EMT Chapter 24-27 exam

The mastoid process is located approximately:

1 inch posterior to the external opening of the ear.

Optimally, on-scene time for critically injured patients should be less than ____ minutes.

10

An infant with a total blood volume of 800 mL would start showing signs of shock when as little as ______ of blood is lost.

100 mL

When a patient has a chemical burn to the eye, you should irrigate the eye for at least 5 minutes; however, if the burn was caused by an alkali or strong acid, you should irrigate for:

20 minutes

The body will not tolerate an acute blood loss of greater than ___ of blood volume

20%

The brain and spinal cord usually cannot go for more than ____ minutes without perfusion, or the nerve cells will be permanently damaged

4 to 6

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 2-year-old child?

Any full-thickness burn, regardless of its location on the body

A patient is bleeding severely from a severed femoral artery high in the groin region. Which of the following would MOST likely control the bleeding?

Apply a hemostatic agent with direct pressure

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the treatment of bleeding from a neck injury:

Apply firm pressure to the carotid artery to reduce the amount of bleeding

What part of the human body helps the cardiovascular system adapt to changes in order to maintain homeostasis?

Autonomic nervous system

You respond to a 71-year-old woman who is unresponsive. You try to get her to respond but have no success. Her airway is open, and she is breathing at a rate of 14 breaths/min. What structure on her neck should you locate to take a pulse?

Carotid arteries

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 35-year-old patient?

Circumferential partial-thickness burn to the chest

______ develops when edema and swelling result in increased pressure within a closed soft-tissue space

Compartment syndrome

Significant blood loss demands your immediate attention as soon as the _____ has been managed.

Controlling major external bleeding is always the priority.

Transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris

Cornea

Which of the following would MOST likely occur as the direct result of the second collision in a motor vehicle crash?

Deformed steering wheel

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct?

Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage.

What layer of the skin forms a watertight, protective seal for the body?

Epidermis

You respond to a 25-year-old man who has cut his arm with a circular saw. The bleeding appears to be bright red and spurting. The patient is alert and oriented and converses with you freely. He appears to be stable at this point. What is your first step in controlling his bleeding?

Following standard precautions

The brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull known as the:

Foramen Magnum

_____ burns may involve the subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, or internal organs.

Full-thickness

Which of the following should NOT be used as an occlusive dressing:

Gauze pads

Which of the following is the most common cause of death from a blast injury?

Head trauma

A 70-year-old man presents with a severe nosebleed. His medical history includes COPD, depression, and a hemorrhagic stroke 3 years ago. His BP is 190/110 mm Hg, his pulse is 100 beats/min, and his respirations are 24 breaths/min. His medications include albuterol, sertraline (Zoloft), and multivitamins. Which of the following is MOST likely causing his nosebleed today?

High blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can aid in determining the severity of a burn?

If the patient is between 20 and 30 years old

You respond to a 680year-old man who was involved in a motor vehicle collision. He is unresponsive, and as you approach you notice he is not breathing. He was unrestrained and has massive facial injuries. When you check his airway, it is obstructed. Which of the following is NOT likely to cause an upper airway obstruction in a patient with facial trauma?

Inflamed tonsils

_____ bleeding is any bleeding in a cavity or space inside the body.

Internal

Muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea that dilate and constrict the pupil

Iris

Which of the following is of LEAST importance when initially assessing the severity of a burn?

Known drug allergies

Which of the following is NOT a cause of nontraumatic internal bleeding?

Laceration

____ impacts are commonly referred to as T-bone crashes

Lateral

Transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina

Lens

"A comprehensive regional resource capable of providing every aspect of trauma care from prevention through rehabilitation" is the definition of a _____ trauma center.

Level I

Which of the following inhibits the body's ability to control bleeding?

Medications that interfere with normal clotting

"For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction" is:

Newton's third law

You are called to the home of a 48-year-old woman who has a history of high blood pressure and now has a major nose bleed. She is alert and oriented and converses freely with you. Her respirations and pulse are within normal limits. Her blood pressure is 194/108 mm Hg. You have been able to rule out trauma. How would you manage the nose bleed?

Pinch the nostrils together

Which of the following occurs after tissues are injured?

Platelets collect at the injury site

By what mechanism is a person injured when he or she falls from a significant height?

Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy; the kinetic energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop.

Damage to the body that resulted from a pressure wave generated by an explosion is found in what type of blast:

Primary

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the formation of blood clots?

Pumping function of the heart

____ is an acute, potentially fatal viral infection of the CNS that affects all warm-blooded animals

Rabies

Light-sensitive area of the eye where images are projected

Retina

The optic nerve endings are located within the:

Retina

Which of the following is considered a type of motor vehicle collision?

