English 12A Unit 5
Which suffix would you add to the noun satire to create a related adjective?
-ical
Read the excerpt from "The Federalist No. 10" by James Madison. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves. Which excerpts clearly identify the premises of this argument? (Select all that apply.) The Federalist No. 10
As long as the reason of man continues fallible... As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love...
How would the meaning of the word allocate change if you dropped the -e and added the suffix -ion?
It would change from a noun meaning "a distributed portion" to a verb meaning "to distribute." It would change from a noun meaning "a distributed portion" to a verb meaning "in a way that distributes in parts" **INCORRECT**
In which sentence is the word disparate used incorrectly?
The bus driver, who became disparate when he realized he had two flat tires and only one spare, called for help.
Read the excerpt from Betty Friedan's essay "The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose." WE DO NOT ACCEPT the token appointment of a few women to high-level positions in government and industry as a substitute for serious continuing effort to recruit and advance women according to their individual abilities. To this end, we urge American government and industry to mobilize the same resources of ingenuity and command with which they have solved problems of far greater difficulty than those now impeding the progress of women. How do the underlying assumptions in the excerpt potentially weaken Friedan's overall argument? The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose
The statement that the American government and industry have solved far more difficult problems and misleadingly implies that the solution to the problem of women's inequality can easily be implemented.
Read Betty Friedan's essay "The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose." Which excerpt most clearly identifies a conclusion of Friedan's argument? The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose
To this end, we urge American government and industry to mobilize the same resources of ingenuity and command with which they have solved problems of far greater difficulty than those now impeding the progress of women.
If you look in the dictionary, what synonym of the word venerate are you most likely to find?
adore.
A quick test of what you know: While reading, you encounter a word that ends in -ous. What part of speech is this word most likely to be? an adverb a noun an adjective a gerund
an adjective
aberration
deviation from a normal type; abnormality
Which prefixes have similar meanings? (Select all that apply.) dis- ex- un- sub- anti-
dis- un- anti-
The constitutional principle that relates to individuals, rather than someone within the government, having the power to control their rights can be referred to as ___________________ .
popular sovereignty
Causal reasoning
seeks to show cause-and-effect relationships between events. This type of reasoning focuses on correlation, or two things happening together. Such reasoning allows you to argue that if these two elements occurred together, one factor likely caused the other.
The constitutional principle of ____________________ states that government should divide power among three branches to limit the power of any individual branch.
separation of powers
Which option best describes the purpose of the "Letter to John C. Breckinridge"?
to convey the issues related to the new lands obtained in the Louisiana Purchase.
Which options best describe the main purposes of the letter "George W. Harkins to the American People"? (Select all that apply.) George W. Harkins to the American People
to express Harkins's sentiments about the cruel relocation of the Choctaws to the West. to describe to the American people the brutality and hardships the native tribes endured during their relocation.
Read the sentence. Removing the prefix mis- from the word misconception changes the meaning to _[blank]_. Which option correctly completes the sentence?
"an attitude of understanding" **INCORRECT**
*LESSON 22*
*ADVOCACY IN ARGUMENT*
*LESSON 25*
*OPPOSING OPINIONS*
spurn
to reject with contempt; disapprove, reject
wrest
to take something with considerable effort and difficulty; pry, uproot, yank
veracity
truthfulness or accuracy; honesty, correctness
Analogical Reasoning
An analogy is an extended comparison-- compares two examples: the present case and a similar example. The author uses the similarities between the two situations to make further arguments. The analogous case might be a historical example or a more abstract metaphor.
LESSON 21
BREAKING DOWN AN ARGUMENT
Anticipated Counterclaim (Or Rebuttal)
Authors can strengthen their argument by predicting the response of someone who disagrees with their ideas.
*Objective tone*
Distracted driving, or any activity that diverts the driver's attention and endangers the driver, passenger, and other drivers, includes the following activities: texting, eating, talking, grooming, reading maps, and using navigation systems.
chain of legal reasoning
Courts have established a formal process and system of reasoning
The issue in the case of "US Supreme Court: Riley v. California" is whether _[blank]_. Which options correctly complete the sentence? (Select all that apply.) US Supreme Court: Riley v. California
David Riley's Fourth Amendment rights were violated the digital content on David Riley's phone was illegally obtained
*Conversational tone*
Hey! Did you know there's now an "official" name for texting—or even eating—in a car while you're driving? It's called "distracted driving"! No kidding. I just found that out. Even talking in the car is part of it!
Why is President Thomas Jefferson's "Letter to John C. Breckinridge" considered a seminal document?
It is correspondence that was from a US president to his attorney general and that had a historical impact on legalizing the Louisiana Purchase.
In which sentence is the word fruition used correctly?
