Endocrine Ch. 10 EA&P

3 ways the endocrine system is stimulated

1: humoral(most simple): change in the composition of extracellular fluid. 2: Neural:Neuro transmitter at a neuroglandular junction 3:Hormonal: Changes in the levels of circulating hormone.

what 3 ways does the hypothalamus regulate the endocrine system?

1: secretes regulatory hormones that control the activity of endocrine cells. releases inhibiting on stimulating hormones. 2:Synthesizes ADH&oxytocin which are released into circulation by the pituitary gland. 3:Sympathetic innervation gets stimulated and hormones are relased

what re 3 ways the hormones become inactivated?

1: they diffuse out of blood and attach to their receptor sites. 2: they are absorbed and broken down by the liver or kidney 3:they are broken down by enzymes in the plasma or interstitial fluid

Posterior pituitary hormones

2 total. ADH Oxytocin

Anterior pituitary hormones

7 total

Pituitary gland(aka hypophesis) secretes how many hormones?

9 all of which are peptides or small proteins and non lipid soluble.

Thyroid hormones bound to nucleus receptors do what?

Activate specific genes, and ChaNGE the rate of mRNA production, increasing metabolic activity.

what do glucocorticoids GCs do?

Affect glucose metabolism(accelerate synthesis and formation). 3 most important are cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone. causes fatty acids to release into blood to break down fatty tissure for energy(glucose sparing effect) Also have anti inflammatory effects by surpressing white blood cells.Stimulated by ACTH

Each islet contains several types of cells what are the 2 most important?

Alpha cells: produce glucagon. raises blood glucose by increasing breakdown of glycogen(pg 349 chart theres a shitload more) Beta cells: produce insulin. lowers blood glucose by pushing it into the cells and a lot of others(pg349 chart) both regulate blood glucose levels

3 groups of hormones produced by the endocrine system

Amino acid derivatives Peptide hormones Lipid Derivatives.

The gonads in males produce which hormone?

Androgens, which promote sperm cell production, maintenece of ducts in the reproductive area and body fat placement and body hair.

Thyroid gland

Anterior to the trachea just inferior to the thyroid. made up of thyroid follicles, spheres covered in simple cuboidal epithelium containing colloid, a liquid full of proteins n thyroid hormines.

Hormones alter cellular operations how?

By changing the identities, activities, locations or quantity of important enzymes & structural proteins in various target cells.

How do thyroid hormones cross the membrane

By diffusion or carrier transport.

Where does hormone release occur?

Capillary beds

what are Peptide hormones

Chains of amino acids. short AA chains-(ADH, Oxytocin) to small proteins: Growth Hormone, prolactin. Largest class of hormones. all hormones secreted by hypothalamus, pituitary, heart kidneys, thymus digestive, pancreas.

Adrenal cortex produces what?

Corticosteroids, 2 dozen types.

2 types of secretions from adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine "E" and norepinephrine "NE" they are continuously released at a slow rate. sympathetic stimulation can speed it up

which secretion is 75-80% of the adrenal medullas secretions?

Epinephrine. receptors are located in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, adipocytes and liver cells.

Female gonads produce what?

Estrogen. through follicles stimulated by follicle stimulateing hormone FSH. also estrogen and progestins mainly prgesterone. after ovulation progesterone acclerates movement of the egg along the uterine wall.

2 types of gonadotropins

Follicle stimulating hormones FSH Luteinizing hormones LH

endocrine cells of the pancrease produce what?

Glucagon, and insulin

When bound to Mitochondrial sites what occurs?

Increased mitochondrial ATP production.

What does LH do?

Induces ovulation and promotes secretions by the ovaries (estrogen n progestin) males it is AKA interstitial cell stimulating hormone ICSH and produces androgens

Pancrease. where is it?

J shaped loop between the stomach and proximal portion of the small intestine

Cyclic AMP activates what?

Kinase enzymes. that form high energy phosphate groups, by bonding it to another molecule, this is called phosphorylation.

What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine?

Link between the nervous system and the endocrine. regulates activities in 3 ways.

The thymus is located where?

Mediastinum. it gradually loses size after puberty. produces thymosins

Where do thyroid hormones bind in the cytoplasm?

Mitochondrion or nucleus receptor

what type of feedback Controls endocrine organs

Negative.

Steroid hormones bind where?

Nucleus receptor sites, or sites in the cytoplasm

what do the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex produce?

Outer:mineralocorticoids MCs Middle: glucocortoids GCs Inner: androgens

Gonadotropins

Regulate activities of sex organs release is stimulated by GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

what are Amino acid derivatives

Relatively small molecules that are structually similar to amino acids; epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones,&melatonin

The heart contains endocrine cells where?

Right atrium they release ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

Which hormones cross the cell membrane before bonding to their receptor sites in the cytoplasm

Steroid and Thyroid.

what are the 2 types of Lipid derivatives

Steroid hormones:Lipids derived from cholesterol. released by reproductive organs and adrenal glands. non water soluble, bound to specific transport proteins in blood. Eicosanoids:Fatty acid based compounds derived from arachidonic acid. these include prostaglandins, coordinate local cellular activity and enzymatic processes in extracellular fluids and blood clotting.

Growth hormone AKA HGH AKA somatotropin

Stimulates cell growth and reproduction by accelerating protein synthesis. indirectly it is absorbed by the liver and somatadins are released, called insulin like growth factors IGFs. stimulates lipid burning for fuel to conserve glucose(glucose sparing effect) inhibited by GH inhibiting hormone GHIH

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH

Stimulates melanocytes in the skin to produce more malanin. only time pitiutary releases MSH is fetal development,very young children, pregnant woman, disease.

ACTH Andrenocorticopropic hormone

Stimulates release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex, targets glucocortoids which effect metabolism. relase is triggered by corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalmus

Oxytocin

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the wall of the uterus during labor and delivery,triggers the release of milk in the breasts. may help ejaculation in males by smooth muscle contractions

what is aldosterones function?

Stimulates the conservations of sodium ions and the elimination of pottassium ions by targeting cells that regulate ionic composition of excreted fluids. prevents loss of sodium in urine, enhances the taste of salty foods. responds to angiotensin II

Second messenger does what?

acts to change the cell as prescribed by the receiving of the first messenger hormone.

what makes cAMP?

aenylate cyclase modifying ATP and forming a ring shaped molecule called cAMP

Adrenal glands is where? and what are it's parts?

aka suprarenal gland. on top of the kidneys(superior) 2 parts outer: adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla.

TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

aka thyrotropin: targets thyroid and triggers release of thyroid hormones (t3, t4). released in response to TRH from hypothalamus. inhibited by circulating concentraions of thyroid hormones rising

define stress

any condition physical or mental that threatens homeostasis.

corpus

body

where are thyroid hormones produced

by the follicular epithelial cells and stored in the follicle cavites

How is cell sensitivity to a hormone determined?

by the number of receptor sites for that hormone.

Most important second messenger?

cAMP: Cyclic AMP

what do the kidneys release?

calcitriol stimulated by parathyroid hormone PTH and erythropoeitin EPO in repsonse to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues Rennin: released in response to decline in blood volume. starts the renin angiotensin system to form the hormone angiotensin II

exhaustion phase

conservation of sodium through aldosterone means loss of potassium.

what does pineal gland contain and secrete?

contains glial cells neurons and secretory cells that produce Melatonin. visual pathways stimulate the release of melatonin through vision.

The intestines

control release a bunch of their own hormones. yup

what do thymosins do?

development and maintenence of immunities.

Integrative effects?

different but complimentary results. calcitriol and parathyroid hormone both involve calcium metabolism.

how do steroid hormones cross cell membrane?

diffuse, rapidly!

Resistance phase

dominant hormones are glucocorticoids, conservation of glucose for brain and breakdown of protein and fat reserves for energy.

infundibulum

funnel

mellitum

honey

what is a first messenger hormone?

hormone that binds outside the cell. it does NOT directly affect the the target cell. and trigger the Second messenger in the cytoplasm

what is calcitonins function?

inhibit osteoclasts to lower blood calcium levels and to tell the kidneys to flush calcium. inhibited by low calcium levels in the blood. reduces bone mass loss in pregnant females.

3 functions of melatonin?

inhibition of reproductive functions. antioxidant activity circadian rhythm establishment

the pancrease endocrine cells form what physically?

islets of langerhans, or pancreatic islets.

Adipose tissue produces what 2 hormones?

leptin and resisitin.

Prolactin

mammary gland development in pre pubescent females. and milk production in adult females. inhibited by prolactin inhibiting hormone. duh.

andros

man

lac

milk

what is main effects of Epiniphrine in skeletal muscle?

mobilization of glucose reserves and break down of glucose to provide ATP

what effect do steroid hormones have inside the cell?

once bound at the receptor sites, they can increase or decrease the rate or mRNA transcription, thereby changing the structure, or function of the cell

Permissive effect?

one hormone requires another to produce its results. epinephrine has no effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present.

Non lipid soluble hormones bind where?

outside the on the cell membrane at the receptor proteins

time for the...Pineal Gland where is it located?

posterior portion of the third ventricle.

What do Chief cells do?

produce parathyroid hormone aka parathormone, and monitor calcium levels for low levels(opposite of C cells) located in the parathyroid glands

what does calcitriol do?

promotes the absorbtion of calcium and phosphate by the digestive tract.

what does ANP do?

promotes the loss of sodium ions and water at the kidneys to lower BP and volume.

erythros

red

Adrenal medulla is what color?

reddish brown because of the man blood vessels duh. it is activated by the ANS

what does leptin do?

reduces appetite. after eating

what does resistin do?

reduces insulin sensitivity.

what do C cells of the thyroid gland do?

release calcitonin when calcium is to high.

ADH does what?

released in response to to a rise in electrolytes or fall in blood volume. causes vasoconstriction and lowers water loss in piss

where is the hypophesis located?

sella turcica, surrounded by the hypophyseal portal system

What do androgens produced in adrenal cortex do?

some convert to estrogen. the rest is unknoooowwwwnnnn...

what does Parathyroid hormone do?

stimulates osteocalsts to release calcium. also stimulates kidny to make and secrete calcitriol.

what does FSH do?

stimulates secretions of estrogen in females, and sperm and Testosterone in males. inhibited by inhibin which is released by the sustentacular cells(testes/ovaries)

What does angiotensin II do?

stimulates the production of aldasterone by the adrenal cortex and ADH by the posterior pituitary gland. stimulates thirst.

the alarm phase, which part of the nervous system

sympathetic autonomic, however epinephrine is the main hormone,

insipidus

tasteless

What is the link between the 1st and 2nd messenger?

the G protein.

What do mineralocorticoids MCs affect?

the electrolyte composition of body fluids. Aldosterone is the main.

two hormones are synergistic, what does this mean?

the result of the 2 acting togeth is 1+1=3

two hormones have antagonistic properties, what does this mean?

they oppose each other. insulin/glucagon

what hormones do the follicular epithelium cells produce?

thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3

diabetes

to pass through

krinein

to secrete

diourein

to urinate

vocab. ad

toward

angeion

vessel