Emt 1 module 2 study guide

What is narrow pulse pressure?

A pulse pressure is considered abnormally low if it is less than 25% of the systolic value. The most common cause of a low (narrow) pulse pressure is a drop in left ventricular stroke volume. In trauma a low or narrow pulse pressure suggests significant blood loss (insufficient preload leading to reduced cardiac output)

Understand the anatomical difference between the airway of infants and children compared to adults

Anatomical problem How this is a problem Prominent occiput Neck is flexed in the supine position. Laryngoscopy will be difficult in this position. Small mandible Less anterior excursion; smaller mouth opening Large tongue Large tongue relative to the size of the oral cavity. Causes airway obstruction and interferes with laryngoscopy. Larger tonsils and adenoids Can cause airway obstruction. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause bleeding and aspiration. Superior laryngeal position Located opposite the C3 to C4 vertebrae, compared with the C4 to C5 in adults. Laryngoscopy is made more difficult. Large, floppy epiglottis The epiglottis projects further into the airway and covers more of the glottis (until the age of 4) Short trachea Easy to intubate the right main bronchus.Easy to inadvertently extubate the child. Narrow trachea More predisposed to obstruction: small decreases in the airway size will cause obstruction.The needle or surgical cricothyroidotomy is more difficult, as the target is smaller. One should also be concerned about the risk of tracheal stenosis following prolonged intubation or tracheostomy. Soft trachea and cricoid Cricoid pressure may collapse the airway Anatomic subglottic narrowing An effective anatomic seal can be expected without the need for a cuffed ETT. Foreign bodies can become lodged below the cords. This resolves by age 10-12.

Define the 5 parts of the spinal column

Cervical (1-7)upper , thoracic 1-12) middle, lumbar (1-5) middle lower, sacrum lower, coccyx bottom

Know the major bones that make up the skull

Frontal bone, parietal bone, nasal bone, temporal bone, orbit, Maxilla, Zygomatic bone, mandible

Define hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure: Hydrostatic pressure refers to the force that is exerted by the fluid inside the blood capillaries against the capillary wall. Oncotic Pressure: Oncotic pressure refers to the force that is exerted by albumin and other proteins in the blood vessels

Know the structures of the respiratory system and what they are responsible for

Nasal cavity Cleanses, warms, and humidifies inhaled air. Pharynx & Larynx Carries air to the trachea and produces sound. Trachea transports air to and from lungs bronchial tubes air passageways inside the lung. lungs site of gas exchange between air and blood.

Anatomical Position

Patient is standing erect facing forward, with arms facing down at the sides with arms facing forward.

Plasma

Plasma is made up of about 90% water. It also contains salts and enzymes. And it has antibodies that help fight infection, plus proteins called albumin and fibrinogen. Plasma helps carry proteins, hormones, and nutrients to different cells in your body.

shock

Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system. Initial symptoms of shock may include weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest, as complications worsen.

Know the path of the cardiac conduction system of the heart

Sinoatrial node pacemaker.. SA node - causing the atrial muscles to contract. signals then travels to the AV node through the bundle of his, down the bundle branches, and through the purkinjie fibers... causing the ventricles to contract this signal creates and electrical current that can be seen on a EKG machine.

red blood cells

The blood cells that carry oxygen. Red cells contain hemoglobin and it is the hemoglobin which permits them to transport oxygen (and carbon dioxide). Hemoglobin, aside from being a transport molecule, is a pigment. It gives the cells their red color (and their name). The abbreviation for red blood cells is RBCs.

Define coronary arteries

The coronary arteries are the arterial blood vessels of coronary circulation, which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive, much like any other tissue or organ of the body.what are red blood cells

diastolic blood pressure

The diastolic reading, or the bottom number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. This is the time when the heart fills with blood and gets oxygen. A normal diastolic blood pressure is lower than 80. A reading of 90 or higher means you have high blood pressure.