I hope my goal will come to fruition.
Which responses explain why "The Federalist No. 10" is considered a work of public advocacy? (Select all that apply.) The Federalist No. 10
It was written by a citizen seeking to improve America. It helps the government communicate directly to the people.
Which responses explain why "The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose" is considered a work of public advocacy? (Select all that apply.) The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose
It was written by a citizen working to improve America It represents the views of a group that promotes equality for all. **PARTIAL**
LESSON 24
LEGAL REASONING
Read the sentence. Roberto is angry and frustrated. Which option revises the syntax by using descriptive prepositional phrases? Because Roberto's parents do not understand him, he is angry and frustrated. Unless Roberto is angry and frustrated, his parents do not understand him. Roberto is angry and frustrated that his parents do not understand him. Roberto is angry at his parents and frustrated by their lack of understanding.
Roberto is angry at his parents and frustrated by their lack of understanding.
*Analysis*
The *analysis* of a case is the interpretation and evaluation of how the facts fit the rule. The analysis is what justifies the conclusion. Did the police have probable cause to search the digital contents of Riley's cell phone without a warrant? Did the police perceive the phone to be an immediate danger to their physical safety? Does a cell phone count as a person's "effects," given the vast amount of information that can be found on a phone? How could laws be adapted to accommodate changes in technology and privacy, or should they?
Warrant (Or Backing)
The final part of an argument; the underlying assumption about societal values that makes the argument persuasive.
fruition
accomplishment or realization of a goal; attainment, achievement
If your friend told you that "starfish" is a misnomer, what question would you most likely ask your friend?
Why is the creature's name incorrect?
Read the sentence. If someone is your progenitor, that person is your _[blank]_. Which option best completes the sentence?
ancestor
progenitor
ancestor or forefather; forebear
author (noun)
authorial (adjective), authored (verb), authorship (noun), and authorless (adjective).
remonstrance
a disapproving objection or protest; opposition, objection
If someone tells you that you have a propensity for talking loudly, what is that person saying you have?
a natural tendency to talk loudly
beautiful (adjective)
beauty (noun), beauteous (adjective), and beautify (verb).
anarchy
a state of lawlessness and absence of government; chaos, lawlessness
If you look in a thesaurus to find a synonym for the word rife, which words are you most likely to find? (Select all that apply.)
abundant replete
subservient
having a role of lesser importance; subordinate; lesser, lower, inferior
Inductive reasoning
helps people link individual events to frequently occurring patterns. Many parts of life—like human behavior and emotions, scientific phenomena, and even criminal activity—tend toward certain trends.
roughshod
in a manner that is roughly forceful; roughly, forcefully
Which options about the roots of the word subservient are incorrect? (Select all that apply.)
The word servant and subservient do not share a root. The word subservient contains the root "servus," which means "eat."
Which option correctly describes the root of the word wrest?
The words wrest and wrestle both come from a root that means to twist.
Read the excerpt from "The Damned Human Race" by Mark Twain. I find this Defect to be the Moral Sense. He is the only animal that has it. It is the secret of his degradation. It is the quality which enables him to do wrong. It has no other office. It is incapable of performing any other function. It could never have been intended to perform any other. Without it, man could do no wrong. He would rise at once to the level of the Higher Animals. Causal reasoning in the excerpt allows Twain to _[blank]_. Which option best completes the statement?
imply that the presence of a moral sense in man is responsible for his ruin and makes him a lesser being
Reasons
the ideas that an author uses to support the claim. Reasons should be relevant to the claim; if the reasons are not relevant, they will not be persuasive.
Read the excerpt from Betty Friedan's essay "The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose." NOW is dedicated to the proposition that women, first and foremost, are human beings, who, like all other people in our society, must have the chance to develop their fullest human potential. Which option best describes the purpose of this statement? The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose
to link the argument for women's equality to the founding ideas of the nation.
What are the function and meaning of the new word created by adding the prefix il- to the word legitimate?
It becomes an adjective meanin "not valid or legal."
Read the excerpt from "The Damned Human Race" by Mark Twain. Man is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to dispute. Indeed, my experiments have proven to me that he is the Unreasoning Animal. Note his history, as sketched above. It seems plain to me that whatever he is, he is not a reasoning animal. His record is the fantastic record of a maniac. I consider that the strongest count against his intelligence is the fact that with that record back of him he blandly sets himself up as the head animal of the lot: whereas by his own standards he is the bottom one. In truth, man is incurably foolish. Simple things which the other animals easily learn, he is incapable of learning. Which option best explains why Twain uses an anticipated counterclaim to strengthen his argument?
