Energy Systems final

efficiency, heat rate, capacity

. ________ = output/input . ____ _____: Another way of expressing efficiency, typically used by electricity producers, is by the heat rate. y BTU/kWh - the amount of energy in BTUs (input) that the power plant uses to produce 1 kWh (output). • Notice that this is the inverse of conventional efficiency and that it is in different units for the numerator and denominator! A coal power plant with a heat rate of 10,500 BTU/kwh requires 10,500 BTU of coal to produce 1 kWh of electricity. • If a natural gas power plant has a heat rate of 7,500 BTU/kWh is it more or less efficient than the coal plant? • ______ factor: The capacity factor accounts for an electric plant's downtime. • for conventional fuels, this is largely under management control and generally high (80%) • for renewable fuels (wind/solar), this number is affected by intermittency (25-40%)

ok

19% energy is nuclear in US . 60 commercially operating . Last about 38-40 years . Licences allow 40 years and then renewal after 20 years. Most operating facilities will be more than 60 years old by 2050. . Largest power plants in the US are nuclear. operate at max capacity 24/7 & provide baseloaod. Outtages just for maintenance. ok

solid

After filling, landfills are monitored for 30 years after being capped. bc landfill gas and leachate are still collected and groundwater quality is still monitored after capping. . About 11.7% of municipal _____ waste (before recycling) in the US is combusted for power generation. . Over 85% of municipal solid waste by weight can be combusted for electricity. . Biogas from animal waste is also an option (caps on manure lagoons) RE-Powering America's Land: EPA encourages putting renewable energy facilities in brownfields: a property on which a hazardous substance, contaminant, or pollutant may be present that would make it difficult to expand, reuse, or redevelop the site. • There are over 450,000 brownfields in the United States.

BEV

Battery Electric Vehicle: has no engine and doesnt use gasoline. Relies on electric motor + battery energy . Electric vehicles convert about 59%-62% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels—conventional gasoline vehicles only convert about 17%-21% of the energy stored in gasoline to power at the wheels . Driving range is limited by the energy stored in the battery. . Battery range is affected by temperature and speed, among other factors.

higher, lower, vaporization, density

Biomass: . ______ heating value (HHV): the gross amount of heat energy released when biomass is combusted at standard atmospheric conditions and 60% relative humidity . ______ heating value (LHV): the net amount of heat released when biomass is combusted at standard atmospheric conditions and 60% relative humidity • The difference between HHV and LHV is the latent heat of vap______on . Ash and alkali content vary . Bulik density varies too. equal weights can have more density . Knowing the LHV and the bulk _____ of your biomass fuel allows you to determine its energy density

Anthracite, Bituminous, Subbituminous, Lignite

Black Coal: an_____: 86-97% carbon content & highest heat value. Very little is mined in the US. Least smog generated. Used in metals industry. bi______: 45-86% carbon. Most mined coal. Electricity generation mostly, sb_____: low carbon content & heating value. 44% mined in US. lig______: lowest carbon content (25-35%) & heating value. High moisture content, less heat/pressure/time. Used for electricity generation or syngas.

ok

Carbon Capture and Sequestration . Can capture up to 90% of carbon dioxide emissions • Capture technologies • (1) pre-combustion capture (gasification w/ CO2 stripper) • (2) post-combustion capture (solvent absorption) • (3) oxyfuel combustion (combustion in oxygen diluted with flue gas) • Transportation options - pipeline or ship • Storage - often in depleted oil or gas fields, deep aquifers • usually several kilometers below earth's surface • Carbon dioxide can also be used for commercial purposes (e.g., drink carbonation, enhanced oil recovery) ok

ok

Carnot Efficiency: → 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇1−𝑇2/ 𝑇1 t1= heat source, boiler temp (K) t2= condenser temp (K) Carnot efficiency for a fossil fuel electric plant = 65-80% • Actual efficiency = 35-40% ok

