Endo Lab questions
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? A) tyrosine kinase receptors B) G proteins C) intracellular receptors
A
Propylthiouracil injections resulted in goiter formation in _______. A) the normal rat B) the hypophysectomized rat C) the normal rat and the hypophysectomized rat D) the thyroidectomized rat
A
The injection of TSH resulted in goiter in _______. A) the normal rat and the hypophysectomized B) the hypophysectomized rat C) the thyroidectomized rat D) the normal rat
A
The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the _______. A) adrenal cortex B) anterior pituitary C) hypothalamus D) posterior pituitary
A
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? A) Liver cells. B) Intestinal cells. C) Cells in the pancreas. D) Muscle cells. E) Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.
A
What is the function of the hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas? A) raising blood glucose B) lowering blood glucose C) raising blood calcium D) helping the body resist long-term stressors
A
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? A) chaperone proteins (chaperonins) B) transcription factors C) Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.
A
An abnormally high level of which of the following will result in goiter? A) either thyroxine or TRH B) TSH C) either TRH or TSH D) TRH E) thyroxine
B
Body cells that respond to insulin include A) Muscle cells only. B) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. C) Liver cells and muscle cells only. D) Liver cells only. E) Intestinal cells only.
B
Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______. A) as a result of type 2 diabetes B) when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes C) when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded D) as a result of type 1 diabetes
B
Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of _______. A) diabetes insipidus B) type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus C) type 1 diabetes mellitus D) type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus E) type 2 diabetes mellitus
B
High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______. A) posterior pituitary B) the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus C) hypothalamus D) anterior pituitary E) the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
B
If a hormone is secreted by the neurosecretory neurons, what is its most likely function? A) Control of blood sugar B) Stimulation of the thyroid gland C) Regulation of blood calcium concentration D) Secretion of oxytocin
B
Inhibiting osteoclast activity would prevent _______. A) osteoporosis B) osteopenia and osteoporosis C) osteopenia D) ovariectomy
B
Name two hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. A) growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin C) releasing and inhibiting hormones D) prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin
B
Peptide hormones include which of the following? A) calcitonin B) follicle-stimulating hormone and calcitonin C) estrogen D) follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen E) follicle-stimulating hormone
B
Thyroxine is a _______. A) slow-acting hormone B) slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus C) slow-acting hormone that works through a second-messenger system D) hormone that works through a second-messenger system E) hormone that enters the nucleus
B
What are the two hormones produced by the thyroid gland? A) aldosterone and cortisol B) thyroid hormone and calcitonin C) thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone D) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? A) phosphorylation of intracellular proteins B) activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell C) increasing protein kinases
B
What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst? A) Increased blockages in the arteries of the heart B) Increased urination C) Increased defecation and diarrhea D) Increased sweat production
B
When blood glucose levels are high A) The liver releases insulin. B) The pancreas releases insulin. C) The pancreas releases glucose. D) The pancreas releases glucagon. E) The liver releases glucagon.
B
The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______. A) gonads to release sex hormones B) mammary glands to secrete milk C) adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids D) melanocytes to secrete melanin
C
Tropic hormones include which of the following? A) cortisol, ACTH and CRH B) ACTH C) both ACTH and CRH D) cortisol E) CRH
C
What is the function of the atrial natriuretic peptide hormone (ANP), a hormone produced by the heart? A) increasing blood volume and pressure B) increasing water and sodium absorption by the kidney C) decreasing blood volume and pressure D) promoting normal cell metabolism and helping the body resist long-term stressors
C
What is the result of secretions from the adrenal medulla? A) decrease blood flow and oxygenation of skeletal muscles B) decrease blood pressure and heart rate C) increase blood pressure and heart rate D) decrease respiratory rate and increase bronchoconstriction
C
What stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland? A) Blood levels of TH B) Neural stimulation via the vagus nerve C) TSH secreted by the anterior pituitary D) ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary
C
Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus? A) ADH B) PRL C) OXT D) FSH
C
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? A) insulin B) cortisol C) thyroid hormone
C
What stimulates the secretion of posterior lobe hormones from the pituitary? A) Hypothalamic neurons stimulate the release of stored hormones from their axon terminals located in the posterior lobe. B) Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced and secreted in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of posterior lobe hormones. C) The hypophyseal portal vessels carry releasing and inhibiting hormones to the posterior lobe of the pituitary. D) Posterior lobe hormones are controlled directly by humeral stimulation: As levels of these hormones decline in the blood, hormone secretion is stimulated.
A
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? A) water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine B) lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol
A
Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) GH D) MSH
A
Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose? A) glucagon B) plant starch C) insulin D) glycogen
A
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? A) Beta receptors B) Alpha-2 receptors C) Alpha-1 receptors
A
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism? A) oxytocin B) thyroxine C) TRH D) TSH
A
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its secreting organ? A) TSH - posterior pituitary B) thyroxine - thyroid gland C) TRH - hypothalamus D) triiodothyronine - thyroid gland
A
Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus? A) She is 50-years old and out of shape B) She is experiencing vision problems C) She has lots of sugar in her blood, but her cells are starved for sugar D) She feels thirsty all the time
A
Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood? A) Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside B) Tanya's pancreas is not making insulin C) Tanya ate too much glucose and the high levels have poisoned her cells D) Tanya's cells are insensitive to the glucagon produced by her pancreas
A
When blood glucose levels are low A) Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. B) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. C) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. D) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. E) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
B
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its primary secreting organ? A) calcitonin - thyroid gland B) FSH - ovaries C) estrogen - ovaries D) All of the above are matched correctly.