Rejecting the idea that man descended from animals as too far-fetched helps Twain explain why animals and humans think differently. **INCORRECT**
Read the sentences. Sentence 1: For several minutes, the little girl in the ice-cream shop could not make up her mind about a flavor, but she finally chose a vanilla cone. Sentence 2: The little girl in the ice-cream shop finally chose a vanilla cone, although for several minutes she had not been able to make up her mind about a flavor. Which options correctly describe the differences between the structures of the two sentences? (Select all that apply.)
Sentence 1 is a compound sentence; Sentence 2 is a complex sentence. Sentence 2 changes the syntax to include a dependent clause.
Original: Cats are curious. Cats like to explore. Cats like to climb to high places. Revision: Because cats are curious, they like to explore and climb to high places. Which option correctly describes the strategy used to revise the original sentences? The information was rewritten as a compound sentence with a dependent clause. The information was rewritten as a simple sentence containing prepositional phrases. The information was rewritten as a compound-complex sentence containing multiple verbs. The information was rewritten as a complex sentence with one dependent clause.
The information was rewritten as a complex sentence with one dependent clause.
Deductive reasoning
a method of reasoning that can be used to conclusively prove an argument, is when you use your knowledge about a situation to reach logical conclusions.
misnomer
an incorrect term used to describe or designate something; mistake
Read the sentence. Making a __________ between shades of green was impossible for Albert because he was colorblind. Which word form correctly completes the sentence? difference differentiation differentiating differentiate
differentiation
latent
existing in a hidden, repressed, or dormant state but possible to be brought to light; inactive, potential, concealed
avaricious
extremely greedy for material gain; greedy, grasping, moneygrubbing
Read the sentence. If a written agreement is not equitable, it is not _______. Which option best completes the sentence?
fair
equitable
fair and equal; unbiased, objective, even
rife
full of, abounding; abundant, replete, numerous
The constitutional principle of separation of powers states that _[blank]_. Which option best completes the statement?
government should divide power among three branches to limit the power of any individual branch.
Read the excerpt from President Thomas Jefferson's "Letter to John C. Breckinridge." But I suppose they must then appeal to the nation for an additional article to the Constitution, approving & confirming an act which the nation had not previously authorized. The constitution has made no provision for our holding foreign territory, still less for incorporating foreign nations into our Union. Jefferson incorporates the constitutional principle of rule of law to _[blank]_. Which options best complete the statement? (Select all that apply.) The Louisiana Purchase/Letter to John C. Breckinridge
suggest that a new amendment was needed to make sure that the Louisiana Purchase was covered under the constitution. show that the Louisiana Purchase did not really pertain to the articles and amendments set up in the Constitution
proximity
the nearness of a point or an object to another; adjacency, closeness, vicinity
Claim
the primary statement that is to be proved through the presentation of an argument. A claim should be controversial.
Read the excerpt from "The Damned Human Race" by Mark Twain. The higher animals engage in individual fights, but never in organized masses. Man is the only animal that deals in that atrocity of atrocities, War. He is the only one that gathers his brethren about him and goes forth in cold blood and with calm pulse to exterminate his kind. He is the only animal that for sordid wages will march out, as the Hessians did in our Revolution, and as the boyish Prince Napoleon did in the Zulu war, and help to slaughter strangers of his own species who have done him no harm and with whom he has no quarrel. Man is the only animal that robs his helpless fellow of his country, takes possession of it and drives him out of it or destroys him. Man has done this in all the ages. There is not an acre of ground on the globe that is in possession of its rightful owner, or that has not been taken away from owner after owner, cycle after cycle, by force and bloodshed. In the excerpt, Twain provides reasons that only mankind organizes armies and wages wars to highlight his main claim that _[blank]_. Which option best completes the statement? The Damned Human Race
the unique role of humans as the most powerful species means that they have the responsibilities to care for all animals. **INCORRECT**
Which response best explains the purpose of Betty Friedan's essay "The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose"?
to advocate for women's equality
Which suffixes could you add to the adjective modern to create related words that are different parts of speech? (Select all that apply.) -ous -ization -ize -ic
-ization -ize
Which prefixes have similar meanings? (Select all that apply.) inter- sub- fore- bi- pre-
fore- pre-
In "US Supreme Court: Riley v. California," which fact helped the court determine that this case's search and seizure was unreasonable? US Supreme Court: Riley v. California
Cell phones do not pose an immediate physical threat to police officers; therefore, this search and seizure action was a violation of Fourth Amendment rights.
Karen was disappointed and frustrated. Which option revises the syntax by using descriptive prepositional phrases? Because Karen's friends didn't invite her, she was disappointed and frustrated. Karen was disappointed with her friends and frustrated because they did not invite her to the movies. Even though Karen was disappointed and frustrated, her friends still didn't invite her. Karen was disappointed and frustrated that her friends didn't invite her.