Depth

Coal Mining: coal beds can be close to the surface or bellow the ground. Coal Seam: may occur when coal seams are too close to the surface . Hard to extinguish and emit lots of CO2, etc. ______ of seam is a contributing factor in determining whether deep or surface mining is used - Underground is more mechanized now bc safety. conventional, continuous, longwall etc. Conventional mining used a room and pillar where pillars of coal were left in place to prevent cave-in. New mechanized methods don't require leaving pillars behind + improve extraction efficiency. - Surface: any material above the coal seam is remove and overburden is place somewhere while the mine is in operation. Mostly there is no replanting/remediation though.

ok

Coal combustion • heat → high pressure steam → mechanical energy to turn shaft → turns generator (mechanical energy to electrical energy) • steam is collected and cooled in a condenser to be reused ok

Conventional, organic

Conventional vs. Organic Farming . ____ farming relies on chemical fertilizers and pesticides/herbicides to promote crop growth and reduce losses.can include genetically engineered crops .____: no synthetic fertilizers, GMOs, antibiotics (livestock), synthetic growth hormones (livestock), or artificial preservatives (processed food). can use approved pesticides + fertilizers. synthetic substances allowed if no organic alternative. Conventional fertilizers: 40% of the agricultural process energy is from fertilizer and pesticide production. Help feed increasing pop, higher crop yields, greater profits. . Alternative fertilizers from waste products could help lower energy consumed for food production . Agriculture is the largest water user among sectors

ok

Crude oil transportation: pipelines, rail, • tankers, trucks, barges . More US oil due to new tech . Oil fields in landlocked states, refineries in coastal areas Coal: Majority from US. Transported by train and 13% by barge. 91% goes to power plants. Natural gas: inside US. Renewables: most sources used to generate electricity and can then be transported & stored (not as easily as a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel) Hydropower: most generated in washington. NY has highest east coast #. Most damns do not generate electricity in US. Just anti-flooding. ok

DSM

Demand Side Management : supply + demand of electricity has to stay balanced . rather than adding more generation, utilities can try modifying energy consumption patterns (shift to off-peak hours, improve energy efficiency) . used instead of expanding power plant, energy sources can cost more and be less availible, stress transmission systems less Use: financial incentives & consumer education, advanced metering systems etc.

depleted

Depleted uranium: radioactive by-product from the industrial process used to enrich uranium Forms of Uranium in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle . Uranium concentrate must be converted to uranium hexafluoride, then uranium hexafluoride must be enriched. Finally, enriched uranium is fabricated into nuclear fuel. These steps often occur at different plants and facilities. . Uranium concentrate (U3O8 ), also called yellowcake . Uranium hexafluoride (UF6 ), gas phase . Enriched uranium -------------------------------- . Enriched uranium for nuclear power contains 3.5-5% uranium-235. • The uranium that is primarily 238U after enrichment through centrifugation or diffusion is known as "___ uranium" or "tails." • The depleted uranium hexafluoride is also denoted as DUF6 . • These tails are typically stored in cylinders prior to converting them to uranium oxides, which are more stable for subsequent disposal as low-level radioactive waste in the United States. ok know centrifuge/diffusion u enrighment

Transformers, transmission, distribution

Electricity delivery: tr___ (like the movie) change electricity exiting a power plant from low voltage to high voltage. + efficient ϟ is carried by ____ lines to substation with transformers to step down voltage again. ____ lines carry electricity to users

Procedural, distributive, integrational, corrective

Energy Justice Terms: . ________ justice: Who gets to make decisions and by what process are those decisions made? . involuntary resettlement (hydro, tar sands, coal) ________ justice: Do people have access to the energy services? What is the "right" way to distribute them? . fuel poverty, electricity access ______ justice: What responsibility does the current generation have to future generations? (think integrity) . nuclear waste _____ justice: When one group has harmed another, how do they compensate their victims? (think correcting) . high-income vs. low-income countries and climate change

mechanical, load-shifting

Energy Storage for Renewable Energy: Intermittent energy can be converted to other forms & stored as ___, electrical, thermal & chemical systems of energy storage _____-______: sotring energy during low electricity demand so that it can be used during peak times.

