 segment structure, S, M, L in an envelope typical signs rash on internal mucosal surfaces, rapid heartbeat, myalgia, dizziness, neck pain, headache, similar to dengue most affected group are agricultural workers classified into clades using the S segment sequence mortality is 30% on average but can be 5-80%

West Nile has the capability to become:

neuroinvasive, causing encephalitis and meningitis

Can individuals with latent tuberculosis infection spread the bacterium

no

does chloroquine inhibit infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2

no

What is commonly utilized to test for malaria parasites?

o Antigen detection - A test kit that detects antigens from malaria parasites are used to detect the disease. The tests typically use a dipstick and provides result in 2-15 minutes.

What are the 2 treatment methods of malaria

o Chloroquine phosphate- Treatment for any parasite that isn't resistant to the drug. o Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) - A combination of two drugs or more that fight against the malaria parasite. Used for when chloroquine phosphate doesn't work.

What are the preventative measures for west nile virus

o Long sleeves and pants, bug spray, reduce stagnant water o Aerial spraying of insecticides is useful for areas with high frequency of infected mosquitoes

Where is malaria most prevalent

o Most prevalent in Africa, South America and India o Found in poor tropical and subtropical areas

What are the symptoms of Malaria

o The symptoms of malaria are fever, chills, sweats, headaches, muscle pains, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and coughing. o If it is severe, the symptoms might include confusion, coma, anemia, respiratory difficulties, and impairment of the brain.