Endocrine System CH15

Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland? PRL TSH FSH ADH LH

ADH Oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids? Graves' disease Cushing's syndrome cretinism Addison's disease

Addison's disease

What is an embolus? a blood clot that has broken loose and is floating freely in the bloodstream a stroke a protein in the coagulation pathway an anticoagulant

a blood clot (thrombus) that has broken loose and is floating freely in the bloodstream

Autocrines are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body. True False

False

Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal donor? O B A AB

O (Type O blood is considered to be the universal donor.)

Which of the following scenarios could result in HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)? A+ female pregnant with a B- baby B- female pregnant with an AB+ baby O+ female pregnant with a B+ baby AB- female pregnant with an AB- baby

O+ female pregnant with a B+ baby (Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus. HDN is unlikely to develop in an Rh- female's first pregnancy with an Rh+ baby. Rather, it is in a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ baby that HDN can develop)

How do protein kinases affect enzymes? They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme. They break down the enzyme. They increase the secretion of an enzyme. They increase the release of an enzyme.

They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme. Protein kinases cause phosphorylation of the enzyme that either activates or inhibits it.

Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. True False

True

hormones they produce pinlea testes thymus heart placenta

melatonin testosterone thymosin atrial natriuretic peptide HCG (human chronic gonadotropin)

Control mechanisms humoral neural hormonal

monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them axons causing hormone release hormone release dependent upon other hormone levels

In a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy, the decision to utilize a CSF capable of specifically stimulating the production of only the granular leukocytes would require that the CSF acts exclusively on ______. lymphoid stem cells myeloid stem cells myeloblasts lymphoblasts

myeloblasts (Myeloblasts are the precursor cells that ultimately form basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.)

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system. nervous digestive reproductive circulatory

nervous The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the nervous system.

Which leukocyte functions in phagocytizing bacteria? lymphocyte basophil neutrophil eosinophil

neutrophil Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.

homeostatic imbalances with the hormone deficiency gigantism diabetes mellitus sympathetic nervous system overactivity graves diseas diabewtes insipidus

overproduction of GH insulin deficiency oversecretion of catecholamines hypersecretion of thyroid hormone hyposecretion of ADH

As blood levels of __________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth. oxytocin follicle-stimulating hormone gonadotropins prolactin

oxytocin

hormones with the organ that produces the glucagon TSH thryroxine renin ADH

pancreas anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) thyroid gland kidneys posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? neural endocrine autocrine paracrine

paracrine

The cells found within the parathyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone are called __________. follicle cells parafollicular cells parathyroid cells oxyphil cells

parathyroid cells

which would help restore homeostatic imbalance: lowered levels of Ca2+ in the blood too much Ca2+ in the blood elevated levels of blood sugar decreased levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) excessive loss of Na+ in extracellular fluids

parathyroid hormone calcitonin insulin glucagon aldosterone

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones? neural stimuli permissive stimuli humoral stimuli hormonal stimuli

permissive stimuli

Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone? antagonism assertiveness synergism permissiveness

permissiveness Permissiveness is when a hormone needs another to be fully effective.

Which of the following is correctly matched? aplastic anemia: results from excessive blood loss hemorrhagic anemia: red blood cells rupture pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency hemolytic anemia: results from inadequate iron intake

pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency

Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________. colloid endocytosis the Golgi apparatus peroxidase enzymes lysosomes in the cell

peroxidase enzymes

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone? elephantiasis gigantism pituitary dwarfism acromegaly

pituitary dwarfism

indicate appropriate gland that would produce the hormone needed the end of a nine month pregnancy loss of Na+ from profuse sweating high blood sugar due to eating too many sweets drop in blood levels of Ca2+ due to extreme inactivity delayed or stunted growth

posterior pituitary adrenal cortex pancreas parathyroid gland anterior pituitary

Hormones and function: gonadotropins glucocorticoids androgens mineralocorticoids

regulate functions of gonads in both sexes increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids during stress produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels

hormones with the site of their release and their function TSH FSH LH oxytocin ADH

released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to reabsorb/conserve water

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________. posterior pituitary hormones catecholamines pituitary gland hormones steroid hormones pancreatic hormones

steroid hormones A steroid hormone complex controls the formation of new messenger RNA.

hormones with their functions prolactin oxytocin thyroxine calcitonin parathyroid hormone

stimulated milk production stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands increases metabolic rate may inhibit osteoclast activity raises blood Ca2+ levels

ive hormones with their functions. FSH GH ACTH TSH ADH

stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth stimulates the adrenal cortex stimulates T3 and T4 production stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine

hormones with their functions thyroid-stimulating harmone growth hormone oxytocin adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates the production of thyroxine causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones affects functions of the ovaries and testes

Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________. suppression of cancer acromegally in adults diabetes giantism in children

suppression of cancer Excess growth hormone is actually thought to promote cancer.