fossil fuels, energy security

Energy sources have changed but __ __ continue to dominate the mix. (Petroleum, natural gas, coal) Electricity: 65% generation losses, 5% transmission & generation (greater distance = higher losses) Supply side challenges: waste energy Demand side challenges: population (US 5% of world pop consumes 20% of world ϟ), behaviour, convenience & reliability __ __: resilient access to an ample supply of affordable energy products to meet the demand.

ok

Env impacts of fuel extraction: . LUC, lost ecosystems, water, air pollution (leaks + equipment), noise/light pollution . Oil spills: range from small-scale to catastrophic . Fossil fuel comustion = particulate matter emissions (CO, NOX, SOX, O3, PM, Pb) Two approaches to regulation: 1. ambient air quality standards with state-level implementation plans 2. maximum legal emissions and guidelines for pollution control for stationary sources (including power plants, refineries, etc.) ok

ok

Food is transported lots of miles. However, GHG emissions in lifecycle are way more impacting. Home refrigeration of food accounts for 13% of all energy consumed by the food system. Meat production has direct (ventilation, lighting, waste management) energy and indirect energy (energy to produce + transport food for animals). The type of protein source, its production methods + transport distance can affect the climate change impact of your meal

marine, reservoir, caprock

For petroleum to occur there needs to have been a source of ________ deposits within the source rocks. . The rocks must have allowed for lateral movement through a permeable pathway to layers of porous rock (________ rock). The reservoir rock must have had an overlying layer (stratum) of impermeable rock or ______. The presence of a trap must have prevented the migration of petroleum away from a location in the porous rock. **We talk of petroleum reservoirs, but petroleum is not found as an underground "lake." • Rather, petroleum is found concentrated in the pores of rock underground. • think of an oil-soaked bric

ok

Future of Coal: • Some plants have gone bankrupt. Current administration tried to subsidize nuclear and coal plants last year, but energy regulators shot down those efforts. • Coal will continue to be part of our energy mix into the (near) future - still a large proportion of electricity generation and source of reliable baseload power, plus a domestic source of energy ok

ok

Grid Modernization and Smart Grids goals: • more resilient grid (fewer and shorter outages) • information accessibility for customers • better security • reduced peak loads (better efficiency) • renewable integration and distributed generation • two-way communication systems - allow utilities to pinpoint issues and quickly adapt to distributed generation • no one definition of "smart grid", more of a conceptual idea ok

declining

Humans use resources that have high quality and low cost first, then move on to using resources of low quality and high cost. • As we are using our traditional energy resources, their average EROI is __________

EREV, PEV, Regenerative

Hybrid electric vehicles ____: extended range electric vehicle. Type of PHEV. EREVs operate as BEVs for short distances with a charged battery and operate using gasoline when the battery is drained. ___: plug-in electric vehicle; refers to BEVs and PHEVs (vehicles that plug in to charge with electricity) ___ braking: the electric motor is used to convert some of the kinetic energy during braking back into electrical energy, recharging the battery HEV: hybrid electric vehicle • PHEV: plug-in hybrid electric vehicle BEV: battery electric vehicle

Erasure

Injustices: _____ of communities of color by using census tracts rather than finer scale info Transitioning to renewables literally saves lives ( bc asthma + respiratory illnesses) Radiation exposure among NA communities (Yucca Mountain & Shoshone community) Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable communities First Land ppl in Canada dont want tar sands oil extraction, Keystone XL, DAPL, Big mountain reserve ok

ICE, octane

Internal combustion engine (____): fuel is co,busted in the engine- turns into mechanical work . The internal combustion engine as originally developed could run on either gasoline or ethanol/alcohol (higher production and delivery costs for fuel alcohol than gasoline) ___: measure of how much a fuel can be compressed before it ignites from the heat of compression. Now, octanes are 87-93 due to additives (mostly ethanol). Lead was bad so it got relaced.

air, flywheels, fuel, LI

Mechanical energy storage: compressed ____ energy storage, pumped hydro, ________ (flying & wheels) Chemical: fuel cells (reactants are consumed & have to be replenished i.e hydrogen ___ cells), batteries (-,+ redox reactions for e- flow) . Most efficient batteries is NiMH & mostest is ___-ion

microgrid, islanding

Microgrids and Islanding . ___: a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid; can connect or disconnect from the grid . ___: when the microgrid disconnects from the main grid, allowing power to remain on even when the grid is down (e.g., due to storm-related outages)

largest, Landfill, electricity

Municipal Solid Waste . Organic materials = _______ amount of solid waste. Broken down biologically in a landfill. Gas = anaerobic bacteria. _______ gas: 50% methane and carbon dioxide each. By law gas is collected to not release methane into air. Flared to release CO2 instead of CH4. . Or gas can be pretreated and used for heat/________ on/off site. . avg person 4.40 pounds of solid waste per day, of which 1.51 pounds/day is recycled or composted. Rest = landfill

ok

Natural gas can leak • From pipes for distribution to residential and commercial users • At the well site • From transporting natural gas from the well site • From wells that are no longer in use 33% of our electricity comes from natural gas • Residential and commercial peaks in winter for space heating needs • Electric power peak in summer when electricity demand is highest • Less seasonal variability for industrial consumption of natural gas

Tilling

No-Till or Low-Till Farming: Soil and Water __ can break down the soil particles, which means less pore space availible for air + water in the soil. Tillage also exposes soil organic carbon to oxidation. Reduces soil quality & increasing emissions.

Primary, Secondary, Enhanced

Oil Production 1. _____ recovery : Driven by the initial pressure of the reservoir, crude oil is pushed to the surface and routed through pipes into storage tanks 2. ______ recovery: After the reservoir pressure falls, the crude oil is pumped up or the well is injected with gas or water to raise the pressure • A pumpjack (shown right) is used to pump the crude oil up • Long, slow, sometimes energy-intensive process • 15-40% of oil recovered from a well enh______ Oil Recovery (Tertiary): Steam, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen is injected into a reservoir to obtain more of the crude oil that is still underground after primary and secondary recovery • Can be energy-intensive and the oil is usually dense and viscous

hydrofracking

Oil Production Horizontal Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing (------, fracking) . creates fractures in the rock formation to release oil and gas that was too tightly held to be pumped out by conventional methods . e.g., "tight oil" from shale formations

Sweet, Heavy

Oil types: ______ vs Sour: sweet: <0.5% sulfur // sour: >0.5% sulfur (needs to be processed to remove impurities if it's going to be used for gasoline, so instead often used for diesel or fuel oil) Light vs ______: • refers to density and viscosity • light crude: low density and flows easily at room temp • heavy crude: higher density and does not flow easily • light crude gets a higher price on the commodities market (higher % gasoline and diesel fuel) • heavy crude is more environmentally impactful

ok

Rebound effect is real but not extreme. It usually just leads to a lower energy savings than predicted Misunderstanding of the rebound effect can lead to reduced focus on efficiency improvements by industry, government, etc. # of variables invoved, difficulties in measuring boundaries, differences in elasticity of products = challenges of rebound effect ok

Fluid, Hydrocracking, Alkylation, Hydrotreatment, Reforming, Coking, Blending

Refinery process: ** _____ catalytic cracking: a catalyst and high heat at low pressure are used to convert heavy fractions into gasoline molecules. _____: lower temperature but higher pressure than fluid catalytic cracking, with hydrogen and a different catalyst _____: combines lighter fractions (gaseous compounds) into larger ones (gasoline) ________: displaces sulfur and other undesired atoms with hydrogen _________: converts naphtha into gasoline components with catalysts, heat, and some pressure _______: petroleum coke (coal-like material) is produced from residuum. _________: different fuels need additional compounds to be blended in

ok

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Federal program that requires transportation fuels sold in the US to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuel

boiling water reactor, pressurized water reactor

Simple Overview of a Nuclear Power Plant: 1. Fuel rods containing uranium pellets are placed in water inside a nuclear reactor. 2. The uranium atoms split inside the fuel rods and release energy. 3. The energy is transferred to heat water into steam. 4. The steam runs a turbine which creates electricity through a generator. 5. The steam is condensed back into water using cooling water, which is usually released as steam from a cooling tower. 2 types of nuclear reactors (write): 1. boiling water reactor: Only one coolant loop. Risk of radioactive material entering turbine if a fuel rod is leaking, so maintenance of turbine requires more protective equipment. 2. pressurized water reactor: Most common type of reactor. Regular water is used as coolant, kept at high pressure to prevent boiling. It then transfers heat through a secondary loop of coolant, generating steam and turning the turbine.

ok

Solar & wind will be fastest growing in US. Renewables power 18% US.

ok

Spent fuel rods: US doesnt permit recovery of these. spent fuel rods are store in pools before bing placed in dry places. Canisters hold a dew dozen fuel assemblies. theyre bolted shut and very safe. WIPP is the only site in the US licensed as a final (technically 10,000 years) disposal facility for radioactive waste. • It started operating in 1999. • only for defense-related nuclear waste ok

ok

Sulfur dioxide emissions from US power plants have decreased more than coal generation (73% vs. 32% respectively) between 2006 and 2015. . changes from coal to natural gas (less sulfur) . Installation of pollution control equipment . Low use of most-polluting coal power plants ------------------------- CO & CO2: reduced by adding catalitic converters to engine exhaust NOX traps remove NOX emissions Lead used to be added to gasoline but has been completely banned for road vehicles since 1996 ok

ok

Takeaways from ppt II: Abundant, cheap fossil fuels have driven economic growth in the US. • Fossil fuels are finite and not without consequences (environmentally and socially). • Renewable energy resources also present challenges that must be addressed if implementation is to take place (nonrenewable resource demand, siting issues, storage, etc.) • In managing energy, we need to consider environmental, social, economic, and energy security aspects. ok

ok

Thermodynamics: 1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed (law of con of energy). Energy can be converted between 2 diff forms 2. The entropy of a closed system tends to increase with time. Converting energy = some waste 3. An absolute zero temperature exists below which nothing can be cooled (all motion stops) ok

range, Barrage

Tidal ______: the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide. . Tidal power is one of the most predictable forms of sustainable energy. turbines should be sited where there are strong tidal currents _____: a dam-like structure that is constructed to harness the energy of water mass moving in and out of a bay or river due to tides. The power generation from a tidal barrage depends on the tidal basin area and the tidal range. • OTEC uses the temperature differential between warm seawater near the surface of the ocean and cold seawater deep under the surface.

gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, residual

Transportation Energy Consumed in the US: Crude Oil Sources 1. ___: carbon chain lengths of 5-12 carbon atoms. cars, light trucks, motorcycles. 45gal per 100 gal crude oil. 2. ___: carbon chains 15-21 C atoms. buses, trains, heavy trucks. 18-30% more energy per gallon than gasoline 3. ___: (kerosene): carbon chains 12-16 C atoms. airplanes. 4. ___ fuel oil: long carbon chains, low-value by-product, also called No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oil About 1% of electricity in the US is used for transportation. Mostly consumed by public mass transit. National fuel economy has improved for cars and light trucks due to federal fuel economy standards (CAFE). Transportation energy has still increased over time.

shale, coalbed, aquifers, hydrates

Unconventional NG: . _____ gas: found in low-permeability shale, not associated with oil . _____ methane: found in coal seams, often formed by thermal processes but may be biogenic in more immature coals . deep _____ gas: found in aquifers, low solubility of methane in water . gas _____: gas molecules trapped in crystalline formations, found in deep sea sediments and polar regions

fissile

Uranium . Uranium is a nonrenewable element and a heavy metal - It is commonly found in the environment, but obtaining it in substantial amounts, especially the U-235 form used by nuclear power plants, is a whole other issue. - About 99.3% of natural uranium is U-238 and 0.7% is U-235 U-235: An isotope of uranium that contains 143 neutrons. most uranium in US is imported •_____: atoms can be easily split apart . Dont only have to mine uranium.

fission

Uranium pellets are stacked in metal fuel rods. Hundreds, of fuel rods. Fuel assemblies are placed inside a nuclear reactor. Then nuclear _____ happens (atoms are split appart). Uranium is hit by neutron and it gets split. The neutrons hit other uranium atoms, and the process continues, with each split releasing energy. . Fast neutrons do not cause fission efficiently . The neutrons are slowed down by a moderator (a coolant substance like water, heavy water, or graphite) between rods. ok

lot

Wastewater & energy . Wastewater treatment plants use a ____ of energy. Research and implementation steps towards net zero "water resource recovery facilities"

ok

What is the difference between heavy and light crude oil? Heavy oil has a higher density than light. Light flows more easily. Heavy oil doesnt flow easy so theres other things mixed into it to allow it to flow. This can be more expensive • What constitutes sour oil, compared to sweet oil? Sour oil has more sulfur & needs more processing. Sweet oil has <0.5%

methane

Why is it said that natural gas is "clean burning"? • Natural gas is primarily _____ (CH4 ) with small amounts of other hydrocarbons. • Lower sulfur dioxide emissions; nearly zero soot or particulate matter; more complete combustion in a boiler • lowest-cost way to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 50%.

Concentrated, photovoltaic effect

Wind farms usually on flat terrain. Wind speed is higher at higher altitudes though. ______ Solar Power: reflect solar energy to heat a fuel. Material shoud be able to absorb solar energy with minimal oses through thermal radiation. Usually black coating on top. Solar PV: convert sunlight to electricity through the _____ _____. solar cells absorb radiation → semiconductor material in the cell → electron flow produces direct current

biomass

___: organic material from plants as a result of photosynthesis. Stored solar energy. Mainly used for Feed Energy crops are typically perennial, but some may be annual. Herbaceous or woody. ex. corn (4 ethanol), soybeans (biodiesel), switchgrass, sorghum, oil pam (biodiesel/methane), algae, hemp (pelletized/ cellulosic biofuel) Woody energy crops: harvest in cylcles of 2-10 years. Main influences on biomass type r: moisture content, calorific/heating value, volatile matter & fixed caarbon, components (cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.) Characteristics vary by type of plnat , location where plants r grown. Wood = lowest moisture contents, biomass has less.

natural gas, associated, non associated

____ ____: naturally gaseous hydrocarbon mixture that is formed under the earth's surface. primarily methane, but contains other gases based on origin (including N2 , CO2 , He, H2S, noble gases). derives from thermal or biological decomposition of once living materials in a low oxygen environment _____ gas: gas that coexists with an oil reservoir ___-___ gas: gas in a geological formation that does not contain significant amounts of crude oil

Flue, pm, Scrubbers, sorbent, coal

____ gas: mixture of gases from coal combustion that contains pollutants. goes through pollution control systems and then smokestack SO2: Coal has up to 5% sulfur content because of the atmosphere millions of years ago. Acid rain + corrosion of buildings. Reduced by low-sulfur coal, washing coal and removing emissions after combustion. __ emissions: very fine particulates emitted to the air, also called soot. Can be removed using filters which are effective but just 96-99% ______: remove SO2 emissions after combustion through a reaction with calcium carbonate Dry __ injection: removes hydrogen chloride and other acidic gases using a powdered sorbent (sodium bicarbonate, hydrated lime, trona) ___ ash: solid residue remaining after COAL combustion, usually contains contaminants like mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. one of the largest sources of industrial waste IN us.

Fishery, Direct, Indirect

____ includes: fish, anglers, boats, canneries, markets etc. Can mean areas where fish naturally live or where theyre raised (aquaculture). Industrialized, high-input fisheries use mostly fossil energy. ______ energy inputs: energy used to move fishing vessels and use fishing gear. Account 4 75-90% of energy inputs _______ energy inputs: energy used to make the fishing vessels and gear (and bait, ice, etc.). Building .a vessel is the biggest. Energy inputs and outputs are heavily dependent on the species and the type of fishing/aquaculture. (surrounding nets purse seines, seine nets, trawls (least energy efficient) , hook & line, traps)

Edible

_____ Energy Return on Investment: edible energy output/energy input (fossil fuels, sometimes human energy) • Can also be calculated based on protein: protein energy output/energy input.

Tar

_____ sands: also known as oil sands and consist of clay, water, sand, and bitumen (a heavy and viscous oil) . Low sulfur & nitrogen . Mixed with lighter hydrocarbons to allow pipeline transport • 2 tons sand = 1 bbl Surface mining is one method used to obtain oil from tar sands. • Oil has to be separated from the sands with hot water. • However, only about 20% of total recoverable oil sands reserves can be accessed by surface mining. . Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is another method used to obtain oil from tar sands.

EROI

_____: energy return on energy investment for an activity . price, energy density, transportability, environmental impact, large scale availability, efficiency or EROI EROI = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦 /𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

Standby, demand, response

______ Power/ Vampire Power: . Some electrical products cannot be turned off completely except by unplugging them. Contributes 10% to residential energy use ______ side management: planning, implementation, and monitoring of utility activities that are designed to influence customer use of electricity demand ______: a specific tariff or program to motivate end-use customers to respond to changes in price or availability of electricity over time by changing their normal patterns of electricity use

energy justice

______ ______: applies "justice principles to energy policy, energy production and systems, energy consumption, energy activism, energy security and climate change

Environmental Justice

______ ______: fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Achieved by: 1. same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards 2. equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work 3. equitable distribution of environmental benefits and risks

agroforestry, hydroponics, aquaponics

______: growing annual crops or livestock among perennial crops (e.g., trees that bear fruit, nuts, or wood) ______: growing food crops without soil, nutrients are added directly to water ______: hydroponics plus fish, allows for nutrient cycling Aquaculture: if managed well (waste) then can be a good source of sustainable seafood.

Energy, primary, secondary

______: is the ability to do work/change an affected system by changing temp, speed, comp. _____ energy source: coal, natural gas, petroleum, nuclear, renewable energy sources _____ energy source: electricity, hydrogen (made from other energy sources)

Simple, Combined

_______ Cycle Power Plant: has a gas turbine only. When gas/oil is combusted with air, the exhaust gas is released. 35-45% efficient _______ Cycle: generates ϟ using a gas & steam turbine. Exhaust gas is used to heat up a fluid (water) that is then turned into steam to spin a 2nd turbine. 50-60% efficient Generates + ϟ from the input fuel than a simple cycle NG power plant would for the same amt of input . Most of the new NG additions are combined cycle

Specific energy, inverter

_______ _______ (energy density) of a battery: the amount of energy (kWh) that can be stored per kg in a battery A power_____ is used to charge batteries from the grid and to send that power to your home

heat, turbines, generators

_______ engine: performs work (motive power) using heat energy and exhausts some heat to the environment. • It converts a heat flow that is caused by a temperature difference to motive power continuously. Electical plants: Fuel + turbine + generator = ϟ _________: rotary mechanical device that converts fluid flow to useful work (steam gas water wind) ______: convert kinetic/mechanical energy into electricity. Turbines turn a shaft that rotates conducting material within a magnetic field.

CAFE, RFS

_______: response to oil embargo. 35mpg for cars. Further commitments to increase fuel economy w Obama _____: will not work. Goals are to high for technology. Hydrogen fuel for Transport: 12 stations between nY & boston. 35 stations in california. Steam reforming, coal gasification (ff) or electrolysis. CO2 emissions from hydrogen come from compression + storage + transport.