Know the major bones of the upper and lower extremities

The lower extremities from the hip to the toes... On each side of the hip is the hip joint, this joint is made up of the pelvic socket otherwise known as the (acetabulum) which fits the rounded top or head of the (femur) thighbone. patella (kneecap) protects the knee joint. two bones of lower leg are the (Tibia) chin, the much smaller distal end of the tibia forms the (medial malleolus) of the ankle. fibula is attached to the tibia at the top and is located on the lateral side of the leg parallel to the tibia. the medial and (lateral malleolus) knobby surface landmarks at the ankle joint. A group of bones including the (calcaneus) heel bone are called the tarsals and makeup the proximal portion of the foot. 5 (metatarsals) form the substance of the foot, an 14 (phalanges) on each foot form the toes... 2 in the big toe, and 3 in each other toe. The upper extremities include the shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands. Each (clavicle) collarbone and (scapula) shoulder blade form a shoulder girdle the tip of which is called the (acromion) the proximal portion of the arm is called the (humerus) largest bone in the uppr extremity. (radius) lateral bone of forearm- (ulna) medial bone of forearm. the (olecranon) part of the ulna that forms the bony prominence of the elbow. Wrist consists of 8 bones called the (carpals). the structural strength of the hand comes from the (metacarpals).

Know the places a pulse can be palpated in all regions of the body

The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as at the neck ( carotid artery ), wrist ( radial artery ), at the groin ( femoral artery ), behind the knee ( popliteal artery ), near the ankle joint ( posterior tibial artery ), and on foot ( dorsalis pedis artery ).

white blood cells

White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.

sternum

a flat narrow bone in the middle of the anterior chest. the clavicle (collarbone) is attached to to superior portion of the sternum called the manubrium. the ribs are attached to the middle segment or body of the sternum. the inferior portion of the sternum is called the Xiphoid process.

Platelets

a small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.Also called thrombocyte

Know what processes in the respiratory cycle are active or passive

breathing in is Active muscle contracts... Breathing out is passive no muscles are being used at rest. speech both active and passive.

Be able to trace a drop of blood through the heart

enters through interior vena cava.. then goes to the superior vena cava then it enters the right atrium which then passes the tricuspid valve then into the right ventricle then to the pulmonary value to the pulmonary artery this exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen then through the pulmonary vein you enter the left atrium, from the left atrium you pass through the bicuspid value from there you enter the left ventricle from the left ventricle you enter the aortic value from the aortic value you enter the aorta which leads to body and cycle continues.

Understand the sodium-potassium pump and what happens when it fails

moves sodium ions outside the cells and moves potassium ions into the cells... begins with 3 sodium ions, atp ,molecule splits and opens phosphate that which bonds to the carrier protein, which causes it to change its shape. the new shape releases the sodium ions outside the cell. which allows 2 potassium ions outside the cell to bind with the carrier protein and move inside. the phosphate is released and its able to go back to original shape. the process repeats. if it fails this can cause swelling of the cell. this will cause irregular heart beat

Understand the different types of muscle and what makes them different

skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle can be contracted and relaxed by will of the individual, forms the major muscle mass of the body and helps shape it, plus form its walls. Usually attached at one or both ends to bones by tendons. They are long and more rounded, somewhat resembling spindles. smooth muscle- involuntary muscle made up of large fibers that carry out the automatic muscular functions through rhythmic wavelike movements. found in walls of tubelike organs, ducts, the respiratory tract and blood vessels and forms most of the walls of the intestines and urinary system. cardiac muscle - found only in the walls of the heart. Special kind of involuntary muscle particularly suited for the work of the heart. Has the property of automaticity meaning it can generate impulses of its own without the use of the central nervous system.

Understand what happens to a patient when there is a hemorrhage

the escape of blood through a ruptured blood vessel.

blood pressure

the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.

Know the major bone structure of the thorax

thorax meaning chest. composed of ribs, sternum (breastbone) and the thoracic spine. the 24 ribs are semiflexible arches of bone, which are arranged in 12 pairs and are attached posteriorly by ligaments to the 12 thoracic vertebrate. The first 7 pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by cartilage and are called true ribs. the next 3 pairs are attached to the ribs above them with cartilage, the front ends of the last 2 pairs "the floating ribs" are not attached to the sternum. The last 5 ribs are referred to as "false ribs".

Know what arteries and veins are responsible for

veins a blood vessel that carry blood to the heart. most veins are deoxygenated with the exception of the pulmonary vein. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

What are alveoli responsible for?

where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and out.