English 224 Midterm

realism everything happens in his head dispelling myths stereotype southern confederate soldier

" An occurance at Owl Creek Bridge"- Bierece

during WWI modernization interest in "Americanization" and how it affects lives of characters marginalized world due to race immigration movement tension of Americanization vs traditional Chinese culture emphasis on language and words and culture

" Mrs. Spting Fragrence"- Far

frame story colloquial language contrast formal educated narrarator (norther guy) and casual common person (plantation owner) snobby northern narrator thinks he sees through southern but ends up paying southern to live on land-- tricked into believing what he wanted to believe uses regional and morals- smart people get what is coming to them

" The Goophered Grapevine" -Chesnutt

Captain- when ship sinks, he is calm and quiet Cook- positive and naïve and not overly fit Oiler (billie) only refugee to die in final attempt to reach land; most realistic of men correspondent- reporter and central character, cynical

" The Open Boat"- Crane

Du Bois examines the years immediately following the Civil War and, in particular, the Freedmen's Bureau's role in Reconstruction. The Bureau's failures were due not only to southern opposition and "national neglect," but also to mismanagement and courts that were biased "in favor of black litigants." The Bureau did have successes as well, and its most important contribution to progress was the founding of African American schools. Since the end of Reconstruction in 1876, Du Bois claims that the most significant event in African American history has been the rise of the educator, Booker T. Washington, to the role of spokesman for the race. Du Bois argues that Washington's approach to race relations is counterproductive to the long-term progress of the race. Washington's acceptance of segregation and his emphasis on material progress represent an "old attitude of adjustment and submission." Du Bois asserts that this policy has damaged African Americans by contributing to the loss of the vote, the loss of civil status, and the loss of aid for institutions of higher education. Du Bois insists that "the right to vote," "civic equality," and "the education of youth according to ability" are essential for African American progress. Du Bois relates his experiences as a schoolteacher in rural Tennessee, and then he turns his attention to a critique of American materialism in the rising city of Atlanta where the single-minded attention to gaining wealth threatens to replace all other considerations. In terms of education, African Americans should not be taught merely to earn money. Rather, Du Bois argues there should be a balance between the "standards of lower training" and the "standards of human culture and lofty ideals of life." In effect, the African American college should train the "Talented Tenth" who can in turn contribute to lower education and also act as liaisons in improving race relations. Du Bois returns to an examination of rural African American life with a presentation of Dougherty County, Georgia as representative of life in the southern Black Belt. He presents the history and current conditions of the county. Cotton is still the life-blood of the Black Belt economy, and few African Americans are enjoying any economic success. Du Bois describes the legal system and tenant farming system as only slightly removed from slavery. He also examines African American religion from its origins in African society, through its development in slavery, to the formation of the Baptist and Methodist churches. He argues that "the study of Negro religion is not only a vital part of the history of the Negro in America, but no uninteresting part of American history." He goes on to examine the impact of slavery on morality. In the last chapters of his book, Du Bois concentrates on how racial prejudice impacts individuals. He mourns the loss of his baby son, but he wonders if his son is not better off dead than growing up in a world dominated by the color-line. Du Bois relates the story of Alexander Crummel, who struggled against prejudice in his attempts to become an Episcopal priest. In "Of the Coming of John," Du Bois presents the story of a young black man who attains an education. John's new knowledge, however, places him at odds with a southern community, and he is destroyed by racism. Finally, Du Bois concludes his book with an essay on African American spirituals. These songs have developed from their African origins into powerful expressions of the sorrow, pain, and exile that characterize the African American experience. For Du Bois, these songs exist "not simply as the sole American music, but as the most beautiful expression of human experience born this side the seas."

" The souls of black folks"- Du Bois

naturalism narrator dies man abusive to nature nature always wins

" To Build a Fire"- London

education (poetry) is important more to life than money does NOT believe in submitting to status quo "Negro Problem" African American "two-ness" fight for civil rights

" the Souls of Black Folk"- Du Bois

Sylvia- 9 year old granddaught of Mrs. Tilley and protagonist; nature compassion the Hunter- tries to convince Sylvia to lead him to the white heron (rare bird) to kill it; lack of natural compassion Mrs. Tilley (grandmother)- Sylvia's grandmother

"A White Heron" -Jewett

It's 8:00PM on a lovely June evening and we're watching a young girl named Sylvia lead her "plodding" cow home (1.1). This cow is a bit of a rapscallion—she always hides in the bushes whenever Sylvia calls for her, staying perfectly still so her bell won't ring. What a pro. For her part, Sylvia just wishes that the cow would hurry it up because her grandmother is going to be mad that they're out so late. Sylvia moved to her grandmother's farm from a "crowded manufacturing town" (1.2) when she was eight and fell in love with scenic countryside immediately. In the present, her stroll is interrupted by the shrill sound of a whistle. Sylvia is well acquainted with the sounds of birds a'whistlin' and this sound definitely came from a person. Her assumption is proven true when a young man approaches her with a gun slung over his shoulder. He tells her that he got lost during his hunting trip and could use a place to spend the night, and although Sylvia is frightened of him, she agrees to lead him home. Sylvia's grandma, Mrs. Tilley, is outside when they arrive. The young man politely asks for a room for the night and a bit of fresh milk, and Mrs. Tilley feels the pull of her "long slumbering hospitality" (1.13) and goes into full-on homemaker mode. When the man realizes that Sylvia knows her way around the woods, he becomes excited—he says that he collects birds... which actually he means that he shoots and stuffs them. Charming. He wants to know if Sylvia has seen a white heron, a "queer tall white bird" (1.22) that would be the Holy Grail of his collection. Sylvia has seen the white heron before, in the salt marshes beside the ocean, but it was such memorable experience that she holds her tongue. The young man offers ten dollars if one of them can lead him to it. This is a lot of money for Mrs. Tilley and Sylvia. Sylvia hangs out with the young man while he hunts the following day. Although she doesn't lead him to the heron, she seems to developing a little crush—her first—on the hunter. So there's this super tall oak tree about a half a mile from the house—Sylvia has always imagined that "whoever climbed to the top of it could see the ocean" (2.1). So, you know, whoever climbs it could certainly see the heron. Sylvia doesn't sleep at all and heads to the tree while it's still dark out. She starts by climbing a smaller tree and slowly making her way from one trunk to the other. Although the climb is tough, Sylvia is somehow energized by the time she reaches the top. She looks around and sees the heron below her, having "perched on a pine bough not far from" (2.8) her. She stays completely still and admires it. The heron is scared away by a flock of cat-birds (not quite what it sounds like) and Sylvia slowly climbs down the tree, thinking about what the young man will say when she leads him to the heron. Back at the house, Mrs. Tilley has discovered that Sylvia is missing and is out front calling her name. The young man—who had already guessed that Sylvia knew where the heron was—is outside, too. But Sylvia surprises even herself when she can't speak and "tell the heron's secret" (2.13). The young man leaves disappointed. No matter how much time passes, Sylvia is never able to fully convince herself that she made the right decision.

