Endocrine System TopHat Questions
The receptors to which thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) binds are located on: A) Endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary B) Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland C) Follicular cells of the thyroid gland D) Neurons in the Supraoptic Nucleus hypothalamus
C) Follicular cells of the thyroid gland
Endocrine glands ________ A) Secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs B) Release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft C) Secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream D) Include sebaceous glands and sweat glands
C) Secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
Which hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
Place the events of growth hormone production in order from start to finish. - Exercise effects are registered in the thalamus. - Secretion of growth hormone (GH) - Anterior pituitary activated - Growth occurs - Secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). - Hypothalamus activated.
1) Exercise effects are registered in the thalamus 2) Hypothalamus activated 3) Secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) 4) Anterior pituitary activated 5) Secretion of growth hormone (GH) 6) Growth occurs
Place the steps of a GPCR in the correct order. - Activation of enzymes - Production of a second messenger - Activation of a G-protein - Hormone binds to a receptor - G-protein binds to an intramembranous enzyme
1) Hormone binds to a receptor 2) Activation of a G-protein 3) G-protein binds to an intramembranous enzyme 4) Production of a second messenger 5) Activation of enzymes
__________ hormones use second messenger systems to achieve their metabolic goal. (Choose all that apply) A) Hydrophilic B) Hydrophobic C) Lipophilic D) Lipophobic
A) Hydrophilic D) Lipophobic
Which type of hormone would diffuse directly into the cell to impact the DNA? A) Hydrophobic B) Lipophobic
A) Hydrophobic
Which of the following will lead to feedback inhibition of hypothalamic production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)? *Multiple answers accepted A) Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) Increased levels of Thyroxine (T4) C) A fall in blood arginine levels D) A rise in blood sugar
A) Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) Increased levels of Thyroxine (T4)
Which of the following is NOT a property of hormones? A) Released in very high quantities B) Move through diffusion or in the plasma C) Released in response to changes in homeostasis D) Bind to receptors on target cells
A) Released in very high quantities
Select all of the following that are considered 2nd messengers. A) cAMP B) Adenylate cyclase C) Protein kinase D) Diacyclyerol (DAG) E) Inositol triphoasphate (IP3)
A) cAMP D) Diacyglyerol (DAG) E) Inositol triphoasophate (IP3)
Increased glucagon secretion would result in a/an __________ of blood glucose caused by the breakdown of ____________. A) increase; glycogen B) decrease; insulin C) increase; insulin D) decrease; glycogen
A) increase; glycogen
Increase levels of PTH would increase the activity of ___________ and would _________ blood calcium levels. A) osteoclasts; increase B) osteoblasts; increase C) osteoclasts; decrease D) osteoblasts; decrease
A) osteoclasts; increase
Which of the following is/are more specific functions of the endocrine system? (Select all that apply) A) Growth B) Sexual maturation C) Increasing metabolism
ABC - All answers are correct
Hormone target cells _________. Select all that apply. A) are found throughout the body B) Express a receptor for that hormone C) Convert the information carried in the hormone structure into a cellular signal D) Play key roles in the regulation of physiological processes
ABCD (All of the Above)
A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? A) The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor B) Adenylate cyclase will not be activated C) Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced. D) The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.
B) Adenylate cyclase will not be activated.
Which of the following statements best describes the similarities between peptide and steroid hormones? A) Steroid hormones are more potent than peptide hormones. B) Peptides and steroids travel through the blood to target tissues C) The steroid and peptide receptor is directly associated with DNA. D) Steroids cause the formation of second messengers peptides do not. E) Peptide hormones bind to an intracellular receptor, steroids to an extra-cellular receptor.
B) Peptides and steroids travel through the blood to target tissues.
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by _____________. A) TSH from the hypothalamus B) TSH from the anterior pituitary C) thyroxine from the anterior pituitary D) thyroglobulin from the thyroid's parafollicular cells
B) TSH from the anterior pituitary
Which of the following would require a second messenger system to generate an effect? A) Lipid-soluble hormones B) Water-soluble hormones C) Lipophilic hormones D) Lipophobic hormones E) Hydrophilic hormones F) Hydrophobic hormones
B) Water-soluble hormones D) Lipophobic hormones E) Hydrophilic hormones
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrocyte balance? A) adrenocortioctropic hormone (ACTH) B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) lutenizing hormone (LH) D) all of the above
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following is a function of oxytocin? A) inhibits prolactin B) stimulates uterine contraction during pregnancy C) regulates body temperature C) None of the above
B) stimulates uterine contraction during pregnancy
How many hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 6
C) 2
Which of the following hormones is released from the thyroid gland and decreases blood Ca++ levels? A) Growth hormone B) Thyroxine C) Calcitonin D) Parathyroid hormone
C) Calcitonin
Which of the following would best describe how water soluble hormones travel in the blood. A) Water soluble hormones are transported in the blood while bound to transport proteins. B) Water soluble hormones travel while bound to cellular receptors. C) Water soluble hormones travel freely in the blood and do not require a transport protein.
C) Water soluble hormones travel freely in the blood and do not require a transport protein.
