EMT chapter 10-13 test review

Most prehospital cardiac arrests occur as the result of:

A cardiac arrhythmia.

What method do you use to dislodged an airway obstruction in a pregnant or obese patient?

Chest thrusts

What are the causes of cardiogenic shock? What are the causes of a myocardial infarction?

Conditions that may cause cardiogenic shock are: Pulmonary embolism: blood clot in pulmonary arteries. Cardiac Tamponade: build up fluid in cardiac membrane Tension Pneumothorax: air escapes the lung and causes tension on the lungs. Blood clots or cholesterol clots in coronary artery.

Describe what is happening in neurogenic shock.

Neurogenic shock is usually the result of high spinal cord injury.

What is the difference between one-rescuer and two-rescuer child CPR?

One rescuer: one person does compressions and breaths. With two rescuers: they trade between doing compressions and breaths.

You have a patient that is not breathing due to an opioid overdose, however, they do have a weak pulse. What is the first thing you should do?

Open up the airway with an NPA or OPA then Ventilate the patient using BVM then give naloxone.

Describe what is happening in anaphylactic shock.

Outcome of allergic reaction that can lead to hypoperfusion and malfunction of the cardiovascular system.

What is sensitization in anaphylaxis?

Sensitization in anaphylaxis is when there is sensitization to an allergen with later reexposure.

Describe what is happening in septic shock.

Septic shock occurs when someone gets a bacterial infection and it goes through the blood to the entire body. Creates toxins that damages the vessel walls. Vessel walls leak, fever

What are the side effects and contraindications of naloxone?

Side effects- nausea and vomiting Contraindications- hypersensitivity

. When would you use a non-rebreather mask?

Signs & Symptoms of hypoxia and those short of breath(, suffering severe injuries, and Altered Mental Status

Describe the suctioning process for patients who continually produce copious amounts of secretions.

Suction for 15 seconds then you must wait for 2 minutes before you can resume

Describe the correct anatomical position of providing chest compression on an adult.

Supine On a flat hard surface Arms on the side Legs are flat

10. What are the structures of the lower airway?

Trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

You find an unresponsive patient, their breathing is inadequate. What is the first thing you should do?

Use a BVM to adequate the breathing. Give one breath every 5-6 seconds.

What is the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin?

dilates blood vessles

Signs of decompensated shock

drop in BP, labored or irregular breathing, dull eyes, dilated pupils, poor urinary output

Unresponsive patient- opioid overdose, not breathing and pulse is weak

immediately do BVM

Why do we give aspirin to patients suspected of having a heart attack?

it thins the blood and prevents clots

What medication form does oral glucose come in?

In a tube in a gel

What is the recommended rate of chest compressions per minute?

100 to 120 bpm

A nasal cannula will deliver what percentage of oxygen?

28-44%

A mucosal atomizer device (MAD) is used to deliver certain medications via what route?

A mucosal atomizer device is used to deliver certain medications through the nose, intranasal

What is the most appropriate treatment for a patient with a mild airway obstruction?

Administering oxygen and transporting immediately.

You give a patient experiencing anaphylactic shock one dose of epinephrine, when you reassess, you see he is worsening. What should you do?

After five minutes give him another dose, but first call medical control to get it okayed

When should you use a bag-valve mask to ventilate a patient?

Assisted ventilations become necessary Breaths fall below 8 breaths per minute Tidal volume falls below approximately 300 cc per breath

Where do you check the pulse in an infant?

Brachial

normally you do ABC, unless you see a lot of bleeding, in this case do what?

CAB

When do you reassess a critical patient v. non-critical patient.

Critical patient is every 5 minutes Non-critical patient is every 15 minutes

Describe the different actions you will take if you witness a child collapse versus an unwitnessed event.

If you witness it you call 911. If you dont witness it, do five rounds of cpr and then call 911 afterwards.

Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask to a patient, you must ensure that reservoir bag is....

Fully inflated

Complications associated with using a manually triggered ventilation device include:

Gastric Distention Lung injury

What is the appropriate depth of compressions on an infant and adult?

Infant: 1.5 inches Adults: 2 inches

What is the treatment for a choking adult. Include partial obstruction, complete obstruction and then an unconscious choking patient.

Partial obstruction: Let them cough it out Complete obstruction: Heimlich Maneuver Unconscious choking patient: CPR

How do you dislodge an airway obstruction in an infant?

Place the infant face down on your leg and place your hand underneath the body to hold the head. Use your other wrist to hit the back of the infant to dislodge an airway obstruction.

(you're 20 minutes away from hospital) Transport patient, unstable, what should you do in terms of reassessment?

Reassess them every 5 minutes. So four times

When do you use an NPA v. OPA?

To use an OPA the patient must be unresponsive and without a gag reflex Use an NPA if the patient has a gag reflex, is unresponsive/altered LOC, Patient with an intact gag reflex

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm, allowing it to contract?

The diaphragm is innervated largely by the phrenic nerve.

If you find an unconscious patient in the prone position, why should you place them in a supine position?

You should put them in a supine position to be able to perform CPR if needed

You should refill an oxygen cylinder when it falls below what pressure?

You should refill when it goes below 500 psi

What should you do if you notice gastric distension while you are providing ventilations?

You should reposition the patient's head and watch for rise and fall of the chest wall as you perform rescue breathing and ensure that the patient's airway is appropriately positioned.

Think about the ABC's. If you have a patient who is actively bleeding due to a major trauma, which should you address first? How can you initially control the bleeding?

You would first control the bleeding, you would initially control the bleeding by applying pressure to the wound.

Define hypoglycemia

a condition where the insulin level is too high and sugar level is too low.

Signs of compensated shock.

a. Tachycardia b. Increased RR c. Altered mental status d. Change in pulses e. Prolonged capillary refill f. Skin color changes g. Skin temperature

By what route do EMTs give nitroglycerin?

by SL tablet or spray

WHich organs/tissues can survive the longest without oxygen?

skeletal muscle, skin and intestines