EMT-B Exam 2 Study Guide

Open the airway

After establishing that an adult patient is unresponsive you should:

Identify less obvious injuries that require immediate transport

After performing a primary assessment, a rapid scan of the body should be performed in order to

It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.

How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?

Inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells

Hypoxia is MOST accurately defined as:

Reevaluate his or her airway status.

If a patient develops difficulty breathing after your primary assessment, you should immediately:

Insert Nasopharyngeal Airway

If a patient gags while inserting an oral airway but does not vomit you should:

Hypercarbia.

If ventilation is impaired, carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream will increase. This condition is called:

General Impression

Impression of the patient's condition that is formed on first approach, based on patient's environment, chief complaint, and appearance.

Respiratory Arrest

In most cases, cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children is caused by

Carefully perfume the head tilt-chin maneuver

Several attempts to adequately open a trauma patient's airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver have been unsuccessful. You should:

With difficulty breathing and adequate tidal volume.

Supplemental oxygen via nonrebreathing mask should be administered to patients:

D

The EMT's Standard Precautions equipment during the scene size-up may include all of the following except: A. eye protection B. disposable gloves C. face mask or eyeshield D. nonrebreather mask

Moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath.

Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

Corner of the mouth to the earlobe.

To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the:

Open his airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver.

A 40-year-old male crashed his motorcycle into a tree. He is semiconscious, has snoring respirations, and has a laceration to the forearm with minimal bleeding. You should:

Encourage him to cough, give oxygen as tolerated, and transport

A 6-year-old male presents with acute respiratory distress. His mother states that she saw him put a small toy into his mouth shortly before the episode began. The child is conscious, obviously frightened, and is coughing forcefully. You should:

Carbon Dioxide

The primary waste product of aerobic metabolism is:

B is correct. Reason: As soon as you determine that a patient is unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic, you should begin CPR starting with chest compressions. The appropriate compression-to-ventilation ratio for adult CPR (one- or two-rescuer) is 30:2. A compression-to-ventilation ratio of 15:2 is used for two-rescuer infant and child CPR. Request a backup ambulance as soon as possible; however, do not interrupt CPR to do so. One EMT should perform CPR while the other radios for assistance. Continue CPR and reanalyze the patient's cardiac rhythm every 2 minutes. If indicated, deliver a single shock and immediately resume CPR, starting with chest compressions. If the AED gives a no shock message, resume CPR, starting with chest compressions. Continue CPR, rhythm analysis every 2 minutes, and defibrillation (if indicated), until backup arrives or the patient starts to move.

A middle-aged male was found unresponsive by his wife. When you arrive at the scene, you assess the patient and determine that he is apneic and pulseless. You should: A: perform CPR with a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 15:2, apply the AED, and request backup. B: begin CPR starting with chest compressions, apply the AED as soon as possible, and request backup. C: immediately begin CPR, reassess for a carotid pulse after 60 seconds, and then apply the AED. D: immediately apply the AED, analyze his cardiac rhythm, deliver a shock if indicated, and begin CPR.

With the bevel facing the septum if inserted into the right nare

A nasopharyngeal airway is inserted:

Pressure waves through the arteries caused by cardiac contraction.

A palpable pulse is created by:

Nonrebreathing mask.

A patient who is suspected of being hypoxic and is breathing adequately should be given supplemental oxygen with a:

Without assistance.

A patient with spontaneous respirations is breathing:

Primary assessment

A step within the patient assessment process that identifies and initiates treatment of immediate and potential life threats.

Increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume.

All of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, EXCEPT:

12 and 20 breaths/min.

An adult at rest should have a respiratory rate that ranges between:

ABC (airway, breathing, and circulation)

An elderly patient has fallen and hit her head. You assess her level of consciousness as unresponsive using the AVPU scale. Your initial care should focus on:

5 minutes

An unstable patient should be reassessed at least every:

6 years old

Cap refill time is most reliable in children younger than

Internal respiration

Cell/capillary gas exchange; is responsible for delivering oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide from the cell

A. Shallow chest movements.

Clinical signs of labored breathing include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. shallow chest movement B. use of accessory muscles C. gasping attempts to breathe D. supraclavicular retractions

C) Gastric distention

Complications associated with chest compressions include all of the following except: A) Rib Fractures. B) Liver Laceration. C) Gastric Distention. D) A Fractured Sternum.

Upon exiting the ambulance, but before actual patient contact.

During an EMS call, you should take standard precautions:

A cardiac arrhythmia

Most prehospital cardiac arrests occur as the result of

Pulse quality, external bleeding, and skin condition. Correct

During the primary assessment, circulation is evaluated by assessing

Move to the opposite side of the patients chest

During two-rescuer CPR, the compressor and ventilator switch positions. While rescuer one is finishing his or her cycle of 30 compressions, rescuer two should:

D

During your initial attempt to ventilate an unresponsive apneic patient, you meet resistance and do not see the patient's chest rise. You should: A: begin CPR, starting with chest compressions. B: suction the airway for no longer than 15 seconds. C: assume that a foreign body is blocking the airway. D: reposition the head and reattempt to ventilate.

Stabilize the pelvis with a pelvic binder and protect the spine.