"A white Heron" -Jewett

themes: regionalism don't have to kill to preserve isolation youth choices

"A white Heron" -Jewett

So there's this girl named Sylvia, who lives with her grandmother and her surly cow in the New England countryside. One day, Sylvia meets a hunter, who promptly asks her for a place to stay for the night. He tells Sylvia and her grandmother that he's looking for a rare white heron and is willing to give ten dollars to anyone who could lead him to it. That's big money way back in the day. And guess what? Sylvia has seen the heron before. So the following night, she sneaks to the tallest tree in the forest to get a good vantage point on the bird. She sees the bird, and then hurries home to tell the hunter what she saw. When she gets there, however, she can't speak and the hunter leaves disappointed. Although Sylvia holds her tongue for the sake of the bird, she never is sure that she made the right decision.

"A white Heron"- Jewett

divided into three sections. In section I, Peyton Farquhar is standing on a railroad bridge, twenty feet above the water. His wrists are bound behind his back, and around his neck is a noose that is tied to a beam overhead. He is positioned on loose planks that have been laid over the crossties of the train tracks to create a makeshift platform. Two soldiers from the Northern army, a sergeant, and a captain immediately surround him, awaiting the execution. Beyond them, armed sentinels stand at attention. The bridge is bordered on one side by forest and, across the stream, open ground that gives way to a small hillock on which a small fort has been erected. A motionless company of infantrymen, led by their lieutenant, stands assembled before the fort. As the two soldiers finalize the preparations, they step back and remove the individual planks on which they had been standing. The sergeant salutes the captain then positions himself on the opposite end of the board supporting Farquhar, as the captain, like the soldiers, steps off and away from the crossties. Awaiting the captain's signal, the sergeant is about to likewise step away, sending Farquhar to dangle from the bridge's edge. Farquhar stares into the swirling water below. He watches a piece of driftwood being carried downstream and notes how sluggish the stream seems to be. He shuts his eyes to push away the distractions of his present situation and focus more intently on thoughts of his wife and children. He suddenly hears a sharp, metallic ringing, which sounds both distant and close by. The sound turns out to be the ticking of his watch. Opening his eyes and peering again into the water, Farquhar imagines freeing his hands, removing the noose, and plunging into the stream, swimming to freedom and his home, safely located outside enemy lines. These thoughts have barely registered in Farquhar's mind when the captain nods to the sergeant and the sergeant steps away from the board. In section II, we learn that Farquhar was a successful planter, ardently devoted to the Southern cause. Unable to join the Confederate army, he yearned to help the South's war effort in some significant way. One evening in the past, Farquhar and his wife were sitting on the edge of their property when a gray-clad soldier rode up, seeking a drink of water. The soldier appeared to be from the Confederate army. While his wife was fetching the water, Farquhar asked for news of the front and was informed that Northern forces had repaired the railroads in anticipation of launching another advance, having already reached the Owl Creek bridge. Any civilian caught interfering with the North's efforts in the area, the soldier went on to reveal, would be hanged. Farquhar asked how a civilian could attempt some form of sabotage. The soldier told him that one could easily set fire to the driftwood that had piled up near the bridge after the past winter's flood. The man, who was actually a Northern scout in disguise, finished his drink and rode off, only to pass by an hour later heading in the opposite direction. Section III brings us back to the present, at the hanging. Farquhar loses consciousness as he plummets down from the side of the bridge. He is awakened by currents of pain running through his body. A loud splash wakes him up even more abruptly, and he realizes that the noose has broken—sending him falling into the stream below. Farquhar sees a light flicker and fade before it strengthens and brightens as he rises, with some trepidation, to the surface. He is afraid he will be shot by Northern soldiers as soon as he is spotted in the water. Freeing his bound hands, then lifting the noose from his neck, he fights extreme pain to break through the surface and take a large gasp of air, which he exhales with a shriek. Farquhar looks back to see his executioners standing on the bridge, in silhouette against the sky. One of the sentinels fires his rifle at him twice. Farquhar can see the gray eye of the marksman through the gun's sights. Farquhar then hears the lieutenant instructing his men to fire, so he dives down to avoid the shots. He quickly removes a piece of metal that sticks in his neck. Farquhar comes back up for air as the soldiers reload, and the sentinels fire again from the bridge. Swimming with the current, Farquhar realizes that a barrage of gunfire is about to come his way. A cannonball lands two yards away, sending a sheet of spray crashing over him. The deflected shot goes smashing into the trees beyond. Farquhar believes they will next fire a spray of grapeshot from the cannon, instead of a single ball, and he will have to anticipate the firing. Suddenly he is spun into a disorienting whirl, then ejected from the river onto a gravelly bank out of sight and range of his would-be executioners and their gunfire. He weeps with joy and marvels at the landscape, having no desire to put any more distance between him and his pursuers, when a volley of grapeshot overhead rouses him. He heads into the forest, setting his path by the sun and traveling the entire day. The thought of his family urges him on. Taking a remote road, he finds himself in the early morning standing at the gate of his home. As he walks toward the house, his wife steps down from the verandah to meet him. He moves to embrace her but feels a sharp blow on the back of his neck and sees a blinding white light all about him. Then silence and darkness engulf him. Farquhar is dead, his broken body actually swinging from the side of the Owl Creek bridge.

"An occurance at Owl Creek Bridge"- Bierce

Peyton Farquhar- southern planter and prosperous land and slave owner and supporter of confederacy. dies in end

"An occurance at Owl Creek bridge" - Bierce

At a hotel in the resort town of Vevey, Switzerland, a young American named Winterbourne meets a rich, pretty American girl named Daisy Miller, who is traveling around Europe with her mother and her younger brother, Randolph. Winterbourne, who has lived in Geneva most of his life, is both charmed and mystified by Daisy, who is less proper than the European girls he has encountered. She seems wonderfully spontaneous, if a little crass and "uncultivated." Despite the fact that Mrs. Costello, his aunt, strongly disapproves of the Millers and flatly refuses to be introduced to Daisy, Winterbourne spends time with Daisy at Vevey and even accompanies her, unchaperoned, to Chillon Castle, a famous local tourist attraction. The following winter, Winterbourne goes to Rome, knowing Daisy will be there, and is distressed to learn from his aunt that she has taken up with a number of well-known fortune hunters and become the talk of the town. She has one suitor in particular, a handsome Italian named Mr. Giovanelli, of uncertain background, whose conduct with Daisy mystifies Winterbourne and scandalizes the American community in Rome. Among those scandalized is Mrs. Walker, who is at the center of Rome's fashionable society. Both Mrs. Walker and Winterbourne attempt to warn Daisy about the effect her behavior is having on her reputation, but she refuses to listen. As Daisy spends increasingly more time with Mr. Giovanelli, Winterbourne begins to have doubts about her character and how to interpret her behavior. He also becomes uncertain about the nature of Daisy's relationship with Mr. Giovanelli. Sometimes Daisy tells him they are engaged, and other times she tells him they are not. One night, on his way home from a dinner party, Winterbourne passes the Coliseum and decides to look at it by moonlight, braving the bad night air that is known to cause "Roman fever," which is malaria. He finds Daisy and Mr. Giovanelli there and immediately comes to the conclusion that she is too lacking in self-respect to bother about. Winterbourne is still concerned for Daisy's health, however, and he reproaches Giovanelli and urges him to get her safely home. A few days later, Daisy becomes gravely ill, and she dies soon after. Before dying, she gives her mother a message to pass on to Winterbourne that indicates that she cared what he thought about her after all. At the time, he does not understand it, but a year later, still thinking about Daisy, he tells his aunt that he made a great mistake and has lived in Europe too long. Nevertheless, he returns to Geneva and his former life.