Karen was disappointed with her friends and frustrated because they did not invite her to the movies.
Read the passage from "Bias in the Media." [1] Is the media biased? [2] Many people would say so. [3] Even observers on both sides of the political spectrum have agreed that partisan politics has become much more rampant in the news today. [4] However, this idea is presented as a novelty, implying that at some point in the past the media has, in fact, been unbiased. Use the answer space to identify syntax choices in this passage, using the numbers to identify sentences.
Sentence 1 is a question. Sentence 2 is a simple sentence. Sentence 3 is a complex sentence that includes various prepositional phrases (such as on both sides and of the political spectrum) and an independent clause (partisan politics has become much more rampant in the news today). Sentence 4 is a complex sentence with a dependent clause (implying that at some point in the past the media has, in fact, been unbiased).
*Conclusion*
The *conclusion* of a case is the legal judgment or decision that is considered the outcome of the case. The court found that, without a warrant, the police may not search the digital contents of a phone belonging to an individual who has been arrested.
*Facts*
The *facts* of a case are the objective, relevant details of what actually happened. *Ex:* Riley was stopped for a traffic violation. During the arrest, an officer searching Riley spotted a cell phone in Riley's pants pocket and took it as evidence. Without obtaining a warrant, police officers searched the digital contents of the phone and found evidence, including photos and videos, suggesting that Riley was guilty of gang-related crimes, including a recent shooting. Based on this evidence, Riley was convicted of the gang-related crimes. He was thus charged for a number of crimes for which he was not originally arrested.
*Issue*
The *issue* of a case is the question of whether an actual rule, or law, was violated. *Ex:* May the police, without a search warrant, seize and search a cell phone found on a person who has been arrested? Does doing so violate the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution?
*Rule*
The *rule* of a case is any existing law or regulation that is relevant to the issue. The rule must be both *stated* (this means the rule is quoted or paraphrased) and *cited* (this means the source of the rule, or where it can be found, is identified) *Ex:* *Stated:* Police officers may obtain a search warrant only after they already have probable cause that a crime has been committed. The warrant allows police officers to search "persons, houses, papers, and effects." There are exceptions to this rule, including when police officers feel their lives are in immediate danger. *Cited:* This rule appears in the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution.
Read the excerpt from the article "Gun Debate? What Gun Debate?" by Mark O'Mara. Reasonable restrictions on guns will not lead to totalitarianism and anarchy. Suffering 30,000 gun deaths annually is not a reasonable sacrifice to make in order to blindly maintain our unrestricted gun culture, particularly when the rallying cry is an outdated reference concerning infringement which, known to anyone who has actually studied the Constitution and our founding fathers who drafted it, was a reference to the then-existing reality that young men, when called upon to defend the state and the laws of the state, were expected to provide their own arms. A warrant stated by the author in the excerpt is that gun restrictions will not result in lawlessness and disorder. Which option best evaluates how this warrant supports the author's argument?
The warrant is highly effective; the warrant helps persuade the audience to understand that the Constitutional right to bear arms is outdated and does not apply to modern society.
close (verb)
closing (noun), closed (adjective), and closure (noun).
Read the sentence. Stephanie examined two students' essays to see if they were . Which word form correctly completes the sentence? comparability comparable comparison compare
comparable
defy (verb)
defying (verb), defied (verb), defiant (adjective), and defiance (noun).
Read the sentence. If something is an aberration, it is a(n) _[blank]_. What option best completes the sentence?
deviation from normal
propensity
inclination or natural tendency; proneness, tendency, inclination
indemnity
protection against loss or damage; security, protection
A court's legal decision should always be based on _[blank]_. Which option best completes the sentence?
reasoning
Which suffixes could you add to the verb commemorate to create related words that are different parts of speech? (Select all that apply.) -ion -ive -ic -ous
-ion -ive
Read the excerpt from Betty Friedan's essay "The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose." Today's technology has reduced most of the productive chores which women once performed in the home and in mass-production industries based upon routine unskilled labor. This same technology has virtually eliminated the quality of muscular strength as a criterion for filling most jobs, while intensifying American industry's need for creative intelligence. In view of this new industrial revolution created by automation in the mid-twentieth century, women can and must participate in old and new fields of society in full equality—or become permanent outsiders. Which response most clearly evaluates Friedan's purpose for mentioning "muscular strength as a criterion for filling most jobs"? The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose
Anticipating the counterargument, Friedan refutes the idea that all men are stronger than all women, and she notes that individual women may be strong and may fill any job. **INCORRECT**
Read the excerpt from "George W. Harkins to the American People." Friends, my attachment to my native land was strong—that cord is now broken; and we must go forth as wanderers in a strange land! I must go—let me entreat you to regard us with feelings of kindness, and when the hand of oppression is stretched against us, let me hope that every part of the United States, filling the mountains and valleys, will echo and say stop, you have no power, we are the sovereign people, and our friends shall no more be disturbed. We ask you for nothing that is incompatible with your other duties. Harkins's perspective in the excerpt is that the Choctaws are citizens of the United States. Which option best explains how Harkins applies the constitutional principle of consent of the governed to emphasize his perspective?