Anaerobic, biogas, digestate

________ Digestion: natural process in which microorganisms break down organic materials. Feedstocks include manure, food scraps, fats, oils, greases, industrial organic residues, biosoils CREATE _______: mostly methane and carbon dioxide (similar to landfill gas), some water vapor and other gases; methane is isolated for use *HEAT ELECTRICITY TRANSPORT) ________: material left over after digestion • generally high moisture content, can be separated into liquid and solid materials (FERTILIZER, COMPOST)

Rebound, backfire

_________ effect: if a technology becomes more energy-efficient, it will be used more, which decreases the predicted energy savings. direct effect, indirect effect, macroeconomic effects ________ effect: energy savings would be fully canceled out or that the energy efficiency improvements would fully backfire and lead to more energy being used take-back/ rebound VALUE: measures the loss in the energy consumption savings from the rebound effect

Systems

_________ thinking: a way of thinking about the relationships and interactions between parts of a system, including patterns and structures, to understand and manage complex issues. - Think in a loop structure. root causes are not individual nodes This is how you solve a systemic problem: forces changes and adaptation to the new system & technologies Where Sustainable Energy Management (SEM) comes in... "If we can manage the energy transition by taking into account technological, economical, and systemic factors, then we'll be able to eliminate fossil fuels and arrive to a better, cleaner, and more equitable future."

Listening

_________: Key to advancing energy justice is an openness to LISTENING to effected communities. • We all have gaps in our knowledge and understanding!

power, energy, DC, AC,

electricity: flow of free electrons along a conductor • voltage: measure of pressure put on electrons flowing through a circuit, analogous to water pressure (V) • current: flow rate of electrons, analogous to amount of water flowing through a hose (AMPS) • resistance: measure of how much the conducting material opposes the flow of electricity (ohms). (longer length, smaller diameter, higher temp = higher resistance) ___(W)= Voltage*current __ (kWh)=power*time ___: e- flow in = direction ___: e- change direction many times/second Higher voltage = _____ line losses • DC travels long distances with less loss, but cant be stepped up and down in voltage as easily as alternating current.

Smart Grids

s___ g____ technologies can: • detect and isolate outages • allow for islanding microgrids • accommodate many sources of distributed generation • "smart meters" allow for consumer response and real-time pricing

transmission, distribution, lower

trans________: process of sending electricity a longer distance, high voltage (110-500 kV) • because of high voltage, vegetation typically under 10 feet tall even though the lines are higher off the ground. • dis_____: final stage of delivery, lower voltage (<33 kV) • trees managed by directional pruning or removal Higher voltage = lo____ line losses • DC travels long distances with less loss, but cant be stepped up and down in voltage as easily as alternating current. Underground power lines prevent a lot of things but are extremely expensive and can also damage roots. difficult to identify locations of issues + vulnerable to flooding

work, energy, power

• Energy: the capacity to do work • _______: a force moves a material body over a distance (W=Fd) . Power: the time rate of doing work, or the time rate that energy is converted from one form to another. • power = _________/time • energy = ________ * time

Shale, play, Tight, gas

• _____ is a fine-grained type of sedimentary rock formed from clay, silt, and other mineral particles that have been compacted geologically over time. • A shale ____ is a low-permeability geologic formation of shale that contains significant amounts of oil and/or natural gas, defined by shared geologic and geographic properties. • Oil and gas can both be obtained from shale plays. • "____ oil" is used to refer to crude oil produced from shale plays. • "Shale ____" refers to natural gas from shale plays. 48% of US domestic oil production in 2016 was from tight oil or shale oil. To release oil from shale, heat and pressure must be applied (retorting)

Industrial

. 28% increase in world energy use by 2040. . Renewables and nuclear expeted to grow by about 2.0% each . Natural Gas: fastest growing ff and many resources 2 get it from . Petroleum: largest energy source . 2018 domestic energy production accounted for 95% of US energy consumption remainder was imported . _______ sector demands the most

shale, tar

Unconventional oil sources: _____ oil, _____ sands