Rollover

Produce oil, which waterproofs the skin and keeps it supple

Sebaceous glands

____ burns cause intense pain

Second degree

_____ is inadequate tissue perfusion.

Shock

Which of the following organs can tolerate inadequate perfusion for 2 to 3 hours?

Skeletal muscle

___ burns involve only the epidermis

Superficial

Burns from hot gases and respiratory injuries from inhaling toxic gas are associated with which type of blast injury?

Tertiary or Miscellaneous

During an altercation in a bar, two patrons got into a fist fight. The first patient, a 44-year-old female, was struck in the mouth and refuses EMS care. The second patient, a 39-year-old female, has a small laceration to her left knuckle and also refuses EMS care. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is correct?

The 39-year-old female is at high risk for an infection.

Which of the following statements regarding the rule of nines is correct?

The anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the BSA.

A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. What was the second collision?

The bike rider hitting his bike or the car

Which of the following is NOT considered appropriate use of air medical services?

The closest trauma center is 10 minutes away by ground transport

Which of the following statements regarding the dermis is correct?

The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings.

Which of the following body systems or components is the LEAST critical for supplying and maintaining adequate blood flow to the body?

The filtering of blood cells in the spleen

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a laryngeal injury?

Wheezing

You are dispatched to a residential neighborhood for a 6-year-old girl who was bitten by the family pet. The mother meets you at the door with the girl, who is crying uncontrollably and has blood covering the right side of her head. You look at the child and notice that her lower right ear has been completely avulsed. You control the bleeding with direct pressure and bandage the injury. You follow the blood trail back to where the incident occurred and find the avulsed part. How do you manage the avulsed tissue

Wrap the skin in a moist, sterile dressing; place it in a plastic bag; and keep it cool

The cardiovascular system consists of all of the following EXCEPT:

a battery

A patient who is complaining of seeing flashing lights, specks, or "floaters" in his or her field of vision has MOST likely experienced:

a detached retina

A laceration may be all of the following EXCEPT:

a scrape

If direct pressure with a sterile dressing fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply:

a tourniquet proximal to the injury

When treating a patient with signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock and no outward signs of bleeding, always consider the possibility of bleeding into the:

abdomen

Blood stasis, changes in the vessel wall, and certain medications affect the:

ability of the blood to effectively clot

The most common symptom of internal abdominal bleeding is:

acute abdominal pain

Using elastic bandages to secure dressings may result in ____ if the injury swells or if the bandages were applied improperly

additional tissue damage

During your assessment of a 22-year-old male who was assaulted, you note widespread contusions and abrasions to his face, chest, and abdomen. His pulse is rapid and weak, and his skin is cool and clammy. You should:

administer oxygen and prepare for rapid transport.

A(n) ________ results when an open vein sucks air into it and the air travels to the heart.

air embolism

The three collisions in a frontal impact include all of the following EXCEPT:

airbag striking passenger

An open neck injury may result in _____ if enough air is sucked into a blood vessel.

an air embolism

A 17-year-old male was shot in the right anterior chest during an altercation. As your partner is applying oxygen, you perform a rapid assessment and find an open chest wound with a small amount of blood bubbling from it. You should:

apply an occlusive dressing to the wound and continue your assessment.

Most cases of external bleeding from an extremity can be controlled by:

applying local direct pressure

The smaller vessels that carry blood away from the heart and connect the arteries to the capillaries are called the:

arterioles

A young female experienced a laceration to her left eyeball from flying glass when her boyfriend broke a soda bottle against a wall. There is moderate bleeding and the patient states that she cannot see out of the injured eye. You should:

avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering the eye.

An injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin, is called a(n):

avulsion

Trauma to the face and skull that results in the posterior wall of the nasal cavity becoming unstable is caused by a:

basilar skull fracture

A 38-year-old male was electrocuted while attempting to wire a house. Your assessment reveals that he is unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic. A coworker has shut off the power to the house. You should:

begin CPR and apply the AED.

An organ or tissue may be better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion if the:

body's temperature is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C).

A contusion to the patient's forehead along with a spider-webbed windshield suggests possible injury to the:

brain

Emanation of pressure waves that can damage nearby structures

cavitation

The phenomenon of pressure waves emanating from the bullet, causing damage remote from its path, is known as:

cavitation

Blood contains all of the following EXCEPT:

cerebrospinal fluid

When using an air splint to control bleeding in a fractured extremity, you should reassess the ____ frequently

circulation in the injured extremity

What is the main purpose of eye blinking

clean the eye

A 39-year-old female experienced a severe closed head injury. She is unresponsive with her eyes slightly open; her pupils are bilaterally dilated and slow to react. In addition to managing problems with airway, breathing, and circulation, you should:

close her eyes and cover them with a moist dressing.

