Eng 153 Readings

How the dead dream; 62-125

-Ch. 2 (continued) --> T (Thomas) gets a letter from Reno Nevada (from his dad) that his mom reads and the letter notifies the mom that the dad got a divorce from her -- > T went to work a long day --> mom broke stuff at home and terry gave her tranq to calm her down --> seemed fine later and mom went to bathe and terry and T went to bed --> T goes to bed in middle of night and sees mom (Angela) in bathtub unconscious --> ambulance comes and takes her to hospital --> mom is in coma and has a stroke while in the coma --> mom wakes up days later and is a bit slow --> mom says she was in a scary hell-type place that was a big pancake house --> T gets mom an apt close to his --> mom becomes very religious again and her mind is a bit slowed down, shes worried about T's spirituality and religion to --> T goes to frat event and talks to guy that said he say T's dad in a business meeting with a younger guy (gay companion?) --> T hears from brad (T sold brad's mom's house in the everglades earlier) in meeting that he sees T's dad in gay bars in florida --> T goes to florida and sees his dad bartending --> T meets with his dad the next morning --> T's dad is different and doesnt care about T's mom at all and is very free-spirited and is now gay --> T is upset with dad and just wants him to call his mom --> dad refuses and is rude and leaves --> T returns home and sleeps with beth and thinks of all the dad's out there around the ocean and water! -Ch. 3 --> Beth and Angela (T's mom) go on a walk and talk about Mom's life and getting over the dad --> Julia (one of T's workers, Susy is the other one) goes to Guatemala to work on a worm farm for the peace core --> Beth and angela go on a drive to the store and T notices that angela doesnt have the crucifix in the back of her car for once (by accident) --> T gets call from mom and rushes to the hospital --> mom is okay and just broken arm and bandages forehead --> beth's heart had failed behind the wheel and she died and they got in a car crash --> T falls into a deep grieving and doesnt leave bed for days when his mom tries to feed him --> he misses beth's funeral and finally a doctor comes to feed him and give him a pill and a shot --> T goes to work one morning and is distant and odd in the elevator (young girl asks if he is "retarded") --> T leaves work early after being annoyed by Juli's replacement, Robert --> Susy walks T to his car and he leaves work early --> T goes back to work and takes pills and drinks more --> T doesnt feel the same about his work anymore and loses interests --> he goes to beth's apt to pick up some of his things (only because beth's mom wanted him to) --> T and angela go on a walk and talk about beth and T thanks mom for caring for him and they talk more --> T's mom wants T to be convered with God so that his soul isnt lonely when she is gone --> they go to church and T contemplates God and Angela goes to confession -->T claims that beth would have liked to have been buried in a shroud rather than in a coffin --> T comes home from walk one day and tells his mom that he is going to go for a road trip --> T goes to visit beth's grave and takes the plastic Jesus off and throws it over a fence --> T doesnt like see Jesus lay face down so he runs under the fence and gets the plastic Jesus and takes it back to the hotel with him --> T stays at the same hotel for many days and gets breakfast at the same place --> goes and visits beth's grave everynight and in the day he watches TV and reads stock stuff (beths death took his interest away from all the stock stuff and business stuff and what not) --> T keeps adding small twigs and leaves to beths grave --> one night he wakes up and then goes and starts the kindling on beths grave on fire --> makes him feel happy --> T leaves as the police arrive and goes back to his hotel --> T imagines what it would be like to meet beth's mom but doesnt want to because it might taint his loving image of beth! -ch. 4 --> T starts to get better after the death of beth and begins to get back to his normal work routine --> T buys the belize jungle island and takes investors down there sometimes --> T has jungle island trees cut down in the sand by the beach so that new more white sand can cover and replace the old and ugly brown sand --> T goes back home and his mom is doing worse now that she doesnt have him to take care of! --> mom does puzzles all day and doesnt clean or take care of the house anymore (T thinks of how all men are chilidish) --> T takes out garbage and sees a shrine of beth --> T realizes he doesnt have many friends now that beth is gone --> T plays raquetball with Fulton (invests a lot of money with T) --> fulton rants a lot and complains about simple difficulties in life when they play --> T remembers the positive view that Beth had of fulton from the one night they met with T, thinks beth wouldve changed her good view of him if she spent more time w fulton (beth thought that fulton had a lisp and was nice) --> T finds out that fulton regularly hooks up with a prostitute even tho he is married with kids --> fulton only talks and doesnt care or listen to what T has to say --> fulton says that T's dad's gayness may run in the genes and that T may become gay --> fulton says he has no gayness in his genes and he is superhetero because his great grandpa was a rapist --> T has fulton over and fulton kicks T's dog and shoves the dog off when it greets him --> T is upset and fulton leaves sooon after for a meeting --> T is very upset about how fulton treated his dog and feels bad about letting fulton into the house to hurt the dog like that --> T seems to love and have sympathy for animals! --> part of deal with T's new retirement community was that Kangaroo rats that lived on the area that became the reitrement community would be taken and breeded by scientist and then released to an area just outside of the community --> T talks with biologist about how the kangaroo rats are doing with breeding and what not --> biologist says that the rats are near extinction and even the healthy adults are starting to die off --> T feels very sad about the extinction of the rats and thinks of beth but is still pretty sad about the rats doing so poorly! --> T thinks of all the magnificent structures that people put up but contemplates how ecosystems and animals (like the rats) are hurt by the erection of these structures (rats havent been released back into wild yet because they are doing so poorly) --> again we see T's love and sympathy for harmed animals and animals in danger! -->

Through the arc of the rainforest; 158-212 Summing up

-Ch. 24; JB and Michelle are getting married --> gain fame because of this --> fame leads to a movement starting for people with extra body appendages to go out and protests for equality in the eyes of others (Michelle joins the protest but JB doesnt because he feels himself to be a superior breed) --> Michelle likes the fame and uses it to advocate against the killing of birds for feathers but also endorses the GGG feather --> JB doesnt like the fame and is worried about getting too famous and then booted from GGG (like the starters were) --> chemical waste from GGG matacao plastic mining is found to induce 5th gen mutations in rats (makes vampire rats with big fangs) --> Michelle is pregant with triplets -Ch. 25; chico's radio station begins to get funding for its pilgrims that are walking to the matacao to people --> many pilgrims fail there walks for various reasons --> Chico takes measures to ensure the pilgrims walks are more successful --> Chico turns from boy to man but retains his prized and charming boy traits --> Chico's mom lives at matacao w chico and doesnt adapt well, she is traditional and does things like she did back home, like wash laundry in the river and cook in clay stoves --> Gilberto explores everything in the matacao, very mischefious and often gets hurt --> worries and sometimes angers chico but it joys chico to see his friend having fun --> Chico loves gilberto regardless of what he does --> Gilberto keeps trying more and more things and eventually wants to start and amusement part --> convinces Chico to help --> Chico mentioned amusement park idea to JB and JB funds begins building "Chicolandia" out of Matacao plastic --> park goes up fast!! --> Hiroshi gets message at end saying that Gishele and Rubens (Lourdes kids) are hostage and that they want Kaz for the kids -Ch. 26; Tania travels around the world and bat misses her a lot and is jealous and thinks she is living a fancy life --> bat is mad and very sad and wants her home! --> Tania is not living fancy life and is very busy doing "door to door" like simple sales with people, she misses bat dearly but wants to prove something to him --> bat begins going to hiro's bars and dances with women but never hooks up with them --> women love bat and boast about him --> Michelle begins going to Hiro's bars alone to reduce stress -Ch. 27; Lourdes freaks out as she hears about her captive kids and talks w hiro about the matter, hoping that kaz will come back... feather worshippers were found dead by the matacao and many miles from the matacao, in fields and everywhere, believed to be related to cult-like activity --> Mane's friends son dies to but w no feathers in hand like the worshippers... cults says its the birds striking back on people for all the birds we have killed --> Typhus spreads around matacao and farther away from matacao --> large organization and govt doesnt care about the typhus until the rich get the disease --> 9/10 die and hospitals are packed --> mane pena's kids die from typhus and he gets angry and sad and his wife tries to help him and his kids by rubbing them w feathers --> mane realizes that the feather is no use in stopping this strain of typhus --> mane dies of typhus and people grieve (carlos, mane's secretary also died from typhus) -Ch. 28; Gisale and Rubens are in a dark room being held captive and they have plan to make Rubens seem dificult to take care of and that only Gisale can take care of him --> Chico begins getting lots of calls for pilgrimages to celebrate those people that survived typhus --> people being to flagellate and self harm on the matacao because they think God is coming down and ending the world with typhus --> Chico condemns this self harm and urges people to volunteer or be pilgrims to cleanse their souls instead --> Chicos mom remains traditional and washes laundry in the street --> Gilberto is still mischefious yet is so close with Chico (some people think they may be sinful and gay or are jealous of how close Chico and Gilberto are) --> Chico plans to do a pilgrimage himself for a young boy that survived typhus and arrive on the matacao on Carnival (partying festival in Brazil) and open Chicolandia at the same time (already had a few days of pre-chicolandia partying and some people died of typhus) --> chico wants to ease suffering with amusement park chicolandia! --> Kaz sees a sign for himself (put up by hiro) when in a car --> Kaz hears call from Hiro on phone in Japanese explaining the situation to him --> Kaz decided to return to the matacao (he is being tracked and spied on by JB's agents) --> Kaz returns to matacao as Hiro and Lourdes go to find men with Lourdes kids to try to fight them and get kids back (agreed to meet on matacao, many people walking around with Kaz ball replicas) --> Lourdes sees kids with too large men kidnappers and then Kaz appears behind her (JB's agents chasing him) --> kids are let go and run to lourdes --> Kaz walks over to agents and then ball brings him down to the matacao --> 1 kidnapper is shot by an agent --> other kidnapper then shoots at Kaz and misses and hits Chico in the heart --> Chico dies on matacao and kidnapper is trampled by the crowd while other suffers from his wounds --> Kaz is okay! -Ch. 29; Gilberto is burned alive in his cannonball shot --> magnetic feathers from GGG matacao plastic began to make people crazy and hallucinate and thus banned (magentics made people crazy) --> normal bird feathers are spreading a small lice called ricksettia which causes typhus ---> govt plans to drop DDT and kill all birds to stop the typhus outbreak (from ricksettia) --> bat and Michelle and distressed about the death of the birds (JB is only thinking of how to change the magnetic nature of the GGG feather to make more money --> bat and Michelle plea to govt but cannot do anything to stop them --> govt drops DDT over the whole country to kill the ricksettia typhus-causing lice (bat tested ddt on his pigeons and it killed them but some lice still lived) --> many exotic and rare birds in the rainforest and all over the country die along with animals and small kids --> dead birds cover the matacao (bat business was doing okay until birds were killed, many pigeons sent as consolation for death from typhus) -ch. 30; scientists discover how the matacao formed (landfills around the world become molten and come through virgin shoots to the matacao and other parts of the amazon rainforest) --> Kaz feels like he might want to detach from ball due to how it was forcing him to work at GGG and look for plastic and taking his life away --> JB saves Kaz from the matacao and takes him to his apartment --> Michelle sees her birds die and has a big argument with JB and then leaves the matacao with their 3 kids and goes back to France --> Kaz moves to hide in hiro's bar --> Lourdes goes there and lives with him (love) --> Kaz's ball starts acting weird and no longer attracts to the magnetic plastic --> something is eating away at Kaz's ball and he is very sad that it is being degraded! -ch. 31; as Kaz ball was being eaten by the (typhus?) invisible bacteria so was Chicolandia and the matacao --> scientists come and try to save the matacao --> invisible typhus bacteria degrade all matacao plastic and people who bought products with matacao plastic are destroyed --> GGG goes to ruins and stock crumbles as people try file law suits against GGG for the plastic that is disappearing --> JB is sad in apartment and his arm begins to degrade slightly? --> he thinks of ways to come back from this tragedy --> JB jumps ou of apartment window and kills himself -ch. 32; as the matacao plastic keeps degrading, Chico and Gilberto are taken to be buried by the sea in their homeland --> chico is carried by foot by pilgrims and his mom walks as well (the mom is carried the last little bit) --> chico is buried by sea and mom is happy to see him buried there --> batista plays guitar as he watches kids play in the pit that was made by the typhus bacteria degrading the matacao --> batista sees tania in the landscape and they reunite --> Lourdes and Kaz move to a fruit farm together and live happily along with Rubens and Gislane --> Kaz's ball is entirely degraded and gone and he looks very different--> THIS IS ALL IN THE LONG PAST AND NOW THE WORLD IS HEAVILY DEGRADED BY HUMAN ACTIONS, BUT NATURE IS STARTING TO GROW BACK OVER THE DEGRADED WORLD THAT HUMANS LEFT (PLANTS AND WHAT NOT BEGIN GROWING AND MAKING ECOSYSTEMS ON HUMAN RUINS) --> FOREST IS BACK AND MEMORY OF BALL IS COMPLETE