"Daisy Miller: A study" - James

realism Darwin view of social situation choose between follow old customs or forge new ones

"Daisy Miller: A study- James

Daisy Miller- rich pretty American girl who wants to be part of European high society but refuses to conform to old-world notions; dies in end Winterbourne- American novels central narrative and possible protagonist. initially intrigued by Daisy but eventually loses respect for her Giovanelli- Italian who has indiscreet "friendship" with daisy that in misinterpreted and ultimately leads to her death and demise

"Daisy Miller: a study" - James

Editha George Mrs. Gearson- George's mother

"Editha"- Howells

Editha loves her fiance, George, though she admits she would have loved to have him prove her love to her by some accomplishment. When George comes for a visit, announcing that war has been declared, Editha becomes excite at the prospect of it. She pushes George into signing up, making claims that he needs to love his country as much as his future wife. George's love for Edith leads him to accept this role though it's clear his instinct is to stay clear of the war. He signs up to go off to war and event is elected captain of the soldiers leaving from his town. Before he goes off to war, Editha gives him a note that he must read at a later date. The note says that she cannot love him unless he loves his country just as much if not more. She sends him off with this but tells him not to open it until later. Soon news comes of the first battle that George is in and confirmation that George has died. Editha is devastated but after recovering for a while she goes out to George's mother. She promised George to go meet her and take care of her in his absence. When she visits, George's mother shows anger and resentment towards Editha for sending him off to war so carelessly, pointing out that either George was going to be killed or some other woman's son would be killed but it all amounted to the same. Editha returns home and when relaying the story to a friend, her friend calls George's mother vulgar and horrible. Edtha agrees and the story ends indicating that she is feeling better about things.

"Editha"- Howells

manipulative woman who is full of nationalistic pride she was wrong all along about the war launches into issue of war dispelling myths

"Editha"- Howells

Mrs. Spring Fragrance has been living in Seattle for about five years. She learned English very quickly as well as the customs of her new country. To her husband, she has become so adept at the language, it seems there are no words left for her to learn. Mrs. Spring Fragrance has befriended Laura, the eighteen-year-old daughter of the Chinese immigrants who live next door. The Chin Yuens, Laura's parents, intend to follow the Chinese tradition of arranging a marriage for her to a man she has never met. Laura tells Mrs. Spring Fragrance that she does not want to marry the man to whom she has been promised. The man is the son of a Chinese teacher, but Laura is in love with Kai Tzu, an American fan of popular music and baseball. Mrs. Spring Fragrance gives Laura advice in the form of the Tennyson quote, "Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all." Mr. Spring Fragrance, who overhears this, does not understand the point and turns to a Caucasian neighbor to get an interpretation. The neighbor, a student at the University of Washington, leaves the man even more confused with an unclear interpretation. He determines that logic in America is filled with what he calls "unwisdom." Later, Mrs. Spring Fragrance goes to San Francisco to visit a cousin. While she is there, she attempts to thwart Laura's pending marriage by finding her fiancé. Once she does, she introduces him to a woman named Ah Oi who is considered to be the most beautiful girl in San Francisco. As Mrs. Spring Fragrance planned, Laura's fiancé and Ah Oi fall in love and get married. Mrs. Spring Fragrance sends a letter to Laura telling her what has transpired and letting her know that she is free to marry Kai Tzu. After playing matchmaker for Laura's fiancé, Mrs. Spring Fragrance writes to Mr. Spring Fragrance telling him that she plans to stay in San Francisco for an extra week to make fudge for an upcoming festival. She tells him about a lecture she attended called America—the Protector of China. With sarcasm, she tells her husband to ignore the fact that the barber only charges Americans fifteen cents for the same thing Chinese pay one dollar for. She adds with the same attitude that the government detained his brother instead of allowing him to stay with the Spring Fragrances. Mr. Spring Fragrance is still unclear about the Tennyson poetry, and he is worried about his wife having decided to stay away longer. He had received a letter from a friend in San Francisco saying his wife is spending time with Man You, the teacher's attractive son. The friend did not know that Man You was Laura's former fiancé. Mr. Spring Fragrance assumes his wife is involved in an affair. Once again he turns to the college student for an explanation of the lines of poetry and it leads him to believe that his wife has gone to San Francisco to seek lost love. He plans a party to take his mind off of the situation. When Mrs. Spring Fragrance finally returns, she gets a cold reception from her husband. This surprises her but she says nothing. Laura happily greets Mrs. Spring Fragrance and thanks her for her help. While they are speaking to each other, Mr. Spring Fragrance begins to see that he was wrong about his wife being unfaithful. Once Laura departs Mr. Spring Fragrance tells his wife that he is pleased for Laura and Kai Tzu. This surprises her because he generally focuses on business, not romance. She says that he must have been reading her poetry books, but he replies that he thinks American poetry is terrible. This leaves Mrs. Spring Fragrance confused, but rather than explaining the reason he dislikes American poetry, he gives her an anniversary gift of a jade pendant he had seen her admire at a jewelry store.

"Mrs. Spring Fragrance"- Far

Louisa Ellis likes things "just so". She lives alone, chiefly because living with another person would make things untidy. She has lived alone for many years now and has things just as she likes them. Her home is perfectly clean and tidy; she wears aprons most of the time to make sure her clothes stay clean as well. She even keeps her poor dog, Cesar, chained up because fourteen years previously, whilst still a puppy, he nipped one of her neighbors. Puppies nip and puppies chew, but in Louisa Ellis' neat and tidy world, they absolutely must not. Another happening in Louisa's life fourteen years previously is that she promised Joe Dagget that when he return from his travels in Australia, she will marry him. She made the promise thinking he would never return, or that he would forget she had ever made it, but now Joe has returned, and he wants her to keep her promise. However, fourteen years is a long while to live on one's own and it soon becomes obvious that Jim is a disruption in Louisa's life that she just doesn't want. Joe visits her twice a week but their conversations are awkward because Louisa is far more concerned with making sure that he doesn't spill or drop anything than she is with listening. She is marrying Joe because she promised that she would, but it is clear that she really doesn't want to. During one of Joe's visits, Louisa asks after his mother, and Joe informs her that Lily Dyer is caring for her. Three weeks later, just one week before the wedding, Louisa overhears Joe and Lily talking and realizes that they have developed feelings for each other. Joe is in love with Lily, but is also determined to keep his promise to Louisa, and marry her. Lily supports this choice, because she is honorable herself, but tells Joe she will never love another man. The following day, Louisa tells Joe that she does not think they should get married, and frees him from the promise that he made. She does not tell him that she overheard his conversation with Lily, or that she knows he is in love. They part on good terms, leaving Louisa happily maintaining her life of quiet and order.