The process of blood clotting and plugging the hole is called:

coagulation

In a motor vehicle collision, as the passenger's head hits the windshield, the brain continues to move forward until it strikes the inside of the skull, resulting in a _____ injury.

compression

The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by a delicate membrane called the:

conjunctiva

The skin regulates temperature in a cold environment by:

constricting blood vessels

All open wounds are assumed to be ____ and present a risk of infection

contaminated

A construction worker fell approximately 30′ and landed in a pile of steel rods. Your assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic and has a 10″ steel rod impaled in his left leg. You should:

control the bleeding, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), stabilize the steel rod, immobilize his spine, and transport immediately.

Open soft-tissue wounds include all of the following EXCEPT:

contusions

Energy can be:

converted

Signs of a pulmonary blast injury include:

coughing up blood

A compression injury to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching of the posterior portion is called a(n) ________ brain injury.

coup-contrecoup

The _____ connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilage

cricothyroid membrane

When dealing with an avulsed tooth, handle it by its ______.

crown

A(n) _____ occurs when a great amount of force is applied to the body for a long period of time.

crushing injury

Closed soft-tissue injuries are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

damage of the protective layer of skin

Significant clues to the possibility of severe injuries in motor vehicle collisions include:

death of a passenger

Air bags are designed to:

decrease the severity of deceleration injuries

The function of the blood is to ____ all of the body's cells and tissues

deliver nutrients to

A partial-thickness burn involves the outer layer of skin and a portion of the:

dermal layer

As an EMT, your objective when treating patients with face and neck injuries is to do all of the following EXCEPT:

disregard the cervical spine

In nontrauma patients, an early indicator of internal bleeding is:

dizziness upon standing.

Energy that is available to cause injury ____ when an object's weight doubles, but ____ when its speed doubles

doubles, quadruples

The middle ear is connected to the nasal cavity by the:

eustachian tube

The head is divided into two parts: the cranium and the:

face

Treatment for an abdominal evisceration includes:

flexing the knees and legs to relieve pressure on the abdomen

When flushing an eye with saline to remove a foreign object, it is important to remember to:

flush from the nose side of the eye toward the outside

A 39-year-old male sustained a large laceration to his leg during an accident with a chainsaw and is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. You should first:

follow appropriate standard precautions

As the cells on the surface of the skin are worn away, new cells from in the _____ layer

germinal

The eyeball itself is referred to as the:

globe

Medium-velocity penetrating injuries may be caused by a:

handgun

The cervical spine is MOST protected from whiplash-type injuries when the:

headrest is appropriately positioned.

Gastrointestinal bleeding should be suspected if a patient presents with:

hematemesis.

A _____ occurs whenever a large blood vessel is damaged and bleeds

hematoma

A lack of one or more of the blood's clotting factors is called

hemophilia

The ability of a person's cardiovascular system to compensate for blood loss is MOST related to:

how rapidly he or she bleeds.

More extensive closed injuries may involve significant swelling and bleeding beneath the skin, which could lead to:

hypovolemic shock

Treatment of electrical burns includes all of the following EXCEPT:

immersion in water

Functions of dressings and bandages include all of the following, EXCEPT:

immobilization of the injury.

If the typical adult loses more than 1L of blood, significant changes in vital signs, such as ___ will occur

increased respiratory rate

Awareness of and concern for potentially serious obvious and underlying injuries is referred to as the:

index of suspicion

A laceration:

is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma.

A driver involved in a rollover motor vehicle crash will MOST likely experience serious injuries or death if he or she:

is ejected or partially ejected.

The cricoid cartilage:

is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea.

Energy of a moving object

kinetic energy

Burns are diffuse soft-tissue injuries created by destructive energy transfers from all of the following sources EXCEPT:

kinetic sources

The_____ is the thickest chamber of the heart

left ventricle

With regard to the pediatric rule of nines, the:

legs are proportionately smaller than an adult's.

All of the following body structures are lined with mucous membranes, EXCEPT for the:

lips.

Blood enters the left atrium from the:

lungs

Splinting an extremity, even when there is no fracture, may:

make it easier to move a patient

The lower jawbone is called the:

mandible

Your quick primary assessment of the patient and evaluation of the ____ can help to direct lifesaving care and provide critical information to the hospital staff

mechanism of injury

The first sign of hypovolemic shock is a change in:

mental status

The _____ only require(s) a minimal blood supply when at rest.

muscles

The nasal cavity is divided into two chambers by the:

nasal septum

During the normal wound-healing process, bleeding may occur from even a minor injury because:

new capillaries that stem from intact capillaries are delicate and take time to become as stable as the preexisting capillaries.

You should consider bleeding to be serious if all of the following conditions are present EXCEPT:

no mechanism of injury

Approximately _____ of the nose is composed of bone. The rest is composed of cartilage

one third

Blood leaves each chamber of a normal heart through a(n):

one-way valve

As you approach a young male who was involved in an industrial accident, you note that his eyes are closed and that he is not moving. You can see several large contusions to his arms, a laceration to his forehead with minimal bleeding, and a closed deformity to his right leg. You should:

open his airway and assess his breathing status.

Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include:

pain and distension

When applying a bandage to hold a dressing in place, stretch the bandage tight enough to control the bleeding. You should still be able to ____ after the bandage is secure

palpate a distal pulse

When a person is exposed to a cold environment:

peripheral vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin.

Product of mass, gravity, and height

potential energy

During the primary assessment of burns, it is important to remember to:

prevent heat loss

A patient complaining of chest tightness, coughing up blood, and subcutaneous emphysema following an explosion may be suffering from a:

pulmonary blast injury

A utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high-power line. He fell approximately 20 feet and is lying unresponsive on the ground; the power line is lying across his chest. You should:

rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live.

For a patient with suspected internal bleeding, you should assess circulation by checking the pulse for:

rate and quality

All of the following are considered types of motorcycle impacts EXCEPT:

rear collision

Splinting an extremity even when there is no fracture can help to:

reduce pain, minimize damage to an already-injured extremity, make it easier to move the patient.

When assessing a patient with a closed soft-tissue injury, it is MOST important to:

remain alert for more severe underlying injuries.

When a motor vehicle strikes a tree while traveling at 40 mph, the unrestrained occupant:

remains in motion until acted upon by an external force.

When caring for an occupant inside a motor vehicle equipped with an air bag that did not deploy upon impact, you should:

remember that it could still deploy and seriously injure you

If bleeding continues after applying a pressure dressing, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:

remove the dressing and apply another sterile dressing

During transport of a 40-year-old female with acute abdominal pain, you note that she has stopped talking to you and has become extremely diaphoretic. You should:

repeat the primary assessment

The systemic veins function by:

returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

The skin covering the _____ is quite thick.

scalp

The most important consideration when dealing with electrical burns is:

scene safety

The white portion of the eye is called the:

sclera

The amount of kinetic energy that is converted to do work on the body dictates the ____ of the injury.

severity

The ____ is our first line of defense against external forces

skin

The presence of air in the soft tissues of the neck that produces a crackling sensation is called:

subcutaneous emphysema

When stabilizing a large foreign object in the eye, you should first cover the eye with a moist dressing, then:

surround the object with a doughnut-shaped collar made from gauze.

If one or more occupants in the same vehicle are killed in a crash, the EMT should:

suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma.

The ______ regions of the cranium are located on the lateral portion of the head.

temporal

Motion of the mandible occurs at the:

temporomandibular joint

Patients suffering from an open would to the neck may experience all of the following EXCEPT:

tension pneumothorax

Airbags decrease injury to all of the following EXCEPT:

the heart

You and your partner respond to a patient who has had his hand nearly severed by a drill press. As you approach, you note that the patient is pale and there appears to be a lot of blood on the floor. The wound continues to bleed copiously. After applying a tourniquet, you write _____ and _____ on a piece of adhesive tape and apply it to the patient's forehead.

the letters "TK"; the exact time applied

Patients with full-thickness (third-degree) burns generally do not complain of pain because:

the nerve endings have been destroyed.

Because shootings usually end up in court, it is important to factually and completely document:

the treatment given

You respond to a house fire with the local fire department. They bring a 48-year-old woman out of the house. She is unconscious but her airway is open. Her breathing is shallow at 30 breaths/min. Her pulse is 110 beats/min, strong and regular. Her blood pressure is 108/72 mm Hg. She has been burned over 40% of her body. The burned area appears to be dry and leathery. It looks charred and has pieces of fabric embedded in the flesh. You know that this type of burn is considered a:

third-degree burn

A fall from more than _____ times the patient's height is considered to be significant.

three

Blood enters the right atrium from the:

vena cava

Significant airway burns may be associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

vomiting

Force acting over a distance

work