Through the arc of the rain forest (pg. 52-158); slow violence and industrial sublime, indigenous knowledge; globalization and tourism -cultivating intimacy: birds

-Ch.9 --> JB Tweeps grows in power in the GGG company --> keeps being given newer and harder jobs to keep up with his talent --> takes over a file area department (Humans visions or something?) and completely transforms it for the better and fixes it up (JB and paperclip search?) --> JB finds a main tape that was looking for in the 9.99 files storage (huge and hard to go through) --> goal of the department had now been met --> tape was video of mane pena on the matacao healing somebody with his feather -Ch. 10 --> Kaz wins lots of money from the lottery tickets that he won (from Batista's pigeon prophecy) --> Kaz becomes a household name in Brazil (people started wearing balls in front of their head like Kaz) and he would wait outside his apartment and grant people wishes --> Kaz was very generous with his money --> people begin to life and take advantage of him with false stories --> not even the ball could tell when people lied..... Kaz gives more money to Batista and Tania for pigeons and they thank Kaz by giving him some pigeons for his apartment --> Batista's pigeons take off with fame and he begins pigeon racing and winning a lot of money and being sponsored by different places --> Kaz wants to use money to help Lourde's crippled son Ruben but doctors can fix him so they get him a wheelchair --> Ruben falls in love with the pigeons and one day has sister drop pigeon off away from home (he was grounded fro wheeling to far away from home!) --> he wheeled to window to get time when pigeon was returning and feel out the 14th story window --> Lourdes freaks out and starts running down elevator to see if hes dead or okay! -Ch. 11; Ruben falls from the window and lands in truck --> Lourdes and Kaz cant find him --> Lourdes prays to Chico Paco and St. George that she may get her son back --> Driver throws Ruben outs of the truck and Ruben asks a drunk man where he is and then writes the place on a gum wrapper and gives it to his pigeon to carry home --> Kaz and Lourdes get message from Pigeon and then go and get Ruben.... Chico Paco gets the message Lourdes sent about her son, Ruben, and thinks it is a special one --> Mane pene and his wife tell Chico he is a chosen one... works are through St. George tho! --> Chico decides to travel to Sau Paulo and see Lourdes maybe?? --> Mane Pene gave him feathers to take with for his journey! -Ch. 12; JB goes down to the Matacao and wants to learn everything about the feathers from Mane --> French Bird professor/student is also there helping JB --> JB and the interpreter also realize that nothing works well in brazil (ex: phones) --> JB's third arm doesn't help his as much in brazil (is third arm like a college degree??) --> JB gets huge building quickly erected by the Matacao for GGG --> Wants to start distributing feathers and what not! --> feathers become very popular and people use them casually all the time and they are starting to seep to the US --> people are skeptical but come to love Mane! -Ch. 13; Chico completes the hard trip to Sau Paulo and even had to push his bus at times --> meets Kaz and Kaz is suspicious of him at first --> Kaz's cousin Hiroshi is great investor and always triples Kaz's money --> Kaz never runs out of money (Kaz is called a robin hood) --> Kaz realizes it is Chico Paco and takes him to meet Lourdes and Ruben --> Ruben wants to go on trip to Matacao with Chico but he cant so he gives Chico a pigeon to take with for him! --> Chico starts walk back to Matacao with group of people accompanying him --> Batista takes bus to Matacao with Pigeons --> Ruben and Batista want to try to fly their pigens from the Matacao to Sau Paulo -Ch 14; Speaks of Karoke --> Long line for Kaz shows the desperation and help that these poor Brazilian people need --> Hiroshi's investments keep taking off and he sets up Karoke bars all over the nation and into different countries --> Kaz comes to own over 50% of the GGG enterprise stock --> JB contacts Kaz and insists to meet him and send a plane to bring him to the Matacao because he is such a large share holder in the GGG company --> Kaz goes to the Matacao (loves Lourdes tho!) -Ch. 15; Tania is sad to see Batista leave but excited for a short vacation from him --> Batista travels shortly in front of or behind Chico while in his bus on the way to the Matacao --> Tania comes to live working with the financials of the pigeon business and Tania's mom, Gloria, works more with the pigeons --> Tania makes deal with Pomba soaping to advertise with pigeons and sends large truck of pigeons and advertisements to matacao to catch up with Batista --> Batista arrives at Matacao with these pigeons and gets extra truck of pigeons from Tania -Ch. 16; Many different beliefs from people about the matacao --> many believe its extraterrestrial or related to a type of divinity --> its actually a piece of large magnetic plastic that is extremely hard --> abandoned car and airplane parking lot is about 70 miles away from the matacao in the jungle --> ecosystem flourishes in this parking lot as new species develop to take advantage of the cars and planes and stuff (ex: plants and monkeys) --> amazon rainforest was deteriorated a lot and replaced with animals and people farmers as plants were removed --> matacao becomes a very popular destination for tourists and worldwide and local events! -Ch. 17; Kaz arrives at the Matacao and his ball is going wild and jerking him everywhere --> ball is made of same material of the matacao --> JB convinces Kaz not to go by the Matacao as it could be dangerous --> Chico arrives at Matacao and releases his pigeon from Ruben and Batista then releases his pigeons too! --> JB makes arrangements to have Kaz stay at hotel father from Matacao to keep him safe --> JB gives Kaz a tour of GGG and velcroes him to everything in GGG to keep him safe --> JB wants to mine and research the magic plastic of the matacao --> JB wants to use Kaz's ball to find more magic matacao plastic -Ch. 18; Mane is alerted in his lecture that Chico arrived at the Matacao and he rushed to greet him --> Mane talks to Batista about using the versatile pigeon feather for tranquility --> Batista is stuck at Matacao because Tania keeps sending advertisement pigeons to him to release to make money and he misses her!.... Chico paco is sent a lot of money in his letters and doesn't know what to do with it --> Rubens is the boy that Chico saw in his dreams (the face) --> Chico starts to like fame and attention kind of.... Mane has become very busy and somewhat misses his old and more simple life --> has buzzer on wrist that buzzes when he has to do something --> Mane is flying to Rio for lecture (Carlos is mane's secretary) --> Mane can no longer use simple feathers but now must use complex feathers to deal with his more complex and busy life! -Ch. 19; JB meets and falls in love with a lady with 3 boobs named Michelle --> they live together with many birds and are madly in love --> they have a maid and Michelle comes from a family of birders --> JB decides to demote himself in the company because he likes working anonymously and wants more love and admiration from the company workers.... Batista meets Michelle and JB and one of Hiro's Karoke places --> Batista sends bird food over to Michelle with her parrot, Napolean, and the bird eats the food --> they talk and speak of meeting each others birds --> Batista misses Tania but works hard to continue and make hte pigeon business grow! -Ch. 20; Chico Paco gets a radio station (with money donated by Kaz) --> becomes successful and makes good amount of money from it --> Chico gains a following base and people come join him to make pilgrimages --> chico becomes a powerful spiritual leader --> Lourdes wins a trip to matacao from answering questions correct onf Chico's radio station --> Lourdes and chico work together --> hiro still has crush on lourdes but lourdes want kaz --> lourdes works with chico in hopes of finding kaz --> chico partners with Batista and tania to send pigeon pilgrimages from and to the matacao --> batista breeds lots of pigeons in matacao! --> Gilberto and Chico's mom want to come visit him at the mataco and Gilberto's grandma died! -Ch. 21; multiple of bats pigeons make it to sao paulo from the matacao and he and tania get a lot of fame --> one pigeon makes it all the way to new york somehow and JB reaches out to bat to make some deals and spread the publicity about this pigeon --> JB turns down offers from foreigners to travel to different areas for pigeons and what not --> Tania expands to pigeon business and travels around the nation and to other countries --> Bat misses her dearly and is getting agitated! -Ch. 22; Kaz is sent around Brazil by JB looking for different magic plastic --> GGG uses this magic plastic (and can make some of their own) to make successful credit cards and a variety of other inventions, including food! --> Kaz is tracked by spies and JB keeps hum hidden well as he travels about Brazil looking for magic plastic --> people worry about where Kaz is --> Hiro wants to find him and so does Lourdes who are both at the matacao --> they are given numerous false leads for money to find him --> Kaz misses his charity days and people need him back for charity --> Kaz decides to carry on looking for plastic to help people and science and what not! -Ch. 23; Mane gets very busy and famous (Dr. Mane with honorary degree) from his feather things and is considered a master of featherology --> Angustia (Mane's wife) gets tired of Mane's new life and leaves with the kdius --> mane gets very lonely and questions his new life --> Chico has his mom and Gilberto visit and is kind of tired of them being around because Gilberto is so energetic and his mom is always doing odd stuff around the house --> chico can tell how upset Mane is about his family leaving and knows it bad because mane is a very calm man who is not easily flustered --> Mane's feather keep taking off and he considers letters about bird conservation and how his feathering puts birds in danger --> JB and GGG make a magic plastic imitation of an expensive feather and mane cannot tell the difference --> Mane likes watching his own lectures! -JB --> loves paper clips because they are simple and behind the scenes and do an essential job!

Into the Wild (page 1-46); ideas of wilderness and frontier -main ideas? -author? -Into the Wild sparknotes; https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/into-the-wild/

-Chris McCandless is man from a wealthy family who suddenly abandons his normal societal life after graduating with honors from Emory university. He then partook on a multiple month voyage throughout the US in which he hiked, kayaked, and drove through various parks. He intimately explored his relation with nature and developed relationships with various individuals and "hitchhikers" along the way --> he eventually died from eating poisonous berries in Alaska along the stampede trail... he was starving to death at the time too! -John Krakauer

A small place; author? (tourism and indigenous people and globalization) -4 chapter main ideas - sparknotes summary of book https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/smallplace/summary/

Jamaica Kincaid --> Summary and chapter 1. You are a tourist and you go to visit Antigua (small and poor country in Carribean) --> walked through the experience of the tourist as well as the ugly truths of the country you are in --> author condemns the practice of tourism and paints the activity of tourism as ugly and calls us ugly people when we act in such a way to tour countries -on Schmoop --> https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/a-small-place/summary/chapter-1 2. Author talks about Antigua when she was younger and the English ruled over it --> talks about how England was so horrid and the people were hated by the Antiguans --> she talks about the horrid parts of history in Antigua and also mentioned how England wronged them in so many ways and set them up for failure and took advantage of them --> she mentions specific buildings and people that were particularly disgusting --> ends by condemning capitalism because of how it wronged them! -on Schmoop --> https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/a-small-place/summary/chapter-2 3. Author questions whether old Antigua is better or worse than the new Antigua. Author talks about the new library and how it is a disgrace to the old library that used to be in Antigua --> old library was ruined by an earthquake in 1974 and never repaired --> author speaks of the amazing times and joy she got in the old and beautiful yellow open windowed library --> misses it! (wealthy lady will not help rebuild the library because she wants to spend the money on more stuff for tourists). Author continues by detailing the corruption that takes place in Antigua with the banks and the politicians and the leaders and basically everything! --> Author's mom was an activist at a time and was successful --> corruption is immense and overruns the city --> people celebrate end of slavery and the emancipation but love the hotel training school (trains people for servantry and slavery basically).... people regularly die due to corruption and the citizens suffer as wealthy officials make moves the regularly help themselves at the expense of the citizens. Author also speaks of the restrictions on people in a small place --> events become every day (and vice versa) --> can't imagine a bigger life connected to other countries and other opportunities and remain in small place. -Schmoop --> https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/a-small-place/summary/chapter-3 4. Author outlines how amazing and naturally beautiful Antigua is (claims the beauty is unreal) --> she speaks of the sky and the perfect division between night and day and the colorful horizon and the people and the markets and how wonderful it is --> people are locked in and outside is locked out (like a bubble) and people in Antigua have nothing to compare it to because its all they know! Author talks about Columbus discovering it in 1493 and then brining slaves and then the whites left and the slaves remained and became the people that are know Antiguans --> say slaves are noble and exalted and master are rubbish yet when slaves become free they are just normal people! -Schmoop --> https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/a-small-place/summary/chapter-4

Slow Violence; Author? Consider slow violence and its effects and link environmental literary studies to other fields of study! Literary and postcolonial studies have ignored the environmentalism that often only the poor can see Writer-activists can thus help challenge media-reinforced assumptions about violence. They can work within a broad coalition to advance environmental justice. And they can draw on the strategic energies—and empower—more-traditional activist constituencies: indigenous, labor, and student groups, progressive scientists, and campaigners for human rights, women's rights, and civil liberties, as well as organized opponents of unchecked globalization. In so doing, they will serve as a resource of hope in the larger battle to stave off, or at least retard, the slow violence inflicted by globalizing forces. -main points?

Rob Nixon -slow violence --> the gentle and slow ruining away of something; the environment is slowly being degraded away; ex: climate change, etc... -people are focused on immediate and fast violence and thus forget to consider this slow violence occuring +people dont take action to help stop the slow violence as its effects are not immediately noticeable -slow violence is incremental and exponential and keeps getting worse with time! -slow violence most greatly affects the poor and the vulnerable --> they are systematically and slows disadvantated and nobody cares or realizes because it is not a sudden atrocity that catches our attention +ex: building of dam in Brazil will displace many! -writers and scholars are writing for environmental justice and considering the effects of slow violence on the planet as well as environmental damage +one story written about effects of chemical spill and horrible damage from it +other story written about overcoming the challenge of deforestation -some writers show these issues by writing speculations of what the future will look like if this slow violence continues --> common in southern hemisphere... scary idea! -clear parallels and overlap between environmental literary studies and postcolonial studies (both are looking for social change!) --> yet the 2 are often separated -environmental literally fields directly overlaps and integrates into a variety of other different fields of study --> yet environmental studies are often deemed separate and divergent from other fields +for instance; environmental studies is separated from postcolonial studies and environmental rights --> people fail to consider the broad range and application of environmental studies -environmental studies may also be seen as separated by people who study and people may question the credibility of people with certain identities... seen as wealthy white subject! --> we can learn a lot by having scholars study the environmental impacts that are occurring at poor towns as a result of environmental changes of taking over of land by companies and what not... --> must link people that study environmental ideas to people of different backgrounds to learn! -environmental studies --> delegitimize and perceived as just done by wealthy whites... but studies hold little meaning and relation to other fields; for instance people think that environmental studies cares only about saving the tiger and disregards the people living in the village --> not true! -some scholars are starting to come together in an attempt to bridge environmental literary studies to other fields of study +people are expanding the realm of environmental studies from narrow Thorea and Jefferson type ideas --> to broad encapsulations that include social change and many different agenda +Native American studies are being linked with environmental studies as people consider the ideas of land rights, postcolonial issues, and displace of people from land! +many writers in southern hemisphere are bridging the gap between environmental literary studies and other fields of study by writing speculative stories about what could happen due to slow violence --> clearly depict how environmental studies correlate with different fields like human activism, postcolonial ideas, social change, and environmental conservation!

Seeing; By Annie Dillard -from Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, HarperPerennial, 1974 -we see a lot and we must notice all of the beautiful "pennies" (beauties of nature) that are throughout the world --> we must be intentional in looking for these beauties and pennies in nature to experience how amazing they are --> we can set our mood and happiness by enjoying simple pennies in the world (ex: we could be happy from seeing just an otter swimming) --> yet some vibrant illusions (true sites --> seeing and really noticing/experiencing intimately... pearls) can only be found and not sought after (just like a hidden penny) --> nature is beautiful and amazing and we must open our eyes to observe and witness all of it... and we must appreciate the times that nature gifts us with a vision (true illusion, pearls) that astounds our minds +uses stories of people blinded from cataracts their whole lives and seeing for the first time to drive home some points about appreciating the pennies in life and truly experiencing nature!

-Dillard (dill) used to hide pennies and get excited at the thought of people finding them +world is filled with "pennies" --> little bits of joy in nature and how you view them determines your happiness... for instance you many find a penny of seeing a muskrat in the water and it could make your day -Unfortunately, nature is very much a now-you-see-it, now-you-don't affair. +nature has stuff that is present and then quickly disappears and all we have is a memory of it -enjoying and experiencing nature is very much a matter of keeping your eyes open; It's all a matter of keeping my eyes open. +what you see and enjoy is based on what you actually look for and notice --> must seek out the beauty in nature to experience it +we see what we expect and thus different people see different things that are hard to grasp from different perspectives --> ex: some might see no frogs in a river but frog specialists will go and spot 20 frogs -we must look for beauty in nature to enjoy but we are unable to see a lot of nature --> we cant see about 70% of the suns rays, we can only see visible spectrum because our brains process out the rest --> other animals experience more sun rays than us; even hard to differentiate fog from sky -dill stays to late at the creek one night as she keenly observed the nature around her and tried to see everything around her --> she appreciated the darkness and how it affected nature -dill sees a lot of interesting nature at the creek --> walks back home and contemplates the earth and how its spinning and the sun +dill thinks about how there can be too much light from sun in places or sometimes you cant even see sun in other places --> talks about how amazing sun is and how dependent we are on the sun -Dill experiences all the intricate and small detail beauties at the creeks and talks about them --> she is realizing and showing the beauty of all the "pennies" in our world! +dill watches hawks migrate and thinks their amazing and she even takes water home from the creek to watch the tiny organisms in it which she finds incredible! +dill thinks about how many amazing nights and days we have to see the beautiful "pennies" on this earth -dill talks about a "sight and space" book that she read --> once surgeons figured out the cataracts operation, they went around the world performing it --> people that were blind since birth could suddenly see (what books about) +people that were blind since birth and could suddenly see had no perception of size and depth and had difficulties judging and estimating it and understanding it --> these people also enjoyed the small "pennies" in life and were astounded by them, even given their other troubles with learning to see (we need to enjoy the pennies of life more!) +people that were previously blind cannot grasp large objects --> some of these people don't like their new vision and don't use it or even close their eyes to live like they used to --> these people experience so many joys and pennies of life without their vision (and some are gone when they can see??) +Dill walks through a nature area trying to look at and observe all of the beautiful color patches! -to see something, you must look at it and notice/think about it. That is, you can look at something and not see it if you don't notice and think about it +dill talks about how she looks and and thinks about so much and thus she sees so much! +she says there are 2 ways of seeing --> one is like takin pics with a camera (stop and look and think about each thing) or walk through and let your eyes see and take in everything without specifically thinking about it (observer??) -dill talks about time when she was at the creek and observed nature --> she had an intimate experience in which she felt like she was directly in nature and what she was nature +she says that its hard to have that intimate experience and feel like you are nature +she mentions that are minded is always considering and thinking about mindless jargan and nonsense --> we must look past this flow of nonsense "muddy water" to see truth and beauty in nature... then we will "launch into the deep" and see purely! -true sight (looking at and experiencing) is like a rare pearl --> it can be found but if cannot be sought after +The literature of illumination (true sight --> looking at and experiencing) reveals this above all: although it comes to those who wait for it, it is always, even to the most practiced and adept, a gift, and a total surprise --> true sight in which you look at and experience things is a pearl that cannot be sought but only found (gifted like pennies) -girl that was blind for life sees a tree with lights in it +dill sees the same tree and notices it with lights (it comes alive, even tho there arent really lights in it??) --> only once in a while (a hidden penny or pearl) is she able to truly see and experience nature purely and see the tree shining (even tho its really not) and other days she sees it as a tree --> seeing the tree shining and this beautiful penny in nature cannot be sought but is just a lucky gift that must be valued and appreciated --> rare and hard to see the tree lit up (really not lit up, just dill truly seeing and experiencing and noticing everything about the tree) is a blessing (a rare penny found)

"The Land Ethic"; by Leopold -humans must be ethical to the land just as they are to one another and to society --> must be educated and have an true ecological conscience in order to be ethical to the land --> must view land as part of a natural biota that we live in and NOT as a economic resource that we just use for our own gain --> then conservation and helping land may be more prominent and not just a task of environmentalists and govt

-Odyssey returned from war --> hung women up like property --> disposing property about expedition and not right and wrong --> ethical criteria have been extended to many places/organizations over time The Ethical Sequence -An ethic, ecologically, is a lirqitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence. An ethic, philosophically, is a differentiation of social from anti-social conduct. These are two definitions of one thing +The thing has its origin in the tendency of interdependent individuals or groups to evolve modes of co-operation. The ecologist calls these symbioses. Politics and economics are advanced symbioses in which the original free-for-all competition has been replaced, in part, by co-operative mechanisms with an ethical content. -Ethics are possibly a kind of community instinct in-the-making -ethics first pertained to person to person interaction --> ethics then pertained to person to society interaction --> ethics NOW MUST COME TO PERTAIN TO person to land interaction and we must not dispose of environment like property (expediting it) but rather think right and wrong The Community Concept -All ethics so far evolved rest upon a single premise: that the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts. His instincts prompt him to compete for his place in that community, but his ethics prompt him also to [ 203] THE UPSHOT co-operate (perhaps in order that there may be a place to compete for) +we need to extend this logic to include the land -In short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as suchl -humans are part of biotic community (that people try to dominate and determine what makes ti tick so that they can dominate it) --> human and land interact and we must respect the land -In short, the plant succession steered the course of his- / tory; the pioneer simply demonstrated, for good or ill, what successions inhered in the land +land and humans interact with each other and affect one another --> land often dominates this relation and people must come to respect the land The Ecological Conscience -conservation is harmony between humans and lands --> education leads to the most harmony (we need better education or more of it!) -Land-use ethics are still governed wholly by economic self-interest, just as social ethics were a century ago +ex: farmer --> makes choices that only immediately benefits himself and may hurt his community and even himself in the future -Obligations have no meaning without conscience, and the problem we face is the extension of the social conscience from people to land. +No important change in ethics was ever accomplished [ 209] THE UPSHOT without an internal change in our intellectual emphasis, loyalties, affections, and convictions. The proof that conservation has not yet touched these foundations of conduct / lies in the fact that philosophy and religion have not yet heard of it. In our attempt to make conservation easy, we have made it trivial. --> we dont feel bad about hurting the land so we dont change what we do! Substitutes for a Land Ethic -we need to learn from past and stop ignoring it! -we only care about saving and caring for species and lands if they bring economic worth to us --> don't care about invaluable species --> sad because we should value them as part of the biotic community +ex: birds only saved because they would eat insects for us, bogs and marshes deemed worthless, trees that grow to slow are abandoned, and large mammals cared for the decrease number of pests and rodents -govt takes care of lots of conservation because private land owners wont --> wont work forever! --> people must adhere to land ethics idea to ensure the land is taken care of when govt cant help! -To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are (as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts. It tends to relegate to government many functions eventually too large, too complex, or too widely dispersed to be performed by government. An ethical obligation on the part of the private owner is the only visible remedy for these situations. The Land Pyramid -An ethic to supplement and guide the economic relation to land presupposes the existence of some mental image of land as a biotic mechanism. We can be ethical only in relation to something we can see, feel, understand, love, or otherwise have faith in. --> hard to be ethical to land because we cannot talk and directly interact with it -Ecological conservation and ideas are complex --> explain with land pyramid -land pyramid --> circuit of flowing energy; soil --> plants --> insects --> small animals --> large animals; all of these groups are interconnected --> groups get smaller as they go up the pyramid and thus they always have enough prey to eat --> groups are connected with many food chains --> man is included in this +evolution leads to constantly diversifying and making more species --> MAN with his use of tools can change this because it changes the environment and pyramid structure so fast --> can actually decrease the number of species (pyramid and energy flow is resilient but effects of man are too much for it to handle!) -This thumbnail sketch of land as an energy circuit conveys three basic ideas: ( 1) That land is not merely soil. ( 2) That the native plants and animals kept the energy circuit open; others may or may not. ( 3) That man-made changes are of a different order than evolutionary changes, and have effects more comprehensive than is intended or foreseen. +man may see temporary increase in number of species from disrupting an area but this does not last! +Can the land adjust itself to the new order? Can the desired alterations be accomplished with less violence? -different biota are more or less resistant to the acts of men --> some like in W europe and japan are more resistant; other areas become more disorganized and hurt quickly (organized and complex biotas --> more healthy and resistant) -combined evidence of history and ecology seems to support one general deduction: the less violent the man- / made changes, the greater the probability of successful readjustment in the pyramid. Violence, in tum, varies with human population density; a dense population requires a more violent conversion. In this respect, North America has a better chance for permanence than Europe, if she can contrive to limit her density. Land Health and the A-B Cleavage -A land ethic, then, reflects the existence of an ecological conscience, and this in turn reflects a conviction of individual responsibility for the health of the land. Health is the capacity of the land for self-renewal. Conservation is our effort to understand and preserve this capacity. -In each field one group (A) regards the land as soil, and its function as commodity-produc- v' tion; another group ( B) regards the land as a biota, and its function as something broader. +In my own field, forestry, group A is quite content to grow trees like cabbages, with cellulose as the basic forest commodity. It feels no inhibition against violence; its ideology is agronomic. Group B, on the other hand, sees forestry as fundamentally different from agronomy because it employs natural species, and manages a natural environment rather than creating an artificial one. Group B prefers natural reproduction on principle. Jtworries on biotic as well as. econolllic grounds about the loss of species like chestnut, and the threatened loss of the white pines. It worries about a whole series of secondary forest functions: wildlife, recreation, watersheds, wilderness areas. To my mind, Group B feels the stirrings of an ecological conscience. -group A sees wildlife as profits for meat and fur --> group B sees wildlife as biota and is concerned about its well being -Perhaps the most important of these is the new evidence that poundage or tonnage is no measure of the food-value of farm crops; the products of fertile soil may be qualitatively as well as quantitatively superior. We can bolster poundage from depleted soils by pouring on imported fertility, but we are not necessarily bolstering food-value. The possible ultimate rami£cations of this idea are so immense that I must leave their exposition to abler pens -The ecological fundamentals of agriculture are just as poorly known to the public as in other fields of land-use. For example, few educated people realize that the marvelous advances in technique made during recent decades are improvements in the pump, rather than the well. Acre for acre, they have barely sufficed to offset the sinking level of fertility. -all of these cleavages, we see repeated the same basic paradoxes: man the conqueror versus man the biotic citizen; +men either come and conquer and view the land as property that they can exploit for economic reasons OR men view the land as part of the biotic community that they have ethics for and look to conserve due to their ecological conscience The Outlook -It is inconceivable to me that an ethical relation to land can exist without love, respect, and admiration for land, and a high regard for its value. By value, I of course mean something far broader than mere economic value; I mean value in the philosophical sense. +Perhaps the most serious obstacle impeding the evolution of a land ethic is the fact that our educational and economic system is headed away from, rather than toward, an intense consciousness of land -Men are moving away from caring about the land and having land ethics as they have more technology and digits that remove them from nature --> man and farmer just want economic gain and don't care about the land usually -The 'key-log' which must be moved to release the evolutionary process for an ethic is simply this: quit thinking about decent land-use as solely an economic problem. Examine each question in terms of what is ethically and esthetically right, as well as what is economically expedient +. Examine each question in terms of what is ethically and esthetically right, as well as what is economically expedient. A / thing is right when it tends to preserve the integdty, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. -land use is based partly on economics BUT NOT all on economics --> land use is based mostly on how we think about the land and contemplate what to do with it (while respecting it with ethics hopefully!) -The evolution of a land ethic is an intellectual as well as emotional process. Conservation is paved with good intentions which prove to be futile, or even dangerous, because they are devoid of critical understanding either of the land, or of economic land-use. I think it is a truism that as the ethical frontier advances from the individual to the community, its intellectual content increases. +as people shift from individual to community ideas --> people will come to respect the land more! -The mechanism of operation is the same for any ethic: social approbation for right actions: social disapproval for wrong actions. -By and large, our present problem is one of attitudes and [ 225] THE UPSHOT implements. +We are remodeling the Alhambra with a steamshovel, and we are proud of our yardage. We shall hardly relinquish the shovel, which after all has many good points, but we are in need of gentler and more objective criteria for its successful use. About the author -Aldo Leopold was born in Burlington, Iowa, on January 11, 1887. As a boy he developed a lively interest in field ornithology and natural history, and after schooling in Bmlington, at Lawrenceville Prep in New Jersey, and the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, he enrolled in the Yale forestry school, the first graduate school of forestry in the United States. Graduating with a masters in 1909, he joined the U.S. Forest Service, by 1912 was supervisor of the million-acre Carson National Forest, and in 1924 accepted the position of Associate Director of the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, the principal research institution of the Forest Service at that time. In 1933 he was appointed to the newly created chair in Game Management at the University of Wisconsin, a position he held until his death. Leopold was throughout his life at the forefront of the conservation movement-indeed, he is widely acknowledged as the father of wildlife conservation in America. Though perhaps best known for A Sand County Almanac, he was also an internationally respected scientist, authored the classic text Game Management, which is still in use today, wrote over 350 articles, mostly on scientific and policy matters,

"Why Look at Animals"; by Burger -humans have become continuously more removed from animals and nature over time --> we no longer interact with animals in a parallel and natural way --> we have come to marginalize animals and attempt to mimic our past close relations with animals with zoos, realistic animal toys, and pets --> imaginary depictions of animals in images also shows how we have marginalized animals --> animals and humans no longer relate in the same natural way and we dont even look at each other the same way (men are mainly separated from animals due to their ability to communicate and higher level thinking) --> we have MARGINALIZED and objectivied animals and often look at them for our own economic gain

-beginning in the 19C and going into the 20C and now --> most (basically all) traditions between man and animals have been terminated --> humans used to be closely connected with animals in their inner circle (no longer a thing) --> humans have separated a lot from the animals that they were once close to --> animals were not always viewed as meat or leather, were once viewed as messengers and seen as almost magical --> men and animals are alike and different in ways --> animals give men a special look, similar to the look they give to other animals --> men look at men different than animals look at men because men can communicate with one another and animals cannot talk to men and thus could be eaten quickly or killed by the man --> silence and inability to talk between man and animals --> enforces there differences and distance from one another -animal and human lives run parallel to one another --> animal is companion of man --> animals bridge the gap between man and man's origin because they are similar and different to man --> animals play a role in language metaphors and art since early on -man uses animal symbols to describes experiences in the world (many ex, like the zodiac signs) --> men use animals to explain the nature and world around them +men are separated from animals due to language and higher level thought ability +animals are important metaphors and in numerous writings of man! -man has physical traits and attitudes --> animals often have physical traits and attitudes --> anthropomorphism is attributing human traits to animals, this extends the metaphor idea that humans love making metaphors of animals --> Descartes develops a machine like model of the soulless animal and people feel more disconnected from animals --> people begin to lament the closeness they had with animals, and feel sad that they are now above the animals and the animals are below because it separates them --> some species almost went extinct from commercial use (ex: tigers) --> men use animals as an economic benefits --> factory men feel as enslaved as the machine like animal +little kids are sometimes compared to machine like animals -many people have pets today --> people only kept animals in the past for a usage --> pets today resemble the closeness that animals and humans used to have but are different because the pet-owner life is connected and not parallel --> pets are dependent on owners and idea of having a pet is some what artificial and owners love the pet (different than past human animals relations!) +animals have been marginalized --> no longer are animals but are now part of the family! --> animals are part of a silent majority -animals are observed in unrealistic pictures that don't depict them as natural and real animals --> we always observe animals but forget to remember that animals also observe us --> nature is grown and not controlled by humans and thus pets are not really true nature anymore --> animals are still wild tho (lion attacking make a wish women) --> people begin depicting animals in unrealistic paintings as animals become less connected with humans in a natural sense and more connected with imaginations of humans -animals are used to represent humans in paintings --> encapsulates animals in human imaginations and out of natural relation between human and animals --> animals become imprisoned just like men in life --> noah's ark depicts emigrants and their fears as animals walk onto boat in paiting. --> Jumbo elephant and use for human interest -zoos become popular when humans and animals disconnect from interacting on a regular basis in nature --> zoos are remembrance of how humans and animals used to interact in nature --> zoos come to show prestige of a country and its impressive that humans go and tame animals and what not, animals are objectified and viewed as property --> lots of people go to the zoo and children go a lot too --> children's toys come to resemble real animals more and more as people keep disconnecting from animals in the natural world --> kids and adults go to zoo and adults reminisce on the good memories they had at the zoo and with animals and kids are often bored that animals are being lazy --> animals don't do what we want them too and we get bored at the zoo and fail to realize that these animals are living their own lives and don't live to entertain us --> we completely MARGINALIZED animals! -zoo habitats are environments for us to look at and the bare minimum for the animals to live in --> animals are taken out of nature and become completely dependent on the workers at the zoo --> animals are very marginalized! -zoos, realistic animal toys, and unrealistic imaginary depictions of animals --> all occurred as humans separated and distanced themselves from animals --> all 3 of these things clearly marginalize the animals and make them appear less than us! --> marginalization of animals is mered by the marginalization of the poor and underprivileged members of society and humans are locked into zoo of unnatural society--> main focus is the marginalization of animals! --> marginalization of animals is only followed by marginal groups that interact with nature still, like the middle class and the poor --> people go to the zoo to look at animals yet no animals look at them --> animals are to immune to seeing people and thus no longer even look directly at them (only glance at the maybe) --> unique look between humans and animals is gone as people are even more removed from animals now!

Orxy and Crake 256-374

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oryxcrake/summary/ -Corpsmen come to jimmy over the yeays --> he sees a video with his old roommate bernice dead from the corpsmen --> one time they show him a video of his mom being executed --> Jimmy reacts during video and then falls into a deep depression and no longer finds joy in women or words or porn or anything. -snow wakes from dream about mom --> sees crab and throws bottle at it --> goes outside of compound and then is chased back inside by pigoons --> hides and then runs up stairs and sleeps in dead man's bed after getting cigs and beer --> pigoons try to trick him with his bag that he drops (pigoons are smart!!) --> hears a man's voice asking if anybody is out there on the radio, he cant respond tho because he forgot how to and is not hearing back from the guy... also hears russian voice on the radio --> pigoons wait and want to eat him outside (Cant run up steps) --> he sneaks out vent and then sees smoke (figures smoke is large and not from crakers or forest fire) and he is heading to paradice?? -Snow wonders what Crake ever wanted of him --> When jimmy is depressed and the morning after jimmy had sex with another random woman, Crake shows up at jimmy apartment --> Crake and jimmy go an party in the pleeblands and crake said he's sorry about the loss of Jimmy's mom --> Crake gets jimmy a job at his fancy company --> Jimmy leaves his old company in glory and goes to work with Crake at Crake's company --> Crake's company is amazing and rich and advanced --> Crake shows Jimmy his new pill invention that he's working on that is supposed to stop STD's, give you unlimited libido, make you young for longer, and the last unadvertised part of make you infertile (jimmy's job is to advertise the pill but its easy because everyone wants the pill) --> Crake's workers in his Paradice (crakers and pills too??) unit are all grandmasters from the extinctathon game that crake tracked down --> crake also shows jimmy the crakers that he has been genetically modifying to sell as perfect babies to people and to have as genetically modified perfect humans (crake wants to control human population with the pill and the crakers) --> Jimmy sees oryx who works with Crake and Oryx is the teacher of the crakers --> Orxy mets Crake through Student services (prostitution option) at Crake's old school! --> Crake loves oryx and has sex with her --> Jimmy tries to not interact with oryx (and goes to pleebland prostitutes a lot) even tho he wants her until.... oryx comes and seduces jimmy one night --> love affair in which oryx and crake have sex but then oryx goes and spends the night having sex with jimmy --> Jimmy wants to run away with oryx but Oryx wont leave crake and thinks he is a smart and good-intentioned man --> oryx goes to get pizza one night and crake is gone too --> jimmy is second in command (both orxy and crake separately asked jimmy to watch over the crakers if they are gone) --> jimmy gets called in about an outbreak and thinks it small but the disease quickly spreads and their are outbreaks in major cities --> jimmy gets a call from oryx crying about how the disease was in the pill that she was selling (And jimmy was advertising) but she never knew it and thought crake was a good guy --> jimmy calls crake and he is somewhat drunk and not worried at a bar --> Jimmy grabs a spraygun (virtual-bullet gun that kills) and tells all of crake's extinctathon workers to go to bed --> crake comes back and demands that jimmy lets him in --> Jimmy lets crake into the paradice compound --> Crake is holding oryx and slits her throat and then jimmy shoots and kills crake with a spray gun (virtual bullets and deadly -snowman has a bad foot still and hobbles to the paradice compound --> goes to paradice compound by lowering himself down into it with a sheet --> Snowman then goes and drinks in the compound and takes Crake's old medicines to help his foot --> Snow sees the dead and partly decayed bodies of orxy and crake and snows foot starts to feel better the next morning --> snow recalls what happens after he shot crake and oryx was dead --> Jimmy locked down paradise after he shot crake and oryx was dead (throat slit by crake) --> jimmy lives in the compound and tells the angry corpsmen that there is odd microbial activity in the compound that could hurt/kill them if they try to break in --> Jimmy also tells the corpsmen that crake escaped to Bermuda with a lot of money and eventually Crake's extinctathon workers leave too --> Jimmy spends the next 2 weeks watching the world crumble on TV and eating the food in the paradice compound --> snowman reads a letter that jimmy previously wrote about what had happened to the world (Crake killing all and what not) --> Jimmy goes and introduces himself to the Crakers and them tells them that he is going to take the to a better place where there is more food and that oryx and crake are gone --> Jimmy leads the crakers to the beach that he wants to live on and shoots some of the last remaining sick people on the way --> Jimmy tells stories about oryx and crake to the crakers and tries to simply explain things to the crakers as they go -snow walks out of paradice after gathering supplies form the compound and is on his way back to the beach (Where the crakers are) --> shoots pigoon and then relaxes his throbbing foot in a tree and thinks what would happen if he died in the tree --> Snow arrives at the beach and sees the crakers chanting "amen?" to a statue --> crakers are excited when the notice snowman and say that they made a statue of him and chanted "snowman" to communicate with him when he was gone (Crake said when the crakers start doing art, things would go downhill and be bad) --> snow tells the crakers that he did not go into sky to see Crake but rather Crake came down to earth in the paradice compound to speak with him --> snow says that crake turned into a tree with a mouth --> crakers purr (to help heal) on snow's foot and bring him a fish --> crakers tell snow that they saw 3 humans (2 men and a woman) that walked by --> snow gets excited but is concerned about meeting with them (wonders what people will do to himself or to the crakers; people saw the crakers and were afraid/leary of them and walked away)--> crakers purr more on Snow's foot as snow contemplates what his meeting (if he decides to go see) with the 3 people will be like and snow wants to give a speech to the crakers (in case he leaves for good after finding the people) but struggles when considering what he should say --> snow then falls asleep -snow wakes up and then goes and washes his painful foot in the salt water (foot is getting worse) --> snow then follows the footprints of the people and the smoke of their fire in the distance (snow brings only his cap/hat and a spray gun, he is naked with no sheet) --> snow gets to the people and hides in the bushes --> snow sees 3 people (2 men and 1 women) around a fire roasting a rakunk and they have a spray gun (snow also brought his spray gun) --> snow contemplates whether he should introduce himself and be kind or if he should kill the people --> snow wonders what their reaction to him would be and about what they may do to him --> snow asks the air what to do and hears the voices of oryx (oh jimmy you were so funny) and crake (don't let me down) in his head --> jimmy then looks at his watch and thinks "Time to go" (what does he mean by this????)

Oryx and Crake 134-255

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oryxcrake/summary/ -Orxy speaks of her past after uncle en is killed and she is sold into a sex movie business and is raped and forced to have sex in movies a lot (jimmy has pic of it that he saw when he was young) --> Oryx is very calm when talking about it and jimmy gets upset -Snow cannot find much food and decides to go to Paradice (Crake's old enclosure for research and what not) to get food --> he thinks of food he had earlier --> he tells the crake kids he is leaving and we witness the crake kids rituals (sex, peeing, purring) --> he thinks about when Crake made the crakemen and designed their sex and took away their courship behavior ("chase" for a women) -Jimmy and Crake graduate and Jimmy goes to a bad art school and crake goes to a prestigious science school --> Crakes mom dies from pathogen at work (doctor) --> riots break out from new coffee plant (sprouts once) that outcompetes other coffee plants --> see jimmy's mom at coffee plant riots --> Jimmy goes to art school and flirts with women (has bad roommate bernice) --> crake goes and works hard at science school --> crake's father was killed in past from trying to alert people about drugs being passed out to kill them?? (they acted like it was a bridge jump suicide) --> jimmy visits crake at science school and crake shows him around --> Crake tells jimmy a theory that helthwise poisons their pills so that people have to buy more expensive pills so they can make more money --> Crake claims that his dad found this out and the helthwise then executed him (not a bridge suicide).... also quesitons if jimmy's dad is in on this scheme and thats why jimmy's mom left --> Jimmy ask crake about girls --> Crake shows jimmy his extinctathon profile and crake is deeply (illegally likely) involved with extinctathon and their goal to overthrow the nature killing --> crake has pic of oryx on his computer in file that links to confidential information about disease and issues in the world that extinctathon can access --> jimmy/snow dreams a lot and crake claims not to dream -snow continues his journey to the paradise compuond and goes through an abandoned and ruined city on the way and thinks about what future generations would think of the city --> snow also recalls a time when Crake spoke of mass extinction and lack of info transfer if just one generation was gone --> snow goes through open and dangerous area (no places to retreat if wild animals attack) --> snow makes it to compound and raids a house and finds little food and some bourbon and a new sheet --> snow goes to the main (research?) area of the compound and blows out his candle and drinks and falls asleep after hearing voices from Oryx he thinks. -Jimmy gets a job sorting through books and loses it because he couldnt throw any books away --> moves in with his girlfriend Amanda Payne --> Jimmy argues with Amanda's roommates a lot about human fate and what not --> Amanda does artwork with dead cranes --> Jimmy gets a new job advertising for a scammy supplement and goodies company --> he does well and thinks he is smarter than the others there --> he gets promoted and makes a lot of money and starts to have a lot of sex, even with married women --> he doesnt visit dad and ramona for the holidays (they mention they are trying to have a kid) --> sex is like a party life and he is no longer satisfied by it --> Jimmy and Crake email and then slowly stop communicating (Crake works at prestigious and big research compound) --> Jimmy sees news about deaths, and plagues, and girls in sex trades and girls being sold and then locked in garages --> jimmy thinks one of the girls locked in a garage looks like the photo he had of Orxy from when she was young and in a sex video (similar but might not be her??)

Birding While Black; J. Drew Lanham on race, belonging, and a love of nature -main ideas?

-black male bird professor is on route and volunteering to stop for 3 min intervals 50x and count the number of birds he heres --> feels unsafe as he is alone in the back country --> he can see a confederate flag and questions the intentions of the locals --> hard to focus with his fears -he recalls the beautiful nature he has seen on his BMS route of bird-tracking and describes some amazing scene yet also mentions the race derived fears that he has encountered --> speaks of how few black bird watchers there are -tells story about how he thought he was going to be killed when he was in forest setting traps with young white lady and a pickup truck with 3 white guys turned around to follow him --> truck eventually stopped following them in the wilderness but he still was scared for the rest of the day -tells story of seeing a KKK "greeting" on a gate during his field research -tells story of pivotal research being halted by white supremacy group gatherings and threats in forest area that he planned to research -mentions that he has friends that face similar problems --> suggests that more blacks need to start bird watching and get out in nature to solve problems he is facing --> also mentions the great hope he has from all the amazing white friends and colleagues he has and how most nature people are friendly (and seeing other black bird watchers) -ends by recapping the fear he feels on his route and how it ruins the enjoyment of his bird watching endeavors at times (connecting back to his beginning ideas)

How the dead dream; 1-62 --> By Lydia Millet

-ch. 1 --> Since a young age T always liked money --> first loved the 20 with andrew jackson and then loved the 10 with hamilton --> liked authority and thinks of big buildings as growth and development and success --> puts coins in his mouth and sleeps with money under his pillow and gets mad when his mom touches his money! --> eventually agrees to put his money in the bank and then begins raising money in a number of different ways, some ethical and some by lying (pledging money for a walk) --> starts to save up a decent amount of money --> thinks of old people as kind of useless if they dont have knowledge --> loves money and counts it to calm himself down! --> T is cunning smart and clever --> takes 20 bucks from his friend to protect the friend from bullies and keeps some of the money for himself (talks his way out of mad encounter with the friends mom) --> walks for charities and keeps some of the money --> talks to priest to please his mom but doesnt feel bad about what he does --> mom is loving when he is young and cares for his happiness a lot, loses mind and memory as she gets older --> dad is quiet and reserved --> T goes to school to please his parents and day trades there for money --> smart kid and frat bros like him (in dads old frat) --> counts cards and makes money --> talks frat bro out of suicide --> deals with his parents coming to visit and likes seeing his mom but thinks his dad just wants to fit in with the frat boys again --> does well in school and starts reading famous literature and learns a lot from it --> shows only his virtues and hides his vices so people dont know that he has them! --> thinks men are only good to one another for business --> smart kid that knows how to play the system! --> T leaves college (where he made his first 100K by selling an old apartment) --> T makes big deal in Flordia with friend by selling their old family house for good money --> T is a good salesman and businessman --> T hooks up with chick who later tries to kill herself and never sees her again --> T talks to mom who is getting older and losing her mind and only talks about himself w her bc she has nothing to say --> T moves to California and starts a real-estate place with 2 much older ladies working for him and does well but wants to start something better --> T joins a wealthy racketball club and convinces young rich man named fulton to invest a few 100K with him in properties and what ont -Ch. 2 --> T hits a coyote on the road and gets out and is relieved that it wasnt a person but feels so bad when he looks at the coyotes destroyed legs --> he moves the coyote to the side of the road and cant leave it there --> he sits in his car upset and keeps petting the coyote (he realized the coyote was alive but didnt bite him when he moved it) --> he wonders how nobody cared about the dead animal on the road and thinks if a human wouldve been hit that people wouldve all stopped their cars and came to the side of the road! --> he cant forget about this coyote! --> he buys a dog and the dog and him grow close --> T finds an open desert area that he hopes to convert to a wealth retirement area, but needs court approval --> his mom comes to his work and tells him about how his father has left her randomly --> mom moves in w T --> mom cleans and does a lot to stay busy at T's house and always asks T about if he has her from his dad --> T later hears from dead who said he woke up from a long dream of his life and seems to be on a spiritual type journey --> T's mom goes crazy when she hears this and goes to the bar and T picks her up drunk --> T convinces his mom to go on a vacation and take time for herself (T questions if his mom is slowing down is work progress) --> at a restaruant meeting, T meets a business assistant named beth and they go back to his place after drinks --> his mom is in the garage smoking with a guy named Terry that she met on a the cruise and vacation --> T takes beth back to her house then and mom and Terry stay with T --> T goes to bed dreaming about the great opportunity he has to develop the deserted area into a retirement complex, he got court aprproval for it (lots of money!) --> incident w mom buying portait for guest soap also occurred earlier

Thunder and Lightning -Cold? -Heat? -Sky? -Dominion? -author?