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________. the myocardium skeletal muscle adipose tissue the brain

the brain

Hormone and function: antidiuretic hormone growth hormone insulin aldosterine epinephrine

causes kidneys to conserve water stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis facilitates glucose transport into cells increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys increases cell reactions during sympathetic response

Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________. the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones cells other than those that secrete it the cells that secrete it distant target organs

cells other than those that secrete it

Which of the following hormones does the skin produce? melatonin renin erythropoietin cholecalciferol

cholecalciferol

Steroids are synthesized from __________. peptides proteins amino acids cholesterol

cholesterol

Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________. after neurosurgery damage to the pineal gland after general anesthesia ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer

damage to the pineal gland

Athletes who choose to use industry-produced EPO as a performance-enhancing drug to increase the effects of their naturally-produced EPO, will experience ______. decreased production of EPO by their kidneys decreased erythropoiesis decreased reticulocyte counts None of the listed responses is correct.

decreased production of EPO by their kidneys (EPO (erythropoietin) is a powerful hormone secreted by the kidney. Its synthesis is activated by renal tissue hypoxia and inhibited by normal tissue oxygenation.)

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by __________. insulin deficiency deficiency of thymosin deficiency of thyroxin excess of synthetic growth hormone

deficiency of thyroxin

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of __________. estrogen aldosterone insulin thyroid hormone epinephrine

epinephrine The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.-

The anterior pituitary is known as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the hypothalamus. True False

false

Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production? thyroid-stimulating hormone growth hormone prolactin follicle-stimulating hormone

follicle-stimulating hormone

The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________. glucose-containing hormones protein-based hormones steroid hormones cholesterol-containing hormones amino acid-based hormones

glucose-containing hormones The chemical classification of hormones is either amino acid-based hormones (protein-based) or steroids (cholesterol-containing).

Hormones in what category: FSH AND LH cortisol androgens aldosterone

gonadotropins glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids mineralocorticoids

Which of the following stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide? pro-opiomelanocortin tropins growth hormone melanocyte-stimulating hormone

growth hormone

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________. half-life molecule activation time chain of amino acids

half-life Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest half-life.

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role? normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation maintaining blood pressure helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload regulating tissue growth and development

helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________. ACTH thyroxin growth hormone insulin

CTH POMC is a prohormone for ACTH

The "hormone response element" is located on the cell __________. membrane DNA enzymes RNA

DNA The "hormone response element" is located on the cell DNA and represents the site for a hormone to bind to.

Choose the compatible transfusion. Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood. Donate type A blood to a recipient with type B blood. Donate type O blood to a recipient with type AB blood. Donate type AB blood to a recipient with type B blood.

Donate type O blood to a recipient with type AB blood. (Type O is the universal donor since these RBCs would lack A and B agglutinogens. People with type O blood can give blood to all the ABO blood groups.)

Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways? One is faster than the other. One leads to the production of prothrombin activator and the other does not. One is triggered by tissue damage while the other cannot be triggered by tissue damage. One involves calcium ions while the other does not.

One is faster than the other. (The extrinsic pathway is faster than the intrinsic pathway.)

In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator? PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism cGMP cAMP DAG

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by __________. TH FSH ADH TSH ACTH

TH Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an increase in glucose metabolism.

five endocrine glands with their secretions adenohypophysis neurohypophysis thyroid gland adrenal gland pineal gland

TSH ADH calcitonin aldosterone melatonin

Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system? As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is inhibited. As hormone levels rise, hormone release is promoted. As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is promoted. Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.

Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.

esistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________. hypothalamus adipose tissue liver heart

adipose tissue

Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to osmotic pressure? fibrinogen beta globulins albumin alpha globulins

albumin (Albumin, produced by the liver, makes up 60% of plasma proteins and is the main contributor to osmotic pressure.)

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________. an increase in ADH an increase in the parathyroid hormone an increase in calcitonin an increase in the growth hormone in an adult

an increase in the parathyroid hormone

cell regions with the principal hormone produced zona reticularis zona glomerulosa zona fasciculate beta cells alpha cells

androgens mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids insulin glucagon

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called __________. organism antagonism synergism permissiveness

antagonism

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) adrenal glands parathyroid glands ovaries thyroid gland

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) It is through the hypophyseal portal system that releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in the ventral hypothalamus circulate to the adenohypophysis, where they regulate secretion of its hormones.