By stating, "we are the sovereign people," Harkins is implying that the Choctaws should have the same rights as everyone else in the United States.
Which option best explains the constitutional principle of rule of law?
Governments should divide its power among three branches to limit the government's power. **INCORRECT**
Read the excerpt from the article "Bias in the Media." Consider the ideas of Walter Lippman, one of the most influential journalists of the 20th century. Beginning his career as a reporter, Lippman later became a speechwriter, a magazine and newspaper editor, an author, a Pulitzer Prize winner, and one of the most widely respected political journalists in the world. Lippman was born in 1889 and so came of age as a journalist as World War I unfolded. He became disillusioned with what he saw as the "error, illusion, and misinterpretation" of news reporting during war time. He critiqued the tendency of the press to present propaganda as truth and referred to this practice as the "manufacture of consent." Which option best explains how inductive reasoning is used to convey the argument that journalists were engaging in the "manufacture of consent"?
Inductive reasoning is used to show what Walter Lippman discovered based on his observations of "error, illusion, and misinterpretation."
Read the excerpt from the article "Participatory Journalism in the 21st Century." Today, print newspapers and television news are just one static part of the information puzzle. Online news, whether it is from a newspaper, a tweet, or a blog, provides instant updates and adjustments as events unfold. No longer are individuals passive consumers of news. People can now offer opinions on issues, contribute to specific news stories, and choose which news sites they frequent and how often they consume the news. People have more power than ever to control the type of information they receive in order to make sense of a complex and ever-changing world. Which response best explains how the author uses deductive reasoning to strengthen the argument that in the information age, both the press and their audience create journalism?
The author highlights the contrast between previous times and a time when "individuals are no longer passive consumers of news." **INCORRECT**
Read the excerpt from Betty Friedan's essay "The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose." Enormous changes taking place in our society make it both possible and urgently necessary to advance the unfinished revolution of women toward true equality, now. With a life span lengthened to nearly 75 years it is no longer either necessary or possible for women to devote the greater part of their lives to child-rearing; yet childbearing and rearing—which continues to be a most important part of most women's lives—still is used to justify barring women from equal professional and economic participation and advance. Which response best describes the relationship Friedan notes between life expectancy and equality? The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose
The bulk of women's lives is no longer spent having a raising children, so there is no excuse to keep them from developing careers.
Read the explanation of a constitutional principle. This principle establishes that each branch of the government has the power to confirm and limit the actions of the other two branches. To which constitutional principle is the explanation referring?
checks and balances
wantonly
in a way that shows a lack of mercy or disregard of risk; mercilessly
The constitutional principle of __________________ establishes a balance between the liberty of citizens and the authority of government.
limited government
If someone is avaricious, what is that person most likely interested in seeking?
material gain
venerate
to revere, respect, or honor because of age; adore, worship, glorify
Read the sentence. A writer can vary the syntax in a text by _[blank]_. Which options most accurately complete the sentence? (Select all that apply.)
using a combination of simple and complex sentences. using descriptive phrases and clauses.
Which word shares a root with the word veracity?
very
infraction
violation of a rule; infringement, breaking, violation
Heather enjoys reading and discussing all kinds of books, and she belongs to two book clubs. Which option changes the sentence's syntax by adding a dependent clause?
Because Heather enjoys reading and discussing all sorts of books, she belongs to two book clubs.
Read the passage. Zach took an extended river cruise in Europe over the summer. He will not be able to afford a trip during his fall break. Which options most effectively revise the passage for cohesion? (Select all that apply.)
Because Zach took an extended river cruise in Europe over the summer, he will not be able to afford a trip during his fall break. Zach took an extended river cruise in Europe over the summer. As a result, he will not be able to afford a trip during his fall break.
Read the excerpt from "The Damned Human Race" by Mark Twain. Some of my experiments were quite curious. In the course of my reading I had come across a case where, many years ago, some hunters on our Great Plains organized a buffalo hunt for the entertainment of an English earl. They had charming sport. They killed seventy-two of those great animals; and ate part of one of them and left the seventy-one to rot. In order to determine the difference between an anaconda and an earl (if any) I caused seven young calves to be turned into the anaconda's cage. The grateful reptile immediately crushed one of them and swallowed it, then lay back satisfied. It showed no further interest in the calves, and no disposition to harm them. I tried this experiment with other anacondas; always with the same result. The fact stood proven that the difference between an earl and an anaconda is that the earl is cruel and the anaconda isn't; and that the earl wantonly destroys what he has no use for, but the anaconda doesn't. Which option best illustrates how Twain's use of analogical reasoning strengthens his argument?
By using the experiments, Twain shows obvious similarities in the human and animal motives for violence. His ineffective use for analogical reasoning focuses on the perspective that humans are able to plan ahead to show that their aggression is thoughtful and not careless. **INCORRECT**
In "George W. Harkins to the American People," Harkins is using the Ninth Amendment as the basis for his argument. This amendment, which focuses on rights being retained by the people, states The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. How effectively does Harkins apply the principles of the Ninth Amendment to convey his perspective that the Choctaws are not being treated fairly? George W. Harkins to the American People
Harkins effectively applies the principles outlined in the Ninth Amendment by showing how the Choctaw lands cannot be taken because the tribe owned the land before the nation was established. **INCORRECT**
Read the excerpt from "George W. Harkins to the American People." Taking an example from the American government, and knowing the happiness which its citizens enjoy under the influence of mild republican institutions, it is the intention of our countrymen to form a government assimilated to that of our white brethren in the United States, as nearly as their condition will permit. Which statement best explains Harkins's use of a constitutional principle in the excerpt?
Harkins uses rule of law to show that native tribes are equal under the US Constitution even though they want to start their own government. **INCORRECT**
Read the excerpt from "The Federalist No. 10" by James Madison. No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens? And what are the different classes of legislators but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Yet the parties are, and must be, themselves the judges; and the most numerous party, or, in other words, the most powerful faction must be expected to prevail. Shall domestic manufactures be encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign manufactures? are questions which would be differently decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the public good. The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice. Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved to their own pockets. Which response best describes the conclusion of Madison's argument? The Federalist No. 10
If citizens must vote on policies that affect them, a strong culture of patriotism will help encourage them to vote for the good of all citizens. **INCORRECT**
There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests. It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy, that it was worse than the disease. Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency. Madison states, "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires." Which response most clearly evaluates the impact of Madison's use of analogy in this argument? The Federalist No. 10
It strengthens his argument that ending liberty to protect against factions is self-defeating.
Read the excerpt from President Thomas Jefferson's "Letter to John C. Breckinridge." This treaty must of course be laid before both Houses, because both have important functions to exercise respecting it. They, I presume, will see their duty to their country in ratifying & paying for it, so as to secure a good which would otherwise probably be never again in their power. But I suppose they must then appeal to the nation for an additional article to the Constitution, approving & confirming an act which the nation had not previously authorized. The constitution has made no provision for our holding foreign territory, still less for incorporating foreign nations into our Union. The Executive in seizing the fugitive occurrence which so much advances the good of their country, have done an act beyond the Constitution. The Legislature in casting behind them metaphysical subtleties, and risking themselves like faithful servants, must ratify & pay for it, and throw themselves on their country for doing for them unauthorized what we know they would have done for themselves had they been in a situation to do it. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; & saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you: you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you. But we shall not be disavowed by the nation, and their act of indemnity will confirm & not weaken the Constitution, by more strongly marking out its lines. In the excerpt, President Jefferson is telling Attorney General Breckinridge that the Legislative Branch of the government should look over the treaty of the Louisiana Purchase. How effectively does President Jefferson apply the constitutional principle of checks and balances to help convey his perspective?
Jefferson applies the principle of checks and balances effectively because he recognizes that any factors affecting the fair distribution of the newly acquired land need to be passed through all branches of government.
Read the passage from "The Real Reasons We Explore Space." [1] First, most of us want to be, both as individuals and as societies, the first or the best in some activity. [2] We want to stand out. [3] This behavior is rooted in our genes. [4] We are today the descendants of people who survived by outperforming others. ... [5] A second reason is curiosity. [6] Who among us has not had the urge to know what's over the next hill? [7] What child has not been drawn to explore beyond the familiar streets of the neighborhood? Use the answer space to identify syntax choices in the passage, using the numbers to identify sentences.
Sentences 1 and 3 use prepositional phrases (of us, as individuals, as societies, in some activity, and in our genes). Sentence 2 is a simple sentence with an infinitive phrase (to stand out) serving as the object of the verb want. Sentence 4 is a complex sentence that includes a prepositional phrase (of people) and a dependent clause (who survived by outperforming others). Sentence 5 is a simple sentence. Sentence 6 varies the syntax by asking a question that includes an infinitive phrase (to know what's over the next hill). Sentence 7 asks an additional question that includes prepositional phrases (beyond the familiar streets and of the neighborhood).
In all the professions considered of importance to society, and in the executive ranks of industry and government, women are losing ground. Where they are present it is only a token handful. Women comprise less than 1% of federal judges; less than 4% of all lawyers; 7% of doctors. Yet women represent 51% of the U.S. population. And, increasingly, men are replacing women in the top positions in secondary and elementary schools, in social work, and in libraries—once thought to be women's fields. Official pronouncements of the advance in the status of women hide not only the reality of this dangerous decline, but the fact that nothing is being done to stop it. Which response most clearly shows how the statistical evidence in the excerpt supports Friedan's premise about the strides taken in gender equality? The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose
The evidence shows that progress has been made, because at one time no women worked in these roles. **INCORRECT**
Read the passage from Mark Twain's article "The Damned Human Race." Indecency, vulgarity, obscenity (these are strictly confined to man); he invented them. Among the higher animals there is no trace of them. Which options correctly explain how suffixes are used in the passage to change adjectives to nouns? (Select all that apply.)
The noun indecency is formed by adding the suffix -cy to the adjective indecent. The noun vulgarity is formed by adding the suffix -ity to the adjective vulgar. The noun obscenity is formed by adding the suffix -ity to the adjective obscene.
Read the excerpt from "Bias in the Media." It is impossible to consider today's press as truly objective in the face of so much evidence to the contrary, despite the profession's claims that objectivity is its highest goal. It is the failure to own up to this inherent bias that is most concerning. As always, most news sources subtly, or not so subtly, influence the news that the public is given. The question is, do people realize it? Lippman believed that the role of journalists was to interpret the news for the public so that individuals could make real choices and judgments based on the information that they were given. The public, consumed by daily life, might simply assume that information is neutral and unbiased. However, American journalism remains plagued by the same array of hidden and not so hidden agendas evident since revolutionary times. The fact that ordinary people may not notice—or, more specifically, care—is the truer threat to democracy. How effective is the author's support of the claim that the press is not always objective? Bias in the Media/Participatory Journalism in the 21st Century
The support is not effective, because the author relies on only Lippmann as a source of information to support the claim, without considering any facts or examples from other reliable sources.
Read the excerpt from the article "Bias in the Media." On the contrary, it is wrong to believe that mainstream media has ever achieved true objectivity. Throughout American history, the press has been used as a political tool and as a way to promote particular points of view. For instance, prior to the American Revolution, revolutionary leaders such as Benjamin Franklin used emerging colonial newspapers to rally citizens to the cause of independence. Newspapers, including Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette, published political cartoons, news stories hostile to the British, and editorials clearly promoting revolution. In fact, newspapers were one of the primary tools in garnering support for independence from Britain. While the cause may have been noble, the newspapers were clearly a tool of persuasion rather than an objective chronicle of the day's events. This theme continues throughout American history. When John Adams was president, he signed the Sedition Act, a law that made it illegal to publish information that was overly critical of the president or Congress. When Thomas Jefferson was running for president he gave money to newspapers that would support him. Even during Abraham Lincoln's presidency, the government effectively shut down anti-Union newspapers by banning them from mail distribution. A warrant implied by the author in the excerpt is that media should be impartial, purely reporting facts with no personal perspectives or opinions. Based on Toulmin's Model, which option best evaluates how this warrant supports the author's argument?
The warrant is only somewhat effective; if the audience does not accept or understand the warrant is implied, then the audience will not accept the argument that bias in the media is widespread and a danger to accurate reporting of news.
Read the excerpt from "The Damned Human Race" by Mark Twain. Man (when he is a North American Indian) gouges out his prisoners' eyes; when he is King John, with a nephew to render untroublesome, he uses a red-hot iron; when he is a religious zealot dealing with heretics in the Middle Ages, he skins his captive alive and scatters salt on his back; in the first Richard's time he shuts up a multitude of Jew families in a tower and sets fire to it; in Columbus's time he captures a family of Spanish Jews and (but that is not printable; in our day in England a man is fined ten shillings for beating his mother nearly to death with a chair, and another man is fined forty shillings for having four pheasant eggs in his possession without being able to satisfactorily explain how he got them). Of all the animals, man is the only one that is cruel. He is the only one that inflicts pain for the pleasure of doing it. It is a trait that is not known to the higher animals. The cat plays with the frightened mouse; but she has this excuse, that she does not know that the mouse is suffering. The cat is moderate (unhumanly moderate: she only scares the mouse, she does not hurt it; she doesn't dig out its eyes, or tear off its skin, or drive splinters under its nails) man-fashion; when she is done playing with it she makes a sudden meal of it and puts it out of its trouble. Man is the Cruel Animal. He is alone in that distinction. In the excerpt, Twain states the claim that "Of all the animals, man is the only one that is cruel." How effectively does Twain use evidence to support his argument?
Twain effectively uses evidence to support his claim, because he describes the cat playing with the mouse in order to appropriately illustrate that moral issues are not completely clear, and that no human or animal is all good or all evil. Twain ineffectively uses evidence to support his claim, because while he lists many examples of man's unnecessary cruelty, he provides little variety and cannot build a persuasive case that people can be evil in any place and time. **INCORRECT**
disparate
dissimilar or unequal; distinct, unlike
Read the excerpt from "The Damned Human Race" by Mark Twain. In order to bolster up a tottering reputation the ant pretended to store up supplies, but I was not deceived. I know the ant. These experiments convinced me that there is this difference between man and the higher animals: he is avaricious and miserly; they are not. In the course of my experiments I convinced myself that among the animals man is the only one that harbors insults and injuries, broods over them, waits till a chance offers, then takes revenge. The passion of revenge is unknown to the higher animals. Roosters keep harems, but it is by consent of their concubines; therefore no wrong is done. Men keep harems but it is by brute force, privileged by atrocious laws which the other sex were allowed no hand in making. In this matter man occupies a far lower place than the rooster. Cats are loose in their morals, but not consciously so. Man, in his descent from the cat, has brought the cat's looseness with him but has left the unconsciousness behind (the saving grace which excuses the cat). The cat is innocent, man is not. The main argument that Twain establishes in "The Damned Human Race" is that humankind is descended from species higher than its own. How effectively does Twain use the information in the excerpt to strengthen his argument? The Damned Human Race
Twain uses the information effectively, because he makes viable comparisons between man and animals to demonstrate how man is a slower species than many animals.
Read the excerpt from a letter to the editor. The issue of the water quality in Echo Lake is of grave concern to our community. Test results show dangerous levels of algae, which is caused by pollution from common household chemicals. However, the families living on Echo Lake's shoreline are not the ones to blame. Which sentence could be added to the end of this letter to maintain a consistent tone?
We must all assume responsibility for returning Echo Lake to its former pristine state.
Read the sentence. When my aunt taught me to crochet, she told me it requires three things, yarn, a crochet hook, and endless patience. What is the best way to revise the sentence?
When my aunt taught me to crochet, she told me it requires three things: yarn, a crochet hook, and endless patience.
repository
a place where items are stored; warehouse, storage, cache, depot
Read the sentence about Kara, who has just received bad news by mail. Kara ran from the room after dropping the opened letter. Which revision most effectively enhances the meaning of the sentence?
stunned by the contents of the opened letter, Kara tossed it aside and fled the room.
Evidence (or grounds)
supports an argument. Evidence is the factual, specific, observed data that comes from the real world and that substantiates the reasons.
denigration
the act of harming the reputation or validity of something or someone; defamation; degradation, disparagement.
Read the excerpt from the article "Bias in the Media." Lippman's fears are as valid today as they were in the early 20th century. However, the greatest danger media presents today is not the absence of objectivity. What should be more feared than bias and competition is the appearance of objectivity—faux fairness—that conceals the real motivations for reporting the news a particular way. Today the press claims neutrality, despite significant evidence to the contrary. In the excerpt, the author uses analogical reasoning to compare the early 20th century concern of biased reporting to the modern concern of "faux fairness" to highlight the main claim that _[blank]_. Which option best completes the statement?
the priorities of journalists in reporting have changed from presenting pure facts to presenting information that supports their opinion. the decline of journalism from reporting thoughtful analysis to reporting purely factual information mirrors the decline in American society. **INCORRRECT**
Read the excerpt from President Thomas Jefferson's "Letter to John C. Breckinridge." The future inhabitants of the Atlantic & Missipi States will be our sons. We leave them in distinct but bordering establishments. We think we see their happiness in their union, & we wish it. Events may prove it otherwise; and if they see their interest in separation, why should we take side with our Atlantic rather than our Missipi descendants? It is the elder and the younger son differing. God bless them both, & keep them in union, if it be for their good, but separate them, if it be better. The inhabited part of Louisiana, from Point Coupee to the sea, will of course be immediately a territorial government, and soon a State. But above that, the best use we can make of the country for some time, will be to give establishments in it to the Indians on the East side of the Missipi, in exchange for their present country, and open land offices in the last & thus make this acquisition the means of filling up the Eastern side, instead of drawing off it's population. Jefferson incorporates the constitutional principle of popular sovereignty to consider _[blank]_. Which option best completes the statement? The Louisiana Purchase/Letter to John C. Breckinridge
the rights of the people living in these areas