-cold --> barren and often unforgiving place that has various challenges to survive... people take pride in overcoming this treacherous landscape and locals develop legends to tout their survival and that of their ancestors +man goes to Canadian arctic --> to cold and foggy to see in front of him and has to throw gloves ten feet and the follow the gloves to know where he is going. Snow blinding --> UV rays from sun reflect off of the snow and burn the cornea of eyes and make it hard to see +Svalbard --> barren and small cold island that is owned by Norway and part of Greenland. 2000 residents and 3000 polar bears. Prisoners used to be exiled here and can't bury dead because the ground is too solid. Has the global seed bank that has protected seeds from around the world. Used to be popular for whaling and now is popular for coal mining. Jobs will be payed significant wages due to the treacherous climates that people must live in to perform the jobs. Lady worked at cafe for the wages and planned to return home after saving up a lot of money for a few years --> common to do there! Other lady worked at museum type place?? Also little to no taxing on the island and less regulations and laws then normal mainlands -Heat --> fires can be good to nourish the soil and clear landscapes yet they can also destroy vast areas --> fires are increasing throughout the world due to climate changes that increases dryness and temperatures. +Mount Carmel forest in Israel --> massive fire due to dryness and record high temps --> people dye and areas destroyed +Bhutan --> law that 60% if land must remain as forest; forest fires are common and utilized to clear out lands but also cause trouble +Australia --> black Saturday; massive forest fire breaks out in many directions and then the many flames come together to make one massive flame --> devastating and many die and many towns and forests are destroyed --> birds swoop in when they see fires because they know that insects and preys need to crawl out of hiding to escape the heat +risk of fire is increasing everywhere with climate change --> increased temperature and dryness... even causing trouble in places like Siberia -Sky --> beautiful oasis that is filled with many different sizes and shapes of clouds and different patterns of clouds in the sky +sky can be different colors and varies drastically --> beautiful! -dominion --> weather can be correlated with divinity and meaning; meteorological phenomon are associated with occurrences in life +death of Kin Jum II --> ice cracks on frozen lake in mountain, high winds and temps, snow and rain comes down, wintry village occurence +1588 --> spanish armada catches bad winds and loses to much smaller and weaker English Navy... England believes God is on the protestant (non-Catholic) side +typhoons protect Japs from Mongolian invasion 2X --> called Kamikaze (later used to refer to pilot suicide) +Native Americans --> many rituals to deal with rain, wind, and fog; ex: rain dance +Bible --> Noah's ark and flooding, rain down (flames?) on sodom, rain down on the wicked, rain to provide for crops for the upright +little ice age --> drop in temps and unpredictable weather that started in the 1300's and lasted for a few centuries. Explained now by volcanic eruption and ash stopping sunlight from getting to earth or alterations in earth's north Atlantic oscilattion --> bad weather at time was correlated with witch craft and many women are killed +21 century --> gays and lesbians are blamed in US for bad weather at times +Tanzania --> bad weather and poor harvests are correlated with much higher amounts of witch killings --> commonly believed among people, educated and rich and poor and uneducated, in Tanzania. +weather --> conditions in atmosphere at a given time... climate --> weather patterns in area over time.... build house for climate and dress for weather +humans are actively causing climate change (increase in temp, dryness, etc....) --> devastating direct and indirect effects on the planet --> should geoengineering and people take steps to stop and reverse this damage and could the planet?? +geoengineering to decrease planet temps --> main ways would be to pump out CO2, decrease the amount of solar radiation to earth, or reflect solar radiation from sun away from earth -->Myhrvold and others have geoengineering plan in which they could send long tubes up into atmosphere with balloons and pump out SO2 to cool planet by 1 degree (based off of volcanic explosion) --> seems reasonable but is a highly debated topic and leads to a managed planet (we already manage the planet by releasing CO2 and what no tho!) --> could we as humans control the weather and not leave it to weather or gods like they did in the past?

"Hyperobjects" by Tim Morton; Introducing the idea of 'hyperobjects' -main ideas? -I can't see it. I can't touch it. But I know it exists, and I know I'm part of it. I should care about it. -hyperobjects --> things we can grasp and understand but are hard to see --> we are obliged to care for these things tho --> science data shows what happening to them even tho we cant see the direct effects on these hyperobjects --> must gain ecological awareness and follow the science that tells us these hyperobjects are causing harm and thus we must take action on things we cannot see to fix it! +ex: global warming

-hyperobjects --> a word to describe all kinds of things that you can study and think about and compute, but that are not so easy to see directly; we are obliged to take care of these things that we know are hard to see but are harmful! +ex: example. Not just this one speck of plutonium, but all the plutonium we've made, ever. That plutonium decays for 24,100 years before it's totally safe. That's an unimaginable time. I can just about wrap my head around 500 years when I think about Styrofoam. But 24,100 years? -Hyperobjects are like that — like the Dust Bowl, for instance, or the colossal drought in California. We are obliged to do something about them, because we can think them. Like stepping in front of someone who might get hit by a car --> obliged to take action! -global warming is a type of hyperobject; For starters, the concept of hyperobjects gives us a single word to describe something on the tips of our tongues. It's very difficult to talk about something you cannot see or touch, yet we are obliged to do so, since global warming affects us all; we can understand it and are obliged to do something about it! -global warming has the properties of a hyperobject. It is "viscous" — whatever I do, wherever I am, it sort of "sticks" to me. It is "nonlocal" — its effects are globally distributed through a huge tract of time. It forces me to experience time in an unusual way. It is "phased" — I only experience pieces of it at any one time. And it is "inter-objective" — it consists of all kinds of other entities but it isn't reducible to them -Can you understand hyperobjects? Then you are obliged to care about them. --> obliged to take care of something that you know is harming -So hyperobjects are massively distributed in time and space and we are obliged to care about them, even if we didn't manufacture them. Take the biosphere. I can't see it. I can't touch it. But I know it exists, and I know I'm part of it. I should care about it. -Science can only see correlations in data. This is because, argues Kant, there is a gap between what a thing is and how it appears (its "phenomena") that can't be reduced, no matter how hard we try. We can't locate this gap anywhere on or inside a thing. It's a transcendental gap. Hyperobjects force us to confront this truth of modern science and philosophy. -You can't know things directly; you can only know data. That's the foundation of modern science. Cause and effect aren't things that churn away underneath other things. They are inferences that we make about patterns we see in data. -t's better to say that we're 95 percent sure global warming was caused by humans than to shout, "It was caused by humans, dang it! Just believe me!" --> explains humans correlation with science and what not! -So hyperobjects are funny. On the one hand, we have all this incredible data about them. On the other hand, we can't experience them directly. We've stumbled upon these huge things, like Han Solo and Princess Leia and the giant worm. So we need philosophy and art to help guide us, while the way we think about things gets upgraded. --> Human beings are now going through this upgrade. The upgrade is called ecological awareness.

Tomorrow (film) -Climate is changing. Instead of showing all the worst that can happen, this documentary focuses on the people suggesting solutions and their actions.

-information about climate change and demise of humans is possible. --> climate change is serious! --> possible mass extinction coming in future +food, water and oil could be hard to find in the future and humans in part could disappear (maybe even by end of century) -few people protest climate change and politicians dont do much currently --> group of filmmakers and scientists (fear for kids) come together to make movie and promote activism +Liz Hadly (biologist) and Tony Barnosky (paleontologist) --> coordinators of the study published in nature magazine in june 2012 -climate change and extinction is faster than it has ever been in history (since astroids hit dinosaurs) --> humans (and other species) will experience temperatures (heat) like they never have before) +human population is growing really fast --> they will need more food as we cause species diversity (and food) to decrease via climate change -climate change --> dry up water that humans need! +people get wrestless and animosity can develop +we have less time than we think --> problems are already occuring and will be bad in like 20+ years -rob hopkins --> transition network! +we love envisioning our own demise and end of world --> lots of movies... few movies about reversing these problems! +need to cut emissions by 8-10% GHG's per year -hard to tell people about another big problem... like climate change -Chapter 1; agriculture +food loss could end us +local food production is good for earth and for people to live better lives! +detroit --> population crash --> little fresh produce in city --> poor people left behind start to grow their own food (keep growing detroit and D-town) --> want to make it work instead of leaving detroit because they can really --> urban farming is great on paper but is hard work +transporting food from where it is grown to where its consumed is on average 1500 miles --> lots of impact on environment +lots of wasteland in detroit --> want to feed half of detroit population is goal! +Organic gardens in England too --> help feed town --> organic food is grown all over the city in random spots --> good for peoples health and for human connection (communities coming together by bonding and talking over plants)! +bulk of worlds food comes from small farmers (70-75%) --> industrial farmers produce little food (a lot less than small farms) but just make a lot of money --> industrial farmers have tricked us to believe that we need them! --> industrial farming (makes a lot of food for fuel and for animals, not for humans) destroys plants and soil and use a lot of gmo pesticides --> animal and plant mass scaling from industrial farming destroys land +industrial farming is cheap and good in short-term but horrible in long term! +each calorie we eat takes about 10-12 calories of oil energy to produce with farm equipment --> look at farm successfully producing food with using oil +humans --> eat about 20 crops and 60% of worlds consumption is rice, corn, and wheat (bad for health and earth) --> bettter to eat fruits and veggies tho! +small farms run by hand are much more productive and efficient than large farms with tractors --> better for earth and productivity/efficiency of farms +govt helps support the large farms to ensure their good export markets -Chapter 2 --> energy +can we live without oil? +oil produces GHG's (green house gases) --> trap heat on earth --> changes water cycle of earth... leads to more violent water events (hurricanes, droughts, etc...) --> climate change is bad! --> we are in 6th major extinction on earth! +some countries --> already trying to go fossil fuel free --> use water and wind energy sources! +biomass --> energy generated by burning organic matter, crop leftovers, etc...(better than using fossil fuels!), wind turbines and water energy and geothermal heat put into use +solar panels are great source of energy and can be paired with greenhouses of farmers +natural energy sources --> free/no marginal cost! --> pay upfront and the rest is free +we need to use renewable energy and also use less energy --> 60-65% of energy use on earth is not necessary and could be removed and people would have same/similar quality of life +beneficial in long run $$ analysis to get solar panels or windmills compared to using oil --> large cost upfront with little/no marginal cost! +need to use cars less --> make places inviting for people to use bikes and walk!! --> make less roads for cars and more lanes for walking and biking! --> use mass transit and switch cars/buses to fuel that is renewable (ex: H fuel or biofuel that can be charged with renfewable fuel) +San Fran --> trying to reduce trash/waste to nothing! --> law to recycle and compost (places and companies save a lot of money by recycling) --> 3 trash bins (compost, recycling, and garbage) --> composting is important for farmers and for earth! +composting (from human waste) farms --> helps absorb CO2 and GHG's +economic growth and accumulation by humans and human consumption --> bad for environment -Chapter 3 --> Economy +worry about earth and not paying stock holders +circle model --> use waste to make resources and then resources become reusable waste --> cycle! +ecolonomy --> concerned about saving money while staying green +company growth is limited and shouldn't be obsessed with always growing the company and globalizing! +we need to learn how to produce energy and food and sustain ourselves +sustainable local communities are more resilient and less dependent on other communities --> money in a resilient company will cycle a lot within just a community --> local money celebrates area and is good for making a resilient community +money --> usually made by private banks (and govt??); money created by banks when they make loans (ex: just give somebody 10,000 for a car), money is created as borrowing debt with interest --> economy is dependent on debt and borrowing money (because borrowing money and debt creates money) +money --> more efficient but not resilient +agriculture monocultures --> not reilisient and lots of disease, fires, and soil destruction --> forests have diversity and are resilient --> we need diversity in our m money (local, national, and global currency!!) --> diversity in plants is better in ecosystem than monoculture of plants +protect economic ecosystem but making local currency --> makes communities stronger and more resilient because they are more linked and diverse +local community currency --> good for helping weak ecosystem! +should make local, national, and global money that all complement one another +local money --> supports local business! and helps stop bug businesses from hiding money in taxes --> local resilience and more greeness develops! ex: bristol pounds +local money --> can only be spent in community and thus encourages you to spend money in the community and fuels to community economy and makes it more resilient!! +lots of individual communites are better than globalization! +global money --> funnels to a few people; local money --> flows throughout community ecosystem +more money spent in community --> brings more money to community and supports community by cycling money through it! +big business --> has advantage now in laws --> big business rules over the laws --> problem!! -Chapter 4; Democracy +must stop big business from ruling over the laws and government to make a more fair democracy +people dont trust the government and democracy --> wishes of the financial companies and the rich are honored more by lawmakers than the wishes of the normal people (America is oligarchy and not democracy??) +obey laws that are for earth and for humankind +iceland overthrows the government an the prime minister to develop a more fair system that didn't cheat the people --> all people were invited to come together and make new constitution for the new democracy --> people are blinded and corrupted by too much power and money! +choosing politicians by drawing lots (chance) may be better because the politicians that are elected by other people are restrained by connections to their political party, big businesses, and personal interests +local governments helps communities function better if they give all people in the community a say ---> ex: in India different castes come together to restore the community and different castes even live together happily! +we can learn to be more autonomous and participate in the government more which is helpful!! -Chapter 5 --> Education +Finland --> has few resources and thus invests heavily in education! --> schools are not rated! --> time is used for teaching and not for testing --> teachers are well trained and more students for less students --> give kids lots of information problems to think about! +need calm and relaxed environment to educate students well!! +teachers and kids work together equally and teacher is not authoritarian --> kids learn in different ways and teacher teaches the different kids in different ways! --> kids are allowed to talk and learn from each other!! +finland --> teaches autonomy by teaching how to learn and how to pick out whats important for them to learn personally +less discipline problems because teachers and principles are close with the students and the students want to learn and don't want to be rude to teachers because they respect and like them +schools learn more than just traditional subjects --> they learn to cook, make music, do laundry, etc.... +school should prepare kids for life and for next stage of life!! +people need to work together! --> power and authority must not be the privilege of the few and must be interconnected and spread to all --> people must work together to accomplish change! -ideas in this video happen around the world and are changing the world --> if we all stand together --> we can change the world starting tomorrow!

The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature by William Cronon -The time has come to rethink wilderness; there is nothing natural about the concept of wilderness -By now I hope it is clear that my criticism in this essay is not directed at wild nature per se, or even at efforts to set aside large tracts of wild land, but rather at the specific habits of thinking that flow from this complex cultural construction called wilderness. -If wildness can stop being (just) out there and start being (also) in here, if it can start being as humane as it is natural, then perhaps we can get on with the unending task of struggling to live rightly in the world—not just in the garden, not just in the wilderness, but in the home that encompasses them both.

-many think that wilderness is an amazing place that has not yet been infected by human civilization +argues that wilderness is a product of civilization that just hides behind a mask -recalls beauty of nature to relate with some --> asserts unnaturalness of nature and all the nonhuman life there -recalls the old meaning of wilderness which was like a waste land of despair and danger where people did not want to go (now wilderness is admired and people want to go to it) -wilderness meaning over time changed from one of barren and danger and unoccupiable wasted land --> to one of pristine and sacred area that people greatly desired +ex: protest about building a damn in Yosemite national park would have been unheard of 50 years earlier but occurred due to change in meaning of wilderness -wilderness --> place to be tempted (by devil) in past to place where God is most present now -wilderness meaning changed to a + connotation due to 2 main factors --> (romantic) sublime and frontier +sublime --> originally meant a place where God is most likely to be encountered... people came to believe that they were most likely to find God in beautiful natural areas (sublime areas judged by emotions they evoked) -Wordsworth --> writes poem about amazing power of nature and the divine presence in which it feels supernatural and close to God -Thoreu --> writes about supernatural presence in nature and the ruggedness of nature and argues that it is only fit for prophets and what not -Muir --> speaks of beauty and closeness of God to nature -as people tout nature as a place to be close to God --> wilderness becomes tamed and people start to come and settle there (sublime drew people to tame and settle the wilderness) -primitivism and idea of frontier draws people back to the wilderness and well --> people can renew themselves in the wilderness.... sad time as frontier period of america is over and people want to regain it +rugged individualism --> can go out and bear the elements and gain dignity in the process -wealthy men and those encapsulated by society come to benefit a lot from wilderness as a chance to escape from stresses of modern life! Frontier era is ending but people, claimed to be mostly men, still want a frontier experience (embody national frontier myth) -wealthy people continue to inhabit wilderness and hire poor wilderness people to give them a good experience nature --> irony that people go to wilderness to escape civilization yet are civilizing wilderness as they do so -indians removed from wilderness so we could form a natural wilderness with no inhabiters (wilderness is human made!) +used to be fights over land and resources in wilderness --> now wilderness is marked by little to no violence -(romantic) sublime and frontier --> lead to development of + connotation with nature +even atheists start to feel religious in nature due to success of sublime wilderness ideas / myth +people seek wilderness to escape life and history -people go to nature for blank slate; people go to wilderness to escape civilization yet wilderness is a civilization --> people play into civilization all the time -wilderness is free and untouched beay yet people are attempting to conserve certain aspects and species that are suffering which contradicts the natural and untouched idea of wilderness +even applies to tribes and what not in some countries +wilderness thinking can underpin other environmental concerns -people's activities change the earth (climate change and anthropocene) --> people have been changing the Earth for a long time (started more with agriculture) --> people would have to kill selves to save nature idea +people should resort back to hunter gathers to save and be more aligned with nature -rich enjoy nature and reap benefits and argue with those who actually live off land (considered poor) -people worry about wilderness far away and fail to consider the civilized nature that they live in every day --> must find a happy middle ground -idea of nature and wilderness is becoming selective --> true nature is thought to be vast and open and have no other humans and has Godly views -author recommendations with nature --> remember that you are one with nature and live within it. Also, remember the autonomy and independence of the nonhuman world! -try to bring values of wilderness to our home life --> self-criticism and humility and etc.... -part of humans living in the wilderness includes our restrain to dominate and destroy it and other species (which we are capable of doing) --> we are most deadly and smart species yet only species that thinks about limiting the damage it could cause with its power -nature is mindset --> must get rid of dualism that separates tree in backyard from tree in ancient forest and realize that it is all nature (do not value one over other but both equally) --> nature is our home in its entirety and we must honor it and live in it and enjoy it --> honor nature with self-consciousness and other attributes like gratitude

Blind Huber -main ideas?

-peoms written by Nick Flynn --> wants to dissolve human/non-human divide and generate empathy for the non-human!! --> resilience!! +written about a blind man named Huber who, with the help of his assistant, discovered a lot about bees!

How the dead dream; 126-244

-some aspects of the retirement community start to bother T (like the rude racewalker) --> T gets mad as he speaks to an older couple that want to destroy their garden and land to put in pavement --> T goes to pool and then drives out of the retirement community and goes to the "set aside" --> in this natural area, T looks at the holes of the now extinct kangaroo rats (biologist told him they are now extinct) and feels bad about what he had done to nature by erecting this retirement area --> over the next few days, T keep returning to the set aside area and sits in nature for hours and regrets his apparent "win" or erecting the retirement area because he knows that he has hurt nature and that the tenants in the community will want to keep expanding and hurting nature --> T finds comfort in nature -T goes to the zoo and is comforted by the beautiful animals --> T yells and argues at a man as he takes pic of bear and his family throws objects at the bear in hopes of getting a good pic! --> T gets family to leave bear alone and feels proud that he defended the bear --> T returns to the zoo at night when its closed and climbs into the wolf enclosure --> T cuts himself up when he climbs over the cage and approaches the wolf and the wolf flees to the corner and T will not go any closer to it --> T keeps thinking about animals and the wolf and their divinity and about extinct animals -T knows beth is dead and gone and has accepted it, but he thinks the endangered animals are in the process of dying and he needs to save them --> T feels bad for endangered animals and begins to read and research about them a lot --> he keeps visiting zoos at night and wants to act as one with the animals and defend the animals and stand up for the animals --> T hires a locksmith to teach him how to pick locks and sneaks into zoos --> Fultons wife (Janet) keeps having T over for dinner to try to set him up with different women but T isnt interested in any of them! --> T breaks into zoo at night and is at peace with the rhino he stands next to -T's mom used to be very detail oriented and attentive but now she doesn't care about much and doesn't take care of herself --> T hires a nurse to come and help the mom out once in a wild and keep clean food in the house and what not --> T goes to 4th of July party at Fultons and Janet keeps trying to set T up with different women but he is not interested in any of them --> T breaks into a money enclosure and alarm sounds and he almost gets caught but he hides and sneaks away --> T befriends a young crippled girl named Casey (Susan's daughter)... Susan is T's secretary!! --> Casey is outspoken and used to be very successful (accepted to Stanford) until a car accident left her paralyzed... now she is in wheelchair and is bitter --> T begins to run a lot and enjoys taking care of and spending time with casey --> casey has a crush on a guy at her group therapy (sal) --> T takes casey to meet him mom and they have a nice time together -T travels to a hole in the desert to look at rare pupfish --> T cannot see the pupfish in the merky hole (water hole has chemical waste draining into it but wont reach and hurt the fish for a long time!) --> T sneaks into the area with a science research tanks with the fish and observes them and also contemplates how long the fish have lived in the very deep hole and how simple their lives must be! -T doesn't tell anybody about how he sneaks into zoos and begins to take basically unprofitable business trips to sneak into zoos --> T sits with animals for a long time and sleeps with them --> T contemplates how boring the lives of the animals are --> he thinks about how they have nothing to do but sleep and eat and how different that is then the wild --> T sleeps in the exhibits and gets more comfortable with different animals around him --> T doesn't let people into his apartment and his animals studies scattered all over --> T thinks about moving to a house but doesn't because hed have to move his mom and everything too and thus he sees his apartment as a storage locker (T is very rich... many millions) --> T begins to alter his business decisions and Fulton ridicules his decisions --> T's mom and casey become close and hang out and do a lot of puzzles (suzan is happy to see her daughter get out of the house and now suzan has time to spend doing what she wants and not taking care of her daughter) --> T goes to store with casey and sees fulton there with his family --> fulton insalts casey and makes rude comments to her face and T gets pissed --> Casey has intellectual battle with Fulton and insults him --> T gets mad and tells casey that fulton cheats on his wife in front of his family and the family is upset --> casey and T leave the store and accidently steal a honeydue... T is ready to take economic losses from losing Fulton's business too -T gets out of a business meeting early and doesn't go to the zoo because the monkeys he wanted to see just had a baby and he doesn't want to disturb them (T is gaining empathy!) --> on way back from work, T calls mom and learns that while the nurse (vera), angela, and his dog (vera the nurse watches the dog and T's mom for him) were on a walk that they saw fulton and let fulton hold the dog while the mom when inside somewhere to pee --> fulton left with the dog --> T calls fulton but fulton is rude and just says that the dog took off and that his marriage and family are now ruined --> casey shows up next day with bag of dog goodies and casey and T go around for miles looking for the dog --> T and casey drink wine and T's apartment after --> casey professes her love to T and T is surprised --> casey forces T to go down and swin in the pool with him even tho its closed --> T and casey then have sex (T thinks casey is beautiful... this is after T took some of caseys pain pills and casey through T's ugly clothes in the pool over the balcony) and Casey leaves right away in the morning without looking at T --> T finds his dog after casey leaves and is happy but uneasy/ashamed about what happened with casey --> T takes dog to the vet and it is injured and vet says the dog was beaten and tied up for a while --> T is enraged at Fulton --> dog gets leg amputated and later returns home with T and T is happy! -Casey doesn't return T's calls for days --> T goes to see casey and she wont buzz him up to the apartment even tho she has been busy for the last few days --> T sees man who tells him that casey is moving --> T is distraught and calls suzan (casey's mom) --> suzan is sick and says that casey wont see him anymore and she cant do anything about it --> T loves being with casey and misses her (T spoke to suzan at a telephone booth) --> T feels bad for mom cuz casey wont be around to hang out with her now (empathy!) --> T walks to waterhole and jumps in the cold water! -T is lonely without casey! --> T goes to visit his mom and his mom doesn't remember him and thinks he is a criminal --> the mom is obsessed with hair and wants to get it all off of her body --> T runs shower for mom and mom gets in with clothes on and then stands in hallway --> T talks to the nurse about having mom see a neurologist because she isn't even 60 and has bad dementia --> Nurse (vera) says mom is happy tho --> T visits and calls mom a lot --> T tries to find any other family to talk to and contact but he has basically none --> T thinks about how in nature and humans both, it is the males that drive out the females and the females that leave (females file for more divorce but males lead them to it) and how males venture out more in life to hunt and what not and get hurt while the females are protected at home! -zoos are not new (have been around for thousands of years) but viewing animals as possessions and not as symbols is a new idea --> people convince themselves that zoos are okay because the animals are safe from the wild and live longer --> animals mental well-being are not cared for in zoos --> T goes to a zoo and sits and sleeps with elephants --> one night he wakes up in panic and realizes he is being sucked into the entrapment that animals are in --> he thinks he will leave the zoo and stop going to zoos in general --> T thinks the animals are waiting to return to their wild home! -T's puts his dog in a dog hotel when he leaves because vera and his mom cant watch it anymore --> T flies down to his belize development and the pilot says a storm is coming --> T takes a boat to his small island development and talks to the electric workers (one worker is marlo) who then take him back to his hotel in a boat and then rush home to their families to see if there families and homes are okay from the storm --> T is in hotel and himself and other tourists are worried about the storm hitting --> workers leave (threatened by managers) to make sure their homes and families are okay! --> some workers stay all night (forced by managers) and then leave in morning to check on homes and families --> T gets on car in the morning with the workers and goes to a village that was ruined by the storm --> T walks to marlos house which is in decent shape --> Marlo tells T that Marlo's son is missing and his boat was found upside down from the storm --> family is depressed as they hopefully search for the son --> T is empathetic and apologizes and asks Marlo how he can get to the jaguar reserve nearby -T returns home from marlos village on a boat and stops at his hotel to grab his stuff --> he pays extra so that when he leaves a family that was devastated by the storm can live in his room and eat at the hotel (empathy!) --> T gathers stuff and leaves the hotel and then calls his mom who still doesn't recognize his voice, phone breaks up and T can barely hear mom or vera but knows mom is not doing well --> T contemplates how dementia with humans leads them back to animal like primitive state --> T begins his journey to the Jaguar conservation area with his tour guide Delonn ---> Delonn is smart guy and is great tour guide --> they boat for a while until they cant and then hike for miles through the forest --> they eat and drink and fall asleep and T is very happy --> T wakes up and Delonn is unconscious and T freaks out --> T drags delonns body miles back to the boat and thinks he is dead or he has killed him by dragging him (Delonn has chest pains earlier) --> T goes to sleep on boat and in morning he knows that Delonn is dead (put hair on lips at night and hair didn't move) --> T rides boat down the river and hits a rock and the motor breaks --> T paddles down the river and gazes at the nature -T's boat gets badly lodged in the river so he decides to leave it --> T leaves Delonn sitting nicely in the boat (Dead) and then begins to hike by the river --> he is tired but conserves his food and water --> T lays down to sleep after hiking for a while and thinks of the toxic tree species that delonn warned him about --> T thinks about the interconnected hopeful world of lights and cities and has some hope that he will make it out -T is hiking through the jungle for days by the river and tries to conserve his food and water --> he is somewhat hopeful but starts to lose hope --> he sings and talks to himself for entertainment and hopes that rain will come (hasn't rained since delonn's death) --> he tells himself stories and converses with himself about stories from his childhood (kissing stories and what not...) --> T goes to pee and sees and animals in the tree that runs away --> T eats and drinks and then falls asleep while thinking about how he used to think that cities and monuments were beautiful (manmaide) but now he thinks that earth and nature is beautiful (God made and always there!)... he thinks animals and beasts are miracles (T has cut on his leg) -T wakes up and sees his boat moving down the stream --> he runs to try to get to it and realizes delonn isn't in it --> T tries to get to boat but cant and is hit hard in the back by a tree --> T falls into water and then retreats back to the shore --> T lies there and thinks about the virgin Mary and her mothers love for the mother mary and how mary put herself second to man and to everything (so pure) --> T thinks of how much his mom loves him and enjoys this simple fact --> T finishes whisky and falls asleep with some hope of getting out alive and thinks about how the market of the world has failed to preserve nature and appreciate/love animals/ -T wakes up with an animal on his arm and wont move because he doesn't want to startle it --> T thinks the animal is a medium size herbiover with coarse hair (not a jaguar) --> T thinks of how he needs to get home to care for his dog and how he loved beth --> T thinks the animals that the animal is lonely because it used to sleep with his family but now his whole family is gone --> T thinks the animal is glad to be there and that they are both happy to be comforting each other because T and the animals are both lonely --> T thinks that the animal thinks that T is his mother --> T is happy that the animal feels safe and happy by him --> its sad that the animal is alone and without a mom... but soon all animals will be without a mom (extinction and destruction of nature idea!) --> T is close to nature and empathetic to nature and loves nature! --> he ends up feeling bad for the loneliness of himself and the animal and thinks about how much relationships matter! --> extinction and nature destruction is considered as author mentions that soon all animal mothers will be gone (lonely sad animals!)... T has gained a lot of empathy (for people and animals) and is a changed man!

