Endocrine system EXAM

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except

ACTH levels

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?

ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

ADH and OXT

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH and oxytocin

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Addison's disease

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

All of the answers are correct, -increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation -increased body temperature -increased heart rate -increased oxygen consumption

The hypophyseal portal system

All of the answers are correct. -carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. -carries ADH and oxytocin. -has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins

All of the following are targets for insulin except

blood cells

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

calcitonin

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

calmodulin

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes.

calmodulin

The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.

cardiovascular

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

cortex

A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is

cortisol

Cortisol released from the zona fasciculata is converted by the liver to

cortisone

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

cyclic AMP

Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except

decrease levels of calcium ions

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

All target cells

have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals

Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin?

heart

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues

hormones

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except

hypoglycemia

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

hypothalamus.

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by all of the following except

increase sweat gland secretions

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would not lead to which of the following?

increased release of natriuretic peptide

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except

increased urine production

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except

is responsive to osmoreceptors

during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),

lipid reserves are mobilized

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),

lipid reserves are mobilized.

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus

median eminence

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

median eminence

Pinealocytes produce

melatonin

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of energy reserves

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

neurohypophysis

The Pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP cells) of the pancreatic islets produce

pancreatic polypeptide

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called

permissive

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

Exposure to light stimulates production

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

adenohypophysis

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

amino acid derivatives

An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except

an increase ATP production

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

angiotensin I.

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except

apoptosis

Thyroid hormone contains the element

Iodine

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Proper growth does not require which of the following hormones?

MSH

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

MSH

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except

OXT

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?

OXT

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

PTH

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

decreased heart rate and force of contraction

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

digestive enzymes

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems

endocrine; nervous

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

epinephrine

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH

estrogen

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

function independently of the endocrine system

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

gene transcription is initiated.

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocorticoids

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

All of the following are true regarding the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), except that they

release their products directly into the intestines.

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

resistance

The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds called general adaptation syndrome has all the following phases except

restorative

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

several

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

somatomedins.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

steroid hormones

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists

The testes produce

testosterone

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland