Emotions, Stress and health

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving 1. physiological arousal 2. expressive behaviors 3. conscious experience

because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, _______ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

aerobic

What are some of the tactics we can use to manage successfully the stress we cannot avoid?

aerobic exercise, relaxation procedures, mindfulness meditation, and religious engagement

coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

After moving to a new apartment, you find the street noise irritatingly loud, but after while, it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates the a. relative deprivation principle b. adaptation level phenomenon c. feel-good, do- good phenomenon d. catharsis principle

b

Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal will a. weaken your happiness b. intensify your happiness c. transform your happiness into relief d. have no particular effect on your happiness

b

Seligman's research showed that a dog will response with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had a. the opportunity to escape b. no control over the shocks c. pain or discomfort d. no food or water prior to the shocks

b

The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorder was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest that a. daily hassles have adverse health consequences b. experiencing a very stressful event increases a persons vulnerability to illness c. the amount of stress a person fells is directly related to the number of stressors experienced d. small, bad events do not cause stress but large ones can be toxic

b

Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness. or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point that a. accumulated stress causes cancer b. anger is the negative emotion most closely linked to cancer c. stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body natural defenses against them d. feeling optimistic about chances or survival ensures that a cancer patient will get well

c

Research on the faith factor has found that a. pessimists tend to be healthier than optimists b. our expectations influence our feelings of stress c. religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active d. religious engagement promotes isolation, repression, and ill health

c

Zajonc and Ledoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of a. physical arousal b. hormone epinephrine c. cognitive processing d. learning

c

According to Schacter and Singer, two factors lead to our experience of an emotion: 1. physiological arousal and 2. ____________ appraisal

cognitive

People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not supporting the idea that a. social ties can be a source of stress b. gender influences longevity c. type a behavior is responsible for many premature deaths d. social support has a beneficial effect on health

d

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors a. catastrophes b. significant life changes c. daily hassles d. threatening events that we hear about

d

one of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are also a. more likely to express anger b. generally luckier than others c. concentrated in the wealthier nations d. more likely to help others

d

When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control, it is most effective to use _________(emotion/problem)- focused coping

emotion

Catharsis

emotional release. In psychology the catharsis hypothesis maintains that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _______ ________ effect

facial feedback

Which component of type a personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease

feeling angry and negative much of the time

TYPE a

friedman and rosenman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Are people in different culture more likely to differ in their interpretations of facial expressions or of gestures?

gestures

When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an __________ (internal/external) locus of control

internal

The component of the type a personality that have been linked to coronary heart disease are anger and other_________ feelings

negative

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

relative deprivation

perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

What general effect does stress have on our overall health

stress tends to reduce immune system ability to function properly so that higher stress generally leads to greater incidence of physical illness

health psychology

subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness, may also alleviate depression and anxiety

The stress response system: when altered to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ______ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration _______ (increases/decreases). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal ___________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the __________ - ______________- ______________ response.

sympathetic, increase, muscles, fight or flight

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the _____ and _________ response

tend and befriend

Facial feedback effect

tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

TYPE b

term for easygoing and relaxed people

two-factor theory

the Schacter- singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1. physically aroused and 2. cognitively label the arousal

self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

coronary hearth disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle, the leading cause of death in many countries

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

internal locus of control

the perception that we control our own fate

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and other's thoughts, feelings, and actions

cannon-bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1. physiological responses 2. subjective experience of emotion

James-lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousal stimuli

Tend and befriend

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

_______(women/men) report experiencing emotions more deeply and they tend to be more adept at reading nonverbal behavior

women

The ______-_______ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens before we know what we are feeling

James-lange

How do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect our emotional responses?

The sympathetic divisions of the ANS arouses us for more intense experiences of emotion, pumping out the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare our body for fight or flight. -The parasympathetic of the ANS takes over when a crisis passes, restoring our body to a calm physiological and emotional state.

how does type d personality differ from type a

Type d individuals experience distress rather than anger and they tend to suppress their negative emotions to avoid social disapproval

Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings? 1. retaliate verbally or physically 2. wait or simmer down 3. express anger in action or fantasy 4. review the grievance silently

2

Which of the following factors do not predict self-reported happiness? which factors are better predictors? 1. age 2. personality traits 3. close relationships 4. gender 5. sleep and exercise 6. religious faith

-age and gender do not effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictions are personality traits, close relationships, sleep and exercise, and religious faith.

_________ psychology is a scientific field of study focused on how humans thrive and flourish

positive

To cope with stress, we tend to use ____-focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world, and ___________- (emotion/problem) strategies when we believe we cannot change the situation

problem, emotion

The field of __________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health

psychoneuroimmunology

A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology this observation is embodied in the _________ ________ principle

relative deprivation

Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by ________, then _________.

resistance, exhaustion

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate peoples quality of life

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

According to the cannon-bard theory our physiological response to a stimulus and the emotion we experience occur _________. According to the james-lange theory both occurs _____________.

simultaneously, sequentially (first the physiological response, and then the experienced)