Writing Home; Camille T. Dungy -main ideas?

-young girl grows up in terraced neighborhood in outskirts of Southern California -goes to bed early and looks out her window and admires nature -in the day she goes outside and play in nature and enjoys a variety of different creative games as well as exploring the beautiful landscape -construction came and destroyed her beautiful backyard and urbanized it thus changing the way of life she was accompanied to +towns become civilized and lose beautiful aspects of nature --> civilization becomes same as destruction of nature -nature communicated in beautiful harmony in California but it was destroyed and lost -author moves to Iowa and does not have same experience with bland nature and cornstalks -home is a memory that is lost in time -approached by dog and taken back to her memory of home --> author recounts how the memory that is home is a selective memory that chooses to remember the good and not the bad or racist parts of her childhood -author is black female --> questions what parts of her memory of home to follow and which director will take her home!

Through the arc of the rain forest (pg. 3-52); introduction to ARC and satire, characters, setting, Fordlandia, Yamashita

1. Chapter 1 -dead natural spirit says it came down with full moon and people going crazy (narrator) -Kazumasa (Kaz) got hit by debris from lightning strike at beach --> mom helped him get better but a small rock/ball whizzed around his head and remained --> nobody could get it off --> Kaz grew to love the ball! -Kaz lived a normal life and did not get much special attention from the ball as people got used to it -After school, Kaz worked at a trailway place for low wages --> one day found that his ball (went crazy)could show where the train tracks are bad --> made lots of money traveling Japan and looking at tracks --> invention came out that replaced his job -narrator is the ball --> Kaz (loves the ball!) grew up pretty normally it says! 2. Chapter 2 -Kaz feels close to and never lonely with his fall --> Kax moves to Brazil to be get a new and exciting life (already saw most of Japan) and to be with his cousin (who didnt go to college to go to Japan) -Kaz and ball and cousin begin working and finding bad parts on railroad tracks --> make good money and Kaz gets 14th floors sunny apartment --> watches neighbors with deck below him in house (Batista and Tania) -Batista is a clerk runner who runs around with papers to get them signed by people --> makes good money and is nice clever and successful -Tania --> Batista's wife --> spends lot of time w mom down the street which angers batista -batista finds hurt pigeon and nurtures it back to life --> batista becomes obsessed with pigeon and then tania gets jealous and takes pigeon on bus and then releases it --> pigeo returns home! --> Batista starts timing flights with pigeon from everywhere in city and Tania and kids wait excited for pigeon and note that Batista would leave on it --> bat and tan take pigeon everywhere with them (like there kid they dont have!) 3. Chapter 3 -Mane de Costa Pene (finds feather) --> lives on farm and regularly would go into the dark jungle for resources --> one day we follows light tunnel and signs paper from government --> they take and burn land and then give part of it back to him --> Mane finds a huge rock under his land (Matacoa) --> this rock becomes famous and tourists would come to see it --> Mane moved off the rock land to apartments on side from government --> apartments destroyed and replaced by American places --> Mane is again poor and lives with family --> yet he is happy an speaks of the feather he has found and his matacoa 4. Chapter 4 -GGG company in New York started small and then took off --> normal day at GGG with protesting and smoking and busy work -founders of GGG --> Georgia and Goeff --> voted out of their own company by the stock board --> predicted by Georgia --> they took a special microchip card when they left and threw it away in gutter (company could go on without it tho) -place he $9.99 hole punchers 5. Chapter 5 -Mane by the Matacoa spoke of his feather collection and how he could heal people --> heals report on live TV --> connection between healing power of feather and the big rock matacoa under him +Kaz hears of the news in New York and doesnt know what to think of it --> does not make connection between the matacoa and the feathers healing --> his maid does tho! -Chico Paco (19 year old who hears of healing w feather on the matacoa) --> lives by crippled (got disease when young) friend Gilberto and Gilberto's grandma, Dona Marie Cruz --> Chico is good fisherman and spends a lot of time with Gilberto --> Marie prays that Gilberto will be able to walk again to the TV with feather and Matacoa on and rosary in hand --> Gilberto walks and prayers answered --> Marie must fulfill her end of the promise and walk barefoot to the Matacoa and erect a St. George statue and worship there --> Chico volunteers to do this task for her! (over 1500 mile walk) -ball on Kaz is omnipotent (knows whats going on with everybody everywhere). 6. Chapter 6 -Jonathan B. Tweep --> man with 3 arms who had done a variety of jobs in the past and was successful at all of them (always got second in everything) --> he never found something he really loved but a sensation in his third arm made him feel GGG was the right place --> interview at GGG went well and lady saw third arm and was interested --> receptionist and interviewer were both curly red haired ladies with southern accents -JB loves with third arm and talks about how much is has helped him in the past --> successful and skilled and smart man 7. Chapter 7 -Batista and his pigeon messages keep bringing attention and people gather to watch -Lourdes (Kaz's female maid) tells Kaz that the pigeon tells good fortune and that they should both go down to hear the lottery ticket winnings or something like that! -Batista and his pigeon messages keep growing in fame --> kid stole message days earlier -- they hired bouncers now because crowd got so big --> people viewed Batista's pigeon messages like prophecy and looked to them for wisdom, fame, and wealth. --> other amateur pigeoners start doing what Batista is doing --> Batista and Tania start a small breeding pigeon farm and teach others in area how to care for pigeons too -Lourdes (Kaz's female madi) hears the message from Batista's pigeon, "Japanese man with ball will do well here" --> Lourdes doesnt tell Kaz the messages but takes him to get all the lottery tickets he can find --> Lourdes takes Kaz on a tour of the city and shows him many places she has worked --> they go to Lourdes house together and she cooks him a meal! +Lourdes husband left years ago for gold mining and was likely killed in scandal over gold findings (she just has a gold bracelet to remember him) --> She has 2 kids and one is crippled +news breaks out in the small and poor town that Lourdes lives in that Kaz is there (they all know the pigeon message) --> they all flood to Lourdes place and dance with Kaz for whole night and have a good time 8. Chapter 8 -Chico Paco completes his journey to the Matacoa --> gets there and falls on the matacoa and his feet are bloody and he is in rough shape --> gets picked up by group of boys playing on the matacoa --> carried through poor streets to Mane (de Costa Pene) --> Mane and boys who carry Chico and chico go back to Matacoa --> mane puts chico in a hammock and washes and cleans his feet and then bandages them --> then Mane touches feather Chico's ear and the pain goes away --> Chico stays with mane and mane's wife (augustia) and they feed him well as he recovers -when healed, Chico erects the St. George statue on the Matacoa (owned by church now?) --> protest about whether is should be allowed there or not --> bulldozer (w govt orders) tries to remove it and hits side (Gilberto flinches at this moment) --> bulldozer cannot move the statue and people celebrate and bulldozer driver prostates before the St. George statue -Chico gets lots of letters and requests to do pilgrimages and erect different statues and walk far ways for different reasons (often religious) -Chico has dreams of Gilberto walking around --> in dream there is a face that is following something that keeps appearing over Gilberto's face (Kaz following ball??) --> tries to find face among the young boys at the matacoa with him but cannot +Mane thinks that chico could be saint -Chico and Mane both gets lots of news attentions and stories told about them --> for Chico's pilgrimage and Mane's healing!

Oryx and Crake; 1-133

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oryxcrake/summary/ -snowman wakes and eats and speaks with crakes children and curses crake -snowman recalls life when he was Jimmy and speaks of his mother and father and moms depression. -Snow (jimmy) goes to forest and sleeps and thinks about past experiences and then goes to bridge and gets rainfall water after storm -Jimmy moved to different place for dads work --> jimmy is funny at school --> Jimmy got a rakunk and parents fight --> mom later goes crazy and is very depressed and leaves and releases jimmy's pet (killer the rakunk) --> Ramona (Jimmy's dad's friend from work... worked at old place w him too moved with him as part of deal for jimmy's dad) moves in with Jimmy and his dad and its a bit awkward for jimmy --> aunt monica (jimmys mom) sends jimmy cards --> Snowman tries to snap out of these memories. --> Jimmy meets crake (glenn, transferred to jimmys school) --> Jimmy and crake become friends --> Jimmy and crake play a lot of games and watch disturbing videos online and smoke weed --> they see oryx on a porn video -snow is on shore and tells the crake children they will be toast (confuses them) --> crake children bring fish to snow and he tells them stories about origins of earth and birth of crake --> snow gets scotch and finishes it and then contemplates ideas and then masturbates while thinking about oryx -snow wakes to sound of owl and thinks of oryx --> Jimmy is told by oryx of her horrible and poor past yet she was strangely okay with it