A hypothalamic tumor that resulted in an over secretion of GnRH would lead to elevated blood levels of _________. A) oxytocin B) thyroid hormone C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/ luteinizing hormone (LH) D) aldosterone E) corticosterone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/ luteinizing hormone (LH)
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ? A) thyroid B) liver C) kidneys D) hypothalamus
C) kidneys
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) oxytocin C) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) D) cortisol
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Which hormone does the kidney secrete?
Calcitriol
Which of the following descriptors would convince someone that a compound is likely a hormone? A) It is produced within a gland B) It is produced by neurons C) It binds to a protein on the surface of a cell D) It is released into the blood in response to a change in physiological parameter E) It is a peptide
D) It is released into the blood in response to a change in physiological parameter
What endocrine organ is considered the "master" endocrine organ? A) Hypothalamus B) Thyroid C) Adrenal D) Pituitary
D) Pituitary
Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? A) It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. B) The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. C) It secretes three hormones. D) all of the above
D) all of the above
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ____________. A) urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys B) a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines C) the activity of osteoblasts D) the activity of osteoclasts
D) the activity of osteoclasts
What would be the effect of a parathyroid tumor that over-secretes PTH? A) inability to tolerate heat B) increase in arterial blood pressure C) low metabolic rate D) sterility E) calcification of soft tissues
E) calcification of soft tissues
True or False: Water-soluble hormones are hydrophobic/lipophilic
False
Which hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxine
Which hormone does the adrenal gland secrete?
epinephrine
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that can control other hormones by inhibiting or releasing them
You look at a slide of tissue from the small intestines. You notice that the small intestines have small projections called villi that increase surface area and each villi has a network of blood vessels (capillary) within it. You surmise that his is likely an area of nutrient absorption because increased surface area and blood supply will help increase the amount of nutrient absorbed. This is an example of:
structure informing function
If lipophobic/hydrophillic hormones cannot diffuse into the target cell, they must utilize ________. A) Transport proteins B) G-protein coupled receptors C) Cell adhesion molecules D) The glycocalyx
B) G-protein coupled receptors
If steroids are derived from cholesterol (lipid), does which of the following would describe steroid hormones? *Multiple answers are accepted for this question A) Hydrophilic B) Hydrophobic C) Lipophilic D) Lipophobic
B) Hydrophobic C) Lipophilic
Sort the following levels of organization from most complex to least complex. - Cellular - Organism - Organ System - Organ - Chemical - Tissue
1) Organism 2) Organ System 3) Organ 4) Tissue 5) Cellular 6) Chemical
You show up to 1224 lab for the start of the spring session. You quickly realize that the temperature control is broken and the labs are incredibly hot. As you core body temperature rises you begin to sweat. The sweat is an attempt to bring your body temperature back to "normal." This is an example of what? A) Anatomy B) A negative feedback loop C) A positive feedback loop D) A retrograde feedback loop E) An antrograde feedback loop
B) A negative feedback loop
In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes _________. A) Increased tolerance for cold B) Decreased basal metabolic rate C) Decreased body fat D) Osteoporosis
B) Decreased basal metabolic rate
How would you define homeostasis?
A bodies ability to detect fluctuations and respond to them to maintain a stable internal environment
How many hormones are generated/produced by the posterior pituitary? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 6
A) 0
Steroid hormones: A) Are based on cholesterol B) Are based on tyrosine C) Are water-soluble D) Require G-protein couple receptors to exert their effects on target cells
A) Are cholesterol based
The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the anterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ___________. A) Blood vessels B) Nerve axons C) Cartilage D) Bone
A) Blood vessels
The adrenal cortex secretes ______________. A) Glucocorticoids B) Mineralcorticoids C) Androgen precursors D) Epinephrine E) Norepinephrine
A) Glucocorticoids B) Mineralcorticoids C) Androgen precursors
Which of the following is NOT a gland found in the endocrine system? A) Heart B) Pancreas C) Adrenal gland D) Pituitary gland E) All answers are correct
A) Heart
Which type of hormone cannot diffuse into the target cell? A) Hydrophilic B) Lipophilic
A) Hydrophilic
Which of the following statements about insulin is true? A) Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane. B) Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by storing glycogen in muscle and liver. C) Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. D) Insulin stimulates the kidneys to absorb glucose into the bloodstream.
B) Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by storing glycogen in muscle and liver.
What is the primary function of the endocrine system? A) Regulate body pH B) Maintain homeostasis C) Control body temperature D) Regulate muscle contraction
B) Maintain homeostasis
Calcitonin would decrease blood calcium levels by doing which of the following? A) Stores Ca++ as glycogen B) Mineralizing bone C) Resorbing bone
B) Mineralizing bone
The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of___________. A) Blood vessels B) Nerve axons C) Cartilage D) Bone
B) Nerve axons
In a second messenger system, after a hormone binds to a receptor, which of the following would occur next? A) Hormone's desired metabolic affect: B) Activation of phosolipase C) Activation of an enzyme D) Activation of a G protein
D) Activation of a G protein
What compound is a chemical messenger released by a gland in the endocrine system?
Hormone
What does the term specificity mean with regards to hormones?
Hormones bind and affect tissues that have the receptor which fits that hormone.