During erythroblastosis fetalis, a Rh- mother's anti-Rh antibodies that have crossed the placenta will cause agglutination of the fetus's Rh+ RBCs. However, the reverse problem never happens when a Rh+ mother is pregnant with a Rh- fetus, that is, antibodies produced by the fetus cannot cause agglutination of the mother's Rh+ RBCs. This is true because ______. agglutinins are physically too large to pass across the placenta fetal antibodies are immature and non-functional antibodies that can cause this agglutination are not produced by a fetus the placenta is a barrier that prevents the passage of all antigens

antibodies that can cause this agglutination are not produced by a fetus (The (+) in Rh+means that the red blood cells of the fetus have this agglutinin (antigen) on their surface. Therefore, they don't produce antibodies to that surface protein. If the fetus made these antibodies agglutination would occur in their own (fetal) blood.)

glands with hormones it produces or releases: posterior pituitary anterior pituitary pancreas adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

antidiuretic hormone growth hormone insulin aldosterone epinephrine

hormones with their functions melatonin testosterone thymosin atrial natruiretic HCG

associated with drowsiness at night associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production essential for normal immune response reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys helps to sustain pregnancy

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex activating G proteins activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell using calcium ions as a second messenger

binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA-hormone complex before they change cellular function.

hormones with their functions leptin cholecalciferol erythropoietin cholecystokkinin gastrin

binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control activated by the kidneys to vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells stimulates the production of red blood cells stimulates the release of bile stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid

The stimulus for producing insulin is __________. low blood amino acid concentration low glycogen concentration low blood fatty acid concentration high blood glucose concentration low blood glucose concentration

high blood glucose concentration Excess glucose levels in the blood stimulate beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin.

hormones with the condition that would be balanced by that hormone insulin ADH aldosterone thyroxine parathyroidharmone

high levels of blood sugar dehydration and low blood loss of Na+ from extracellular fluid decrease in body metabolism decrease in blood Ca^2+ levels

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? distribution regulation protection hormone production

hormone production (The blood does not produce hormones.)

Endocrinology involves the study of the endocrine organs and __________. hormones paracrines neurotransmitters autocrines

hormones

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of __________. hypothalamic stimuli neural stimuli pituitary gland stimuli hormonal stimuli humoral stimuli

humoral stimuli The declining levels of calcium ions in the blood control secretion of PTH, which is a humoral stimulus.

Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production? a drop in normal blood oxygen levels erythropoietin hyperventilating testosterone

hyperventilating (Hyperventilating leads to an above-normal level of oxygen in the blood, which would not stimulate RBC production.)

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death? hypoparathyroidism hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism hyperparathyroidism

hypoparathyroidism

Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? hypothalamus pancreas adrenal cortex pituitary

hypothalamus The hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

HORMONES WITH FUNCTION: glucagon TSH thyroxine erythropoietin ADH

increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine increases the metabolic rate increases red blood cell production increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? sulfur iron zinc iodine copper

iodine The production of functional thyroid hormone requires iodine.

Any given hormone will influence the activity of __________. its effector cells all tissue cells its second-messenger cells its target cells

its target cells

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine gland? pituitary adrenal kidney thyroid

kidney

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function? pituitary thymus kidneys pancreas

kidneys Kidney cells produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin, but their primary function is excretion of body waste.

tissues with the hormones they produce adipose tissue skin kidney duodenum of small intestine stomach

leptin cholecalciferol erythropoietin cholecystokinin gastrin

Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they __________. are lipid in nature don't have target organs mediate inflammatory reactions they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones

they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they act locally, rather than on distal organs as do true hormones.

hormones with the gland (or organ) that produces them calcitonin parathyroid hormone adrenocorticotropic glucocorticoids epinephrine

thyroid gland parathyroid glands pituitary gland adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________. formation of cAMP direct activation of second-messenger agents in the cell transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event direct activation of enzymes in the cell

transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event The binding of a hormone to its receptor would lead to the transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event.

In a centrifuged sample of blood, what makes up the buffy coat? white blood cells and platelets plasma red blood cells platelets only

white blood cells and platelets (The buffy coat (the creamy white zone between the yellowish plasma and the red erythrocytes) consists of white blood cells and platelets. It constitutes less than 1% of whole blood.)