B
Which of the following showed the greatest improvement in vertebral bone density for the rats? A) calcitonin B) estrogen C) saline D) FSH
B
Which organ is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A) Uterus B) Kidney C) Ovary and testis D) Adrenal gland
B
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones that regulate blood pressure? A) Zona fasciculata B) Zona glomerulosa C) Zona reticularis D) Medulla
B
A decrease in the level of thyroxine would increase the secretion of _______. A) TSH B) neither TSH nor TRH C) both TSH and TRH D) TRH
C
A hypophysectomized rat is missing its _______. A) hypothalamus B) thyroid gland C) pituitary gland D) adrenal gland
C
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? A) phosphorylates a protein B) activates a protein kinase C) acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene D) directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome
C
Glucose is stored in the human body as _______. A) plant starch B) insulin C) glycogen D) glucagon
C
In this experiment, optical density is measured using a _______. A) thermocycler B) microscope C) spectrophotometer D) caliper
C
Replacement therapies for which two hormones were tested in this experiment? A) saline and estrogen B) FSH and calcitonin C) estrogen and calcitonin D) saline and calcitonin E) FSH and estrogen
C
Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? A) activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins B) activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3 C) activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
C
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol
C
Which of the following improved the vertebral bone density of the rats? A) estrogen B) calcitonin C) both calcitonin and estrogen D) saline E) FSH
C
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with one of its functions? A) FSH - stimulates ovarian follicle growth B) estrogen - provides protection against osteoporosis C) calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity D) All of the above are matched correctly.
C
Which of the following is NOT characterized by high levels of cortisol in the blood? A) Cushing's syndrome B) Cushing's disease C) Addison's disease D) iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome
C
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones in response to short term stress? A) Zona reticularis B) Zona glomerulosa C) Medulla D) Zona fasciculata
C
A liver cell responds to insulin by A) Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. B) Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. C) Releasing glucagon. D) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. E) Releasing insulin.
D
Blood levels of which substance are regulated by secretion from the parathyroid glands? A) Epinephrine B) Androgen hormones (testosterone and estrogens) C) Glucose D) Calcium
D
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome is _______. A) often referred to as "steroid diabetes" B) physician induced C) a result of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones D) All of the above are correct.
D
The baseline T score for the rats was indicative of _______. A) osteopenia, because their anterior pituitary was removed B) osteoporosis, because their anterior pituitary was removed C) osteopenia, because their ovaries were removed D) osteoporosis, because their ovaries were removed E) osteoporosis, because they were postmenopausal
D
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called A) diabetes. B) positive feedback. C) negative feedback. D) homeostasis. E) None of the above.
D
Using this assay, glucose concentration is _______. A) directly proportional to the volume of blood sampled B) inversely proportional to the volume of blood sampled C) inversely proportional to optical density D) directly proportional to optical density
D
What stimulates the secretion of anterior lobe hormones from the pituitary? A) The hepatic portal vessels carry releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. B) Anterior lobe hormones are controlled directly by humeral stimulation: As levels of these hormones decline in the blood, hormone secretion is stimulated. C) Hypothalamic neurons stimulate the release of stored hormones from their axon terminals located in the anterior lobe. D) Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced and secreted in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of anterior lobe hormones.
D
Which gland is the target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus? A) posterior pituitary gland B) parathyroid glands C) pineal gland D) anterior pituitary gland
D
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? A) phospholipase C B) protein kinase C C) adenylate cyclase D) phosphodiesterase
D
Which of the patients tested was(were) in the borderline range for insulin-mediated glucose uptake? A) patient 3 B) patient 2 C) patients 2 and 3 D) patients 2 and 4 E) patient 4
D
Which of the patients tested was(were) in the diabetic range? A) patients 3, 4, and 5 B) patients 3 and 4 C) patient 3 D) patients 3 and 5
D
Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency? A) patient 2 B) patient 3 C) patient 4 D) patient 1 E) patient 5
D
Which patients would be diagnosed with primary hypercortisolism? A) patients 4 and 5 B) patients 3 and 4 C) patients 3 and 5 D) patients 2 and 5
D
Which rat(s) was euthyroid without any injections? A) the hypophysectomized rat B) the thyroidectomized rat C) the normal rat and the hypophysectomized rat D) the normal rat
D
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? A) cAMP B) DAG C) tyrosine kinase D) IP3
D
Why did the TSH have NO effect on the BMR of the thyroidectomized rat? A) The metabolism of the rat is already too high. B) The rat is missing its pituitary gland. C) The metabolism of the rat is already too low. D) The rat is missing its thyroid gland.
D
Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary hypercortisolism? A) patient 2 B) patient 5 C) patient 4 D) patient 1 E) patient 3
E