"New England Nun" -Freeman

Louisa Ellis- main character and fiancée to Joe Dagget Joe Dagget- returns from Australia to fiancée Louisa but inlove with Lily Dyer Lily Dyer- caretaker of Joe's mother and believes joe should marry Louisa b/c he promised, but she loves Joe too Cesar the dog

"New England Nun" -Freeman

threat/risk/danger: going against society; losing independency what female protagonist chose: protect her way of life; home even if it means sacrificing image in society and choosing against male counter parts and choosing natural order of things

"New England Nun" -Freeman

risk/danger/ threat: world interrupted by male figure trying to kill a bird( like killing a family member or comfort) what female protagonist chooses: sacrificing money and choosing against male counter parts and choosing normal order of things

"New England Nun" -Jewett

Two American women, Mrs. Ansley and Mrs. Slade, get up from their table and stroll over to the parapet to look down upon the glorious view of of Rome. They hear their respective daughters, Barbara and Jenny, giggling at the bottom of the stairs, preparing to go socialize. The two older women contemplate the scene quietly and serenely. They decide that they will remain in their position throughout the afternoon because the view is so beautiful. Mrs. Slade thinks to herself that her friend is old-fashioned, and asks Mrs. Ansley if she remembers how they came to Rome when they were even younger than their daughters. Mrs. Ansley assents, and the two wonder if their girls will go off with the Italian aviators that they are courting. Mrs. Slade muses to herself about how little she and Mrs. Ansley actually know about one other. They met when they were children, and both of them grew into beautiful young women. In her youth, Mrs. Ansley was much more beautiful than her daughter Barbara is now. Mrs. Slade thinks of Mrs. Ansley and her (late) husband as "museum specimens of old new York" (6). After marrying, Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley lived near each other. Years later, they both became widows around the same time, left to raise daughters who are also similar in age. Mrs. Slade considers herself to be worse off after losing her husband, because being the wife of Mr. Delphin Slade was an honor and a prominent social role. People would always refer to Mrs. Slade as the beautiful wife of the famous lawyer. Now, she only has her daughter, Jenny, who is pretty but also quite safe and respectable. Mrs. Slade has a hidden desire to see her daughter do something adventurous, like have a torrid affair. Mrs. Ansley, meanwhile, observes her friend's apparent sadness, and pities her a bit. The women sit in silence, which is rather unusual. Even though they have known each other for years, they have never the opportunity to sit together quietly. This serene situation elevates the intimacy between Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley. Mrs. Slade ponders aloud how Rome has always symbolized something different for everyone. For their grandmothers, the city represented Roman Fever, for their mothers, the city was filled danger, and for their daughters, Rome represents freedom. Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley muse that their own mothers had a hard time keeping their daughters inside, since both women were so young, vibrant, and eager to explore. Mrs. Ansley knits while they talk and Mrs. Slade is impressed that she can keep her stitches straight while engaged in conversation. Her thoughts stray to Barbara's likelihood of ensnaring the Italian aviator and thinks of poor Jenny, acting as a mere enabler for her friend's romantic aspirations. When Mrs. Ansley asks Mrs. Slade what she is thinking about, Mrs. Slade shares this image, and then marvels that Mrs. Ansley and her late husband, Horace, were able to produce a girl as dynamic as Barbara. Remaining still and expressionless, Mrs. Ansley calls Mrs. Slade's assessment of Barbara overly complimentary. Mrs. Slade tells Mrs. Ansley companionably that she wishes she had a brilliant daughter instead of an angelic one. Silence resumes. Mrs. Ansley knits and tells herself she has nothing to worry about. Mrs. Slade chides herself and says she should not be envious of Mrs. Ansley. Mrs. Slade stands up and walks to the edge of the parapet, watching the sunset. Mrs. Slade asks her companion if she is afraid of Roman Fever, and the other woman laughs and says no. Mrs. Slade asks about Mrs. Ansley's great-aunt who purposefully sent her younger sister out at night to gather flowers during the epidemic. According to her old story, Mrs. Ansley's great-aunt and her sister were in love with the same man and the great-aunt sent her sister out hoping she would catch Roman Fever, hoping to seduce the man herself. Mrs. Slade laughs at the story and says that she knows Mrs. Ansley only used to tell it to frighten her. Confused, Mrs. Ansley denies that fear was her intent. Mrs. Slade continues, talking about how difficult it once was to get inside the Colosseum and yet, lovers almost always tried to sneak in to have their trysts there. Mrs. Slade asks Mrs. Ansley if she knew about this ritual and Mrs. Ansley replies, "I -I daresay. I don't remember" (14). Mrs. Slade presses on, asking her friend if she remembers going out one night and catching a chill. Mrs. Ansley again claims not to recall but she is clearly hiding something. Suddenly Mrs. Slade bursts out that she cannot bear it any longer, and says that she knows Mrs. Ansley once went out to meet Delphin Slade when he was already engaged to her. Mrs. Ansley, unsteadily standing, tries to stop Mrs. Slade from continuing, but Mrs. Slade recites the contents of the letter that Delphin sent to Mrs. Ansley one night, asking her to meet him. Mrs. Ansley's face belies her internal struggle. She finally says she burnt that letter and wonders out loud how Mrs. Slade knows the contents of the letter by heart. Mrs. Slade calmly admits that she is the one who wrote the letter. Mrs. Ansley drops into her chair and tears form in her eyes. She says it was the only letter she had from Delphin and she had cherished it. Mrs. Slade asks cruelly if she happened to remember that she was engaged to Delphin while their affair was going on. Mrs. Ansley admits that she did indeed go to meet Delphin that night per the letter that Mrs. Slade sent. Mrs. Slade feels her wrath subside, and suddenly does not know why she is trying to wound her friend. She has to justify herself, though, and says that when she found out that Mrs. Ansley was in love with Delphin, Mrs. Slade saw the other woman's sweetness as a threat. She wanted Mrs. Ansley to get out of the way and wrote the false letter in a rage. She wonders aloud if her friend thinks she is a monster, and Mrs. Ansley says she does not know, and that even though the letter was not from Delphin, she still "care[s] for that memory" (17). Mrs. Slade pities her friend for cherishing the false letter for so many years. She gloats, reminding Mrs. Ansley that she was the one who ended up married to Delphin. She then explains that she did not mean to hurt Mrs. Ansley by telling her the truth, but thought she would be amused. Besides, she explains, Mrs. Ansley had married Horace so soon after, which seemed to reveal that whatever she had with Delphin was fleeting. The stars are coming out and night envelops the women. The hotel staff are getting ready for dinner. Mrs. Slade finally says, after a loaded silence, that she wrote the letter as a joke and was amused with the idea of Mrs. Ansley trying to get into the Colosseum at night and finding herself alone. Mrs. Ansley replies that Delphin actually did meet her at the Colosseum that evening. Mrs. Slade is shocked and accuses Mrs. Ansley of lying. However, with a clear voice, Mrs. Ansley assures Mrs. Slade that she did see Delphin that night because she sent a reply to the false letter. Astonished, Mrs. Slade admits that she never considered what might happen if Mrs. Ansley replied. Mrs. Ansley stands, saying it is cold and they better go, and she feels sorry for her friend. Mrs. Slade mutters her disbelief that her friend should feel sorry for her. Mrs. Ansley says it is because she did not have to wait that night and despite Mrs. Slade's tricks, she did meet Delphin. Mrs. Slade agrees with a short laugh, but strikes back that she had Delphin for twenty five years and Mrs. Ansley had nothing to remind her of Delphin except for a letter that he did not actually write. Mrs. Ansley turns to walk away and says, "I had Barbara"

"Roman Fever" -Wharton

polite frenemies that mirror reality of wealthy American concerns characters are stereotypical on surface level narrator is all knowing and viewpoint of characters think they know what everyone else knows, but that is false

"Roman Fever" -Wharton

Alida Slade- widow of Delphin Slade and friend of Grace Ansley. her daughter is a little more boring. faces life with jealousy and disappointment Grace Ansley- widow of Horance Ansley and had one night stand with Delphin slade and got pregnant. faces life calmly and confidently. revels her daughters true father at end of story

"Roman Fever"- Wharton

Outside Frame: A Northener, whose wife is sick, is told to move to the south for her health. While the man is looking over the land he wants to buy, The land is perfect for raising grapes, but he can tell the grapes have gone wild and someone has been eating them at will. While he is there with his wife, he meets an African American man, Uncle Julius, smacking on grapes, who tells him not to buy the land because the grapes on the land are "goophered"- cursed. Inside frame {The man tells the story of the slave owner (Master Dougal McAdoo) who owned the wonderful, sweet grapes that he made $$$$ from wine . He got tired of slaves sneaking in and eating the grapes, so he went down to Aunt Peggy, who was a "conjur woman" (a witch) and had her cast a spell on the grapes. Rumors spread that people who ate them, died. After that, everyone left the grapes alone. After the first season, many of the slaves dies, so McAdoo went out and bought new slaves. One, Henry, ate the grapes before being told about the curse. He was brought to Aunt Peggy, who gave him a potient to drink and told him to take a series of steps (which included rubbing sap on his hair)to keep the curse from killing him. Instead, his hair began to mimick the grapes. When the vines grew, his hair grew like the vines, curilng into little grape-like balls. During the spring, when the vines were live and healthy, he was too. When they shriveled in the fall and winter, his body grew weak, and rheumatic. Master Dougal found a way to make money off of this. He would sell big, strong, Henry out during late spring for the bargain price of 1500.00. Once the grapes started to die off in the fall, Henry would get sick and weak- and no doctor could "cure him", so the new master sold him back to McAdoo for 500.00. One day a stranger (a Yankee from the North) came to McAdoo's farm and convinced him that he could double the grapes. McAdoo let him live off the fat of the land and the Yankee pulled up the vines by the roots and poured a mayonaise and lime concotion into the earth. The vines proceeded to grow faster and greener than ever, and Henry's hair followed suit. But suddenly the grapes changed, and shriveled as the vines began to die.. Henry's hair stopped growing. He became more and more weak and rheumatic until he died. Master Dougal wanted revenge on the Yankee. So he joined up for the civil war- but he lost. When the slaves were given their freedom, they all scattered away from the vineyard and it hadn't been cultivated since. } Outside frame: So the Uncle Julius ends his story and tells the Northener that the vines are all dead but a few and those are all cursed- that he shouldn't waste his money on these vines. The Northener doesn't buy the story, and buys the land- which is wonderful and ends up being very profitable. He later finds that Uncle Julius owned a cabin and was making a profit from his moonshine (homeade wine), which is why he didn't want the vines to be bought up. The Northener ends up paying him more than what the moonshine was worth

"The Goophered Grapevine"- Chesnutt

Tommy Luck ("The Luck")- newborn baby in camp whose mother dies at child birth so raised by men in camp. hass extrodiary bond with nature and seen as "savior" figure. dies in end and village loses their luck Cherokee Sal- Tommy Luck's mother Stumpy- man who tries to help Cherokee sal during childbirth and becomes guardian/ father figure of Tommy Luck. dies by flood kentuck- tries to save Tommy Luck from flood but ultimately dies with Tommy in relief-boat

"The Luck of Roaring Camp"- Harte

a short story by American author Brett Harte published in 1868, tells the story of a child born to a declining gold prospecting camp. Believing the child to be good luck, the men of the camp decide to raise him as their own. The story opens with the labor of Cherokee Sal, the only woman in the camp. It is a particularly difficult labor, but the men remain unenthused by the events happening. The birth proves too much for Sal, and she dies, leaving the boy in the uncertain hands of the miners. The men decide in the short term to feed him milk from a donkey, the only option they have. This experiment proves to work, and when the child is a month old, he is thriving. The men grow more and more attached to him, and it becomes clear that he will need a name other than "The Kid." The mother is gone, and the father is unknown. The men decide that he's brought luck to the camp and that will be his name. They call him Tommy Luck believing this will start him off right in life, as well as honor his positive presence in the camp. They decide against trying to bring a nurse into camp and continue to raise him as their own. They fashion a crude christening ceremony where Stumpy is named as the godfather; it is the first time the name of God has been mentioned in the camp. Tommy's first effect on the camp was in his room. It was cleaned and redecorated, and the men in the habit of hanging around to see how he was doing approved of the change. The rival grocery store then imported carpets and a mirror to keep up. This led to stricter rules about personal appearance and even a man taken to wearing minimal clothing began to show up in town in a clean shirt and freshly bathed. The shouting and yelling also ceased to give Tommy the chance to rest, as did the cursing. They began to notice all the beautiful things in nature, and frequently set things aside to take to Tommy as a plaything or decoration for his crib. The men were jealous of their good fortunes. The gold was plentiful, and the camp was clean. They discouraged immigration and protected their borders seriously. Their only contact with the outside world, the expressmen, told stories of the decorations of their camp and their love of an "ingin" baby. They began to make plans to improve the camp further. However, that winter their fortunes began to change. The snow was deep and more than once the men whispered that the water is what rushed the gold back into the camp and it would return. One night, the melting snow sends a deluge into the town, and in the confusion, the men scatter. Later, they are warned that a man and a baby lay on the bank of the river. They find Kentuck, the man opposed to clothes but who began wearing them when the baby changed the town, holding Luck. The baby is dead, and Kentuck soon follows him. His last words are to tell everyone that Luck is taking him with him. He dies holding the baby. Regeneration is a major theme of the story. In the beginning, the camp is poor and unsuccessful. The town's only woman is a prostitute. She gives birth but does not survive. Things look dreary and unpromising for the new infant. The men step up, however, and the infant survives. He thrives against all the odds, and this has a profound change on the men of the camp. They begin to take pride in their appearance and surroundings and wish to make things better for the young boy. This newfound prosperity causes them to make plans to improve the town even further. They talk about building a hotel, of having people visit. Even the most destitute minors begin to take pride in their appearance and work to change the look of the camp. The miners' struggle with nature is ever present in the story. At the time Harte wrote the story, a common theme in literature was the harsh, unforgiving spirit of nature, and how man, in the face of it, cannot do much besides wait out her fury. At the beginning of the story, the camp is suffering immensely. Luck's birth seems to herald a change in their luck, but this is short lived. Mother nature returns with a fury, destroying the camp and killing the infant along with their hope for the future of the camp. The story is one of newly found hope, and the awe-inspiring miracle of what having hope can do to even the most hopeless place. It is also a testament to the power of nature to both give and take away.

"The Luck of Roaring Camp"- Harte

dispelling myth: pull up by boot straps--> manifest destiny not great all the time, needs "luck" need to be humbled and reevaluate our dreams? manifest destiny relative closeness to nature; God's divinity parable of flood and other biblical references

"The Luck of Roaring Camp"- Harte

Jim Smiley- wheeler's tall tale main character, gambler and bet on pet frog Dan'l Webster- frog that Jim trains to jump and loses competition Simon wheeler- teller of the tall tale

"The Notorious jumping Frog of Calaveras county"- Twain

Themes: cunning and cleverness competition lies and deceit contrasting regions regionalism colloquial language contrast formal, educated narrator & casual common person use regionalism and morals( smart people get what is coming to them snobby man must sit through funcky story from crazy man that ultimately goes nowhere and just wastes his time frame story

"The Notorious jumping Frog of Calaveras county"- Twain

It is just before dawn, and not far off the coast of Florida, between the open sea and the surf, are four men in a dinghy. The ship on which they were sailing sank overnight, and they are the only survivors, left to bob up and down in the waves until their bathtub-sized boat capsizes and they too drown. They do not have a moment's peace. The ocean is so rough that one indelicate move will upset the dinghy and send them into the winter waters. Each man, despite not having slept for two days, works tirelessly to keep the boat afloat. The correspondent and the oiler share the work of rowing, while the cook huddles on the floor of the dinghy, bailing water. These men take their direction from the captain, who was injured during the shipwreck and sits grimly in the bow, the memory still fresh of his ship engulfed in the sea and the crew's dead faces in the water. As day breaks and the cook and correspondent bicker about being rescued, the men begin to make progress toward the shore. Fighting hopelessness, they row silently. Gulls fly overhead and perch on the water. The gulls are at ease on the ocean, so much so that one lands on the captain's head. The men see this as a sinister, insulting gesture, but the captain cannot swat the bird off because the sudden movement would likely topple the boat. Eventually, the captain shoos the bird away, and they go on rowing until the captain sees a lighthouse in the distance. Although the cook expresses reservation that the nearby lifesaving station has been abandoned for more than a year, the crew heartens at approaching land, almost taking pleasure in the brotherhood that they have formed and in attending to the business of the sea. The correspondent even finds four dry cigars in a pocket, which he shares with the others. The men's optimism evaporates when, approaching land yet unable to master the turbulent surf, they realize that help isn't coming. They again make for the open sea, exhausted and bitter. Another sign of hope comes when the captain sees a man on shore. Each crew member looks for signs of hope in the man's gestures. They think the man sees them. Then they think they see two men, then a crowd and perhaps a boat being rolled down to the shore. They stubbornly think that help is on the way as the shadows lengthen and the sea and sky turn black. During the night, the men forget about being saved and attend to the business of the boat. The correspondent and oiler, exhausted from rowing, plan to alternate throughout the night. But they get tired in the early hours of the morning, and the cook helps out. For the most part, the correspondent rows alone, wondering how he can have come so far if he is only going to drown. Rowing through phosphorescence and alongside a monstrous shark, the correspondent thinks of a poem he learned in childhood about a soldier dying in a distant land, never to return home. When morning comes, the captain suggests that they try to run the surf while they still have enough energy. They take the boat shoreward until it capsizes, and then they all make a break for it in the icy water. The oiler leads the group, while the cook and correspondent swim more slowly and the captain holds onto the keel of the overturned dinghy. With the help of a life preserver, the correspondent makes good progress, until he is caught in a current that forces him to back to the boat. Before he can reach the dinghy, a wave hurls him to shallower water, where he is saved by a man who has appeared on shore and plunged into the sea to save the crew. On land, the correspondent drifts in and out of consciousness, but as he regains his senses, he sees a large number of people on the shore with rescue gear. He learns that the captain and cook have been saved but the oiler has died.

"The Open Boat"- Crane

Naturalism survival of the fittest subline( largeness) reference to child's tale human expose to savage world where death is always immanent--> learn sympathetic identity with others and how to practice solidarity nature always wins

"The Open boat" Crane

W.E.B Du Bois- African American and talks of progress of the race and possibilities of the future

"The Souls of Black Folk" Du Bois

examples of Darwism in what story(ies)

"To Build a Fire" "Roman Fever"

An unnamed man is making his way through the white snow of Alaska. And it's really, really cold out. He's not concerned about the cold or the lack of sunlight, but not because he's used to it. He's actually a chechaquo, or "newcomer" to the Yukon. The narrator then tells us that the man's "trouble" is that "he is without imagination" (3). See, the guy knows the day is cold, but doesn't really spend any time wondering about how his frail human body will stand up to it. He doesn't seem to grasp how tiny and ant-like he is in this giant abyss of arctic snow. Spitting into the air, the man hears a sharp crackle and realizes that his saliva has frozen before hitting the snow. This means that it must be colder than fifty degrees below zero. The narrator tells us that the man is heading for a mining camp on Henderson Creek, where a bunch of his buddies are waiting for him with a nice fire and some tasty bacon. Traveling alongside the man is a native husky, which is closer to a wolf than your average dog. The husky isn't all that happy about traveling in such chilly weather, but it stays on the man's heels, hoping that the man will soon stop to make a nice cozy fire. There are nine hours of hiking ahead of the man, so we readers get the sense that he's a pretty tough dude, even if he doesn't know all that much about the Klondike. When he finally reaches Henderson Creek, the man starts walking along the ice. The creek is frozen to the bottom, but there are some underground hot springs that make little pockets of water in the ice, and it's very dangerous to get your feet wet when it's so cold out. Did we mention that it's really, really cold? Always the gentleman, the man decides to send the dog ahead of him. As expected, the dog breaks through the ice and gets it legs wet. The man helps get the ice off the animal's feet, and is surprised by how quickly his fingers go numb when he takes them out of his mittens. After he stops to build a fire (Title!), the man whips out his half-frozen biscuits and chows down. When he gets up, the dog is reluctant to leave the fire, for obvious reasons. After walking for a while longer, the man breaks through the ice himself and has to stop and build a fire all over again to dry his boots and warm his feet. As he builds a new fire, he thinks about an old man from Sulphur Creek who told him that folks should never travel alone in the Yukon when it's colder than fifty degrees below zero. But he thinks the old-timer is a little too "womanish" and gives himself a big pat on the back for being a "real" man. Of course when he tries to build his next fire, he can barely grip a twig with his fingers. Yeah, super manly. The man gets another fire going; but he's made a mistake by building it under a spruce tree. When he keeps pulling twigs off the tree, he shakes the thing so that a bunch of snow falls off its branches and buries his fire. He almost freaks out at his bad luck, but stays calm and starts to build another fire. The man has more trouble this time around because his fingers are so numb he can't pull a single match away from his pack of seventy. He tears one out with his teeth, but when he tries to hold the lit match to a piece of birch bark, the smoke goes up his nose and almost makes him cough up a lung. For his next attempt, he lights all of his matches at once and just holds them to the kindling by using his hands as stumps. The fire kindles, but when the man tries to load some more fuel onto it, he breaks up the fire with his clumsy hands and scatters the pieces in all directions. They all go up in smoke, and now the man knows he's in really big trouble. He starts to wonder if the old-timer from Sulphur Creek might have been right about this never-travel-alone business. When it seems like he's out of options, the man gets a crazy idea and starts to look at his dog as if it were a giant mitten. He thinks that if he can kill the dog, he can plunge his hands into its body and warm them until the feeling comes back. Next thing you know, he tackles the dog, only to realize that there's no way he can kill the animal. He can't use his hands to grab a knife or strangle the thing, so he gives up and the insulted dog runs forty feet away and stops there to watch the man. The man realizes that there's a pretty good chance he's going to die, so he starts running as fast as he can in the direction of the mining camp. He feels his body heat up at first and grows optimistic. But then he runs out of gas and realizes that he'll never make it. He feels ashamed for running around like some shmuck, so he decides to meet death with dignity. Lying down in the snow, the man drifts off into sleep. As he dies, he has a vision of himself with his crowd of buddies discovering his own body the next day. Then he thinks of the old timer who warned him against traveling alone, and admits that he was world-class idiot to do so. The man dies. The dog doesn't know what's going on at first, but after it catches the smell of death, it howls for a while and then trots off toward the camp, where it knows it can get food and have a nice fire. And bacon.

"To Build a Fire"- London

bearded man dog

"To build a Fire"- London

Booker T. Washington- author and narrator who is deeply ambitous and influential education and black leader. about idea of racial uplift

"Up from Slavery"- Washington

Washington relates the story of his life from birth to late adulthood, while introducing his theory for racial uplift and using his own personal story as example. His life begins on a plantation in Franklin County, Virginia. Following Emancipation and the end of the Civil War, Washington and his family, including his mother, his stepfather, his sister, and his older brother, move to Malden, Virginia, where Washington's stepfather secures work at a salt-furnace. The first few years out of slavery are difficult for the family, but Washington is a curious, ambitious child and pursues his desire for an education. His first glimpse of education comes from his labor at the salt-furnace. Following this, Washington receives a spelling-book from his mother and with it, masters the alphabet. When a literate black man from Ohio arrives, he offers his services as a teacher to the town's black population. In this way, Washington begins to develop academically.Eventually, a school that holds both day and night classes opens in a nearby town and Washington attends after his work each day at the salt-furnace. At work, Washington hears word of a new school for black students called the Hampton Institute and vows to go there for his education. He continues to work to raise money to travel to Hampton, Virginia, where the school is located. He stops working at the salt-furnace and begins to work for the owner's wife, Mrs. Ruffner, as a servant. Mrs. Ruffner teaches Washington the strictures of civilized living: order, cleanliness, promptness. Washington also begins his first personal library at this time. After a short while, Washington heads off to Hampton. On his journey to Hampton, the stage-coach that he takes to the train station in the next town stops at a hotel. The hotel-keeper refuses to give Washington a room because of his race. Washington, consequently, sleeps outside. After this episode, Washington walks and hitches rides to Richmond, Virginia. He reaches Richmond at night and sleeps under a raised sidewalk. The next morning, he finds work loading and unloading ships. He continues to sleep under the raised sidewalk as he earns money for the rest of his trip to Hampton. When he arrives at Hampton, his general appearance and the state of his clothing make a poor first impression. The head teacher admits several students to the school ahead of him and finally asks him to sweep the room adjoining the main hall. Washington sweeps the room as thoroughly as possible and so impresses the head teacher that he is admitted to the school and offered a position as a janitor. This provides Washington with a way to pay for his room and board, as well as a portion of his tuition. A new life begins for Washington at Hampton. Hampton introduces Washington to the dignity in hard work and labor and teaches him the value and virtue of selflessness. Both lessons will later form the foundation of Washington's social program for racial uplift. The man who makes the strongest impression upon Washington at Hampton is the school's founder, General Samuel C. Armstrong. Armstrong admires Washington's selflessness and his strength of leadership. At Hampton, Washington works at his studies and is an enthusiastic participant in the school's debating societies. Washington does not return home to Malden, Virginia until after his second year of school. Washington's mother dies during this summer and the event throws his family life into disarray. Washington considers not returning to Hampton, but his desire for an education is strong. He returns to Hampton and eventually graduates. After graduation, he returns to Malden where he opens a school for the black community. Washington's curriculum for the school extends beyond "mere book education" to include lessons on proper grooming, personal comportment, and personal industry. In addition to teaching the school, Washington also starts a night-school, multiple debating societies, and establishes a reading room. After two years teaching in Malden, Washington goes to Washington, D.C. to further his studies. Washington eventually returns to Hampton as a teacher and his first work at the school is to teach newly admitted Native American students. The experience solidifies Washington's beliefs in hard work and selflessness. Washington teaches the Native American students how to operate in white society as well as traditional academic subjects. His success at Hampton leads to an invitation to head a new school in Alabama. Once Washington reaches Tuskegee, Alabama, he finds eager students but no proper building in which to hold a school. For the first few months, Washington holds the school in a shanty located near a church. Eventually, Washington purchases an old plantation for the school. Washington, alongside his students, labors to repair the buildings to make them suitable as classrooms. He also has the students plant crops to make Tuskegee self-sustaining. These early experiments in student labor become part of the foundational curriculum at Tuskegee, each student having to learn a trade or industry alongside more traditional academic subjects.During this time, Washington makes many trips North to raise money for the school and as a result, establishes a profile as a public speaker and black leader. Washington begins to receive invitations to speak at all manner of events. By the time he receives the invitation to deliver what will become his most famous speech at the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition, his views about the proper approach to racial advancement and uplift have crystallized. In his speech at the Atlanta Exposition, Washington exhorts former slaves to "cast down [their] bucket[s] where you are" and expresses opposition to political agitation. Washington also emphasizes racial intermingling only for common business interests, and otherwise says that the races "can be as separate as the fingers." This speech catapults Washington to a new level of fame and renown, despite vocal detractors. Washington ends the book by reflecting on the legacy of Tuskegee and his hope for the race in the coming years. He is optimistic about both because of the large distance he himself has traveled.

"Up from Slavery"- Washington

talks of industrial and agricultural jobs and NOT poety, education (unless useful) or civil rights( voting) compromise rights "Cast down your buckets"

"Up from slavery" -washington

transition period written with drama in mind and more towards an audience based experience impressionistic example of novel entail( story that can stand alone but use same character throughout each story) company of George Willard, perhaps Biddlebaum's only friend in town rumor can ruin a good person child molestation rumor--not true

"Winesburg Ohio" Anderson

Winesburg, Ohio Summary Buy Study Guide "Prologue: "The Book of the Grotesque" An old writer hired a carpenter to raise his bed level with the windows. The carpenter wept telling the old writer about his brother's death. Lying in bed, the old writer's thoughts of dying made him more alive. He dreamt of versions of people he had known and wrote a book entitled "The Book of the Grotesque." He wrote that the world had been filled by thoughts which man made into beautiful truths. The figures grasped one of the truths as absolute. This decision transformed the figure into a grotesque and truth into a lie. "Hands" Wing Biddlebaum lived isolated from town life. He would hear ghostly voices and spoke closely only with George Willard. Wing tried desperately to hide his hands. One day, Wing revealed his hands without noticing and caressed George's shoulder while talking. Suddenly, Wing ran quickly home. Wing had previously been a school teacher named Adolf Myers who was loved by the boys he taught. He spoke of dreams and touched their shoulders. One boy invented unspeakable things and the town drove out Adolf. He moved to Winesburg and was ashamed by his innocent hands. modernism and transition

"Winesburg, Ohio--Hands" Anderson

Wing Biddlbaum--magic hands George Willard

"Winesburg, Ohio--Hands"- Anderson

Elizabeth and Tom Willard owned the New Willard House. As a girl, Elizabeth was passionate. Some disease had since dulled her. Tom was ashamed of her. A bond existed between Elizabeth and George. Elizabeth prayed that George would live to express meaning for them. When George did not visit, Elizabeth grew worried. She overheard Tom tell the boy to snap out of his dreaminess. Elizabeth secretly decided to stab Tom. George explained to her that he just wanted to think but because of something his father said, he was leaving. His mother wanted to cry with joy but she no longer could.

"Winesburg, Ohio--Mother" -Anderson

Elizabeth-wife that is ghostly and dreams she kills her husband so she can live again Tom-ashamed of wife, not loving husband George- son that interrupts Elizbeth's dream modernism and transition * Anderson grandfather of modernism

"winesburg, Ohio--Mother"- Anderson

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge

Ambrose Bierce

Up From Slavery

Booker T. Washington

The Luck of Roaring Camp

Bret Harte

The Goophered Grapevine

Chesnutt

idea of natural selection; survival of the fittest

Darwin ideology

who uses enjambment writing

Dickinson

Roman Fever

Edith Wharton

Editha" is essentially about a women, named Editha, who attempts to pressure her fiance into enlisting for a war effort. She believes that the war is glorious and that he must enlist and take part in this amazing disturbance of piece. George, her fiance finally does enlist but is killed in the war. It was not uncommon for William Dean Howells to express his opinions on political and social issues through his works of literature and it was also no secret that he strongly opposed the Spanish American War. Despite the fact that the Spanish-American War is never definitively mentioned in "Editha", it is clear that Howells used this story to express his opposition. Howells not only opposed the war itself, but he also berated those who blindly supported the war in the name of American Patriotism. Editha herself is the representation of the American people who blindly supported the war. As Silverstein stated, "The story impales Editha, who embodies all the nonsense about the heroic romanticism of war and whose false sense of values drives her unfortunate fiance to a premature death in a questionable war"(Gordon). She is so excited at the news of an approaching war, supporting it with all her strength but remaining blind to the consequences that comes with war. She described the war as a "sacred" and "glorious" war (Howells, 376). She even, at one point, says "I call any war glorious that is for the liberation of people who have been struggling for years against the cruelest oppression" (Howells, 377). This quote is curiously similar to the justification that the United States used to enter the Spanish American War in the first place. Edithas' version of war is a heavily romanticized one; she had never been in a war, she never knew what it was like. When Editha heard of a war, her mind instantly went to a heavily romanticized, idealistic version of war where her fiance enlists and fight glorious battles and emerges victorious, coming back home with honor. She surely never expected him to die, which is exactly what he did. Howells did this to show the difference between the idealistic and realistic versions of war. The blind support and romanticized feelings towards war represent the belief and the idealistic version of war that most people think of when they hear of war. George's death symbolizes the unforeseen consequences that war brings with it. It represents the realistic version of war that has been hidden behind the glamorized mask of noble and honorable battles resulting in heroic victories. To further represent the tight grip that idealism has on people, Howells shows Editha "Reverting to a comfortable acceptance of former cherished romantic values"

Editha"- Howells

give an example of when meter was used on class reading

Emily Dickinson

what story(ies) has good examples of dialect

Goophered Grapevine

To Build a Fire

Jack London

what story(ies) are examples of realism

Roman Fever

A White Heron

Sarah Orne Jewett

The Open Boat

Stephen Crane

Mrs. Spring Fragrance

Sui Sin Far

what story(ies) use colloquial language

The Goophered Grapevine

T/F: the problem with realism is that people have different perspectives of the world

True

The Souls of Black Folk

W.E.B. DuBois

Song of Myself

Walt Whitman

what story(ies) are examples of regionalism

a white heron Goophered Grapevines New England Nun

iterary device that repeats a speech sound in a sequence of words that are close to each other. It typically uses consonants at the beginning of a word to give stress to its syllable. ex: for the SKY and the SEA, and the SEa and the SKY

alliteration

repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing or speech ex: it was.... it was.... it was....

anaphora

figurative term used to refer to the repetition of a vowel sound in a line of text ex: the cAt rAn After the Alligator who wAs trying to Assist An AlArmed drowning ArmAdillo to get Across the river

assonance

;is the use of informal words, phrases, or even slang in a piece of writing.its tends to sneak in as writers, being part of a society, are influenced by the way people speak in that society; casual speech

colloquial

regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists;different diction for different regions; colloquial speech renders where they are from

dialect

movement of a sentence from one line to the next seemingly in the middle of a sentence in each line

enjambment

technique that sometimes serves as a companion piece to a story within a story, whereby an introductory or main narrative is presented, at least in part, for the purpose of setting the stage either for a more emphasized second narrative or for a set of shorter stories; story within a story (interior/exterior)

frame

literary device that is free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm, and does not rhyme with fixed forms. Go without rhythm and rhyme schemes, do not follow regular rhyme scheme rules, yet still provide artistic expression.

free verse

random capitalization of words that usually are not capitalized; trying to stress importance of certain words

majusculation (Dickinson uses it)

is a unit of rhythm in poetry, the pattern of the beats; organized patter and emphasis on certain syllables and words

meter

the idea that humans can't control nature; writers write stories based on the idea that environment determines and governs human character

naturalism

seeing the world as it truly is and not what we want it to be;he attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, as well as implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

realism

focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region;writing about a place or space

regionalism

what story(ies) use frame

the notorious jumping frog of Calaveras County