During your rapid secondary assessment of a 30-year-old male who fell 25′, you note crepitus when palpating his pelvis. Your partner advises you that the patient's blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and his heart rate is 120 beats/min and weak. After completing your assessment, you should:

60 and 100 beats/min.

For an adult, the normal resting pulse should be between:

Radial

In responsive patients that are older than 1 year of age, you should palpate the pulse at the ________ artery.

60, 100

In the adult, bradycardia is defined as a pulse rate less than _______ beats/min, and tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than _______ beats/min.

Aerobic Metabolism.

In the presence of oxygen, the mitochondria of the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called:

30:2

In two rescuer adult CPR, you should deliver a compression to ventilation ratio of:

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure

Inhalation occurs when the:

Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

Irregular respiratory pattern in which the patient breathes with an increase rate and depth of respiration that is followed by a period of apnea, or lack of spontaneous breathing followed again by a pattern of increasing rate and depth of respiration.

A

It is essential that the EMT do a good scene size-up. Your scene size-up should identify: A. the potential fora a violent situation B. the name and amount of toxic substances C. the number of patients and their diagnoses D. all of these

Pale, White, Ashen, or Gray.

Poor peripheral circulation will cause the skin to appear?

Systolic

Pressure occurs in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is contracting and pushing blood into the arteries

Suctioning while withdrawing the catheter from the oropharynx

Proper technique for suctioning the oropharynx of an adult patient includes:

Hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts

The MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is:

Alveolar Sacs

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the:

External respiration

The gas exchange process that occurs between the alveoli and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries; serves to oxygenate the blood and eliminate carbon dioxide in the lungs

Respiration

The gas exchange process that occurs between the alveoli or cells and the capillaries

Identify and rapidly treat all life-threatening conditions.

The goal of the primary assessment is to:

Low Blood Oxygen Levels.

The hypoxic drive—the primary stimulus to breathe for patients with certain chronic respiratory diseases—is influenced by:

Epiglottis.

The leaf-shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the:

Ventilation

The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:

2,000

The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _______ pounds per square inch (psi).

B. Pupils

The primary assessment includes evaluation of all of the following EXCEPT: A. mental status B. pupils C. airway D. circulation

1) Nose (Nasopharynx) 2) Mouth (Oropharynx) 3) Throat (Pharynx) 4) Epiglottis (prevents food/liquid from entering trachea)

Upper Airway Structures 4?

Hyperventilation

Ventilating too quickly, causes too much CO2 to be blown off and causes vasoconstriction and limit brain blood flow

E - Events Leading Up To Present Illness / Injury

What does "E" in SAMPLE stand for?

The Tongue

What is the MOST common cause of airway obstruction in an unconscious patient?

15:2

What is the compression to breath ratio for 2 rescuer child CPR?

Air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange.

What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?

History Taking

What part of the patient assessment process focuses on obtaining additional information about the patient's chief complaint and any medical problems he or she may have?

Wiggle his or her toes on command.

When assessing motor function in a conscious patient's lower extremities, you should expect the patient to:

Repeat the primary assessment

When performing a reassessment of your patient, you should first:

When the patient begins to breathe normally

When should a patient be put into the recovery position?

B

When taking blood​ pressure, the cuff should be inflated to what​ point? A. Until the patient says it hurts B. 30 mmHg beyond the point where the pulse disappears C. Until the Velcro starts to crackle D. Until the gauge reads 200 mmHg

2 seconds

When you assess capillary refill time (CRT) in an infant, normal color to the tested area should return within:

Overdose of an opiate drug

Which of the following conditions would MOST likely cause the pupils to remain significantly constricted?

Cyanosis

Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia?

A. auscultating breath sounds with a stethoscope

Which of the following is the MOST effective method of assessing the quality of air movement in the lungs? A. auscultating breath sounds with a stethoscope B. looking for the presence of accessory muscle use C. applying a pulse oximeter and monitoring the SpO2 D. evaluating the patient's chest for cyanosis

Adequate rise of the chest when squeezing the bag

Which of the following is the MOST reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?

Muscle

Which of the following organs or tissues can survive the longest without oxygen?

Bronchus

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway?

B. systemic head-to-toe examination

Which of the following would the EMT most likely NOT perform on a responsive patient with a finger injury that got caught in a car door and no apparent life-threatening conditions? A. focused secondary assessment B. systemic head-to-toe examination C. noninvasive blood pressure monitoring D. assessment of oxygen saturation

Incompletely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid accumulates in the blood.

Without adequate oxygen, the body's cells:

Log roll him as a unit to a supine position

You are dispatched to a residence where a middle-aged man was found unconscious in his front yard. There are no witnesses who can tell you what happened. You find him in a prone position; his eyes are closed and he is not moving. Your FIRST action should be to:

Compressing the sternum between the nipples

You should deliver chest compressions to an unconscious adult patient in cardiac arrest by

The patient does not complain of pelvic pain.

You should gently palpate a patient's pelvis only if:

Remove the medication patch, wipe away and medication residue, and apply the AED pads.

Your partner is performing one-rescuer CPR on a middle aged woman in cardiac arrest. When you apply the AED pads, you note that she has a medic ovation patch over the same area where one of the AED Pads will be placed. You should: