English Mid-Term Exam 2019 (10th Grade)

its vs. it's

"Its" shows possession, but no apostrophe is needed because its is already a possessive pronoun. It's is a contraction for it is. Ex. Its own phone, it's a phone

theatron

"Seeing place" where the audience sat

deciduous:

(of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves annually (adj)

Conclusions

1) Restate your thesis using the S-6 and including title and author 2) Write 3-4 sentences summarizing your main points from you body paragraph(s) (no quotes!) 3) Write a clincher statement.

Introduction

1. Ideas for first (aka: grabber) sentence: Focus on the work's central theme or ideas. 2. Once you've gotten your reader's attention, introduce major characters or events, depending on the focus of your paper. Make sure to transition from the theme. 3. The next 3-5 sentences should help ease your reader into the thesis statement. Yes, you may mention the title and author of the book ONCE before the thesis. Thesis=last sentence of the introduction What to include in your introduction: Relevant background about the work in order to lead up to your thesis. The relationship between the characters in your paper and other relevant relationships. If applicable: relevant background about the author. If applicable: Information about the time period that relates to your paper. Avoid: stating the obvious avoid redundancy Avoid short, choppy sentences and awkward/confusing sentences. Note: You should not typically use outside sources/quotes for your introduction, but if you need to, make sure to cite all sources!!! Be creative

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as" The comparison of children to birds is an example of a simile

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Irony

A contrast between expectation and reality

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes That the city is so afflicted by the pestilence that her head cannot be raised is an example of personification in "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles (495 B.C.E. - 405 B.C.E.).

Pilgrimage

A journey to a shrine or sacered place

Caesura

A pause in the middle of a line, often indicated by an ellipse ...

Motif

A recurring theme, subject or idea examples in Oedipus sight and blindness

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

hubris

A specific type of Hamartia - extreme arrogance which leads to a rash/blind action Ex: When Oedipus states that he is greater than Apollo, a God.

Chiasmus

A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed. "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You." "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget." Oedipus: "You suffer it all twice over,remorse in pain,Pain in remorse."

Symbol

A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract. Triple Crossroad: symbolizes life choice or fate. Limp: symbol of who he is

gerund

A verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun Going to college is expensive. "Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it."(William Arthur Ward) Binx Bolling, the hero of Walker Percy's The Moviegoer, enjoys riding the bus that runs from Gentilly down Elysian Fields and into the French Quarter of New Orleans. "I never believe nor disbelieve. If you will excuse my speaking frankly, I mean to observe you closely, and to decide for myself."

advice vs advise

Advice — with an "s" sound — is a noun. You can give your friend some advice. My father gave me one piece of advice - "Always be on time." Advise — with a "z" sound — is a verb. With this word, you can advise your friend. The meaning of the two words is basically the same. She advised me to invest my money more carefully.

What did the narrator's mother believe? What can the reader tell about her character?

America is the land of opportunity. She has high hopes for her daughter and thinks that Jing-Mei will be a prodigy one day if she keeps working hard. She wants her daughter to have a special talent.

Infinitives are

An infinitive is a verbal that can function as noun, adjective, or adverb. It is formed by using "to" + the verb. Examples of Infinitives: The infinitive can appear by itself, or it can be part of a larger infinitive phrase. Examples of infinitives: To run To walk To cook To understand To make Examples of infinitives or infinitive phrases used as nouns: 1) I like to run. (functions as a direct object) 2) I wanted to cook dinner for my parents. (functions as a direct object) 3) To fly an airplane is a dream of mine. (functions as a subject) 4) I cannot believe you knew to put out grits to attract ants! (functions as a direct object) Examples of infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives: 1) The fair is the place to go. (tells us which place) 2) I have some jeans to wash. (tells us which jeans) 3) The singer to watch is Joyce. (tells us which singer) 4) The kind of flowers to plant are perennials. (tells us which flowers) Examples of infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adverbs: 1) To complete the math problem, you divide by x. (tells why to divide) 2) I bought paint to finish the picture for my mom. (tells why I bought paint) 3) To make the cookies, you must add the flour first. (tells why we add flour)

Apostrophes - Contractions

Apostrophes are used: To show possession (e.g., one dog's kennel , two dogs' kennel ) In time expressions (e.g., a day's pay , two weeks' holiday ) In contractions (e.g., can't , isn't , don't ) Does the apostrophe go before or after the s? The big question is whether to put the apostrophe before the s or after the s. The basic rule is this: The apostrophe goes before the s for a singular possessor (e.g., one dog's kennel) and after the s when it's more than one possessor (e.g., two dogs' kennel). Be aware that dog and dogs are the possessors. The position of the apostrophe has nothing to do with kennel. That word can be singular or plural. It makes no difference whatsoever to where the apostrophe goes. For example: One dog's dinner One dog's dinners Two dogs' dinner Two dogs' dinners The apostrophe-placement ruling seems quite straightforward, but there are exceptions. An exception to the rule: plural words that don't end s The most notable exception is when the plural doesn't end in s (e.g., children, women, people, men). These words have the apostrophe before the s (even though they're plural). For example: children's toys women's hat (Here's another issue. It's not always about possession. This means a hat for women. Similarly, Picasso's painting is a painting by Picasso. He doesn't own it. Sometimes, it's about "possession" in the loosest terms.) people's poet men's sizes Another exception to the rule: singular words that end s Another quirk is that singular nouns ending s (e.g., Wales, Moses, John Wells) form their possessive forms either by adding ' (just an apostrophe) or 's depending on how you (personally) say the possessive form. For example: John Wells' report (This is correct. It is used by those who would say John Wells report as opposed to John Wellsiz report.) John Wells's report (This is also correct. It is used by those who would say John Wellsiz report.) Be aware that some style guides state you can't use the 's version for religious characters. So, if you're talking about the likes of Jesus or Moses, you might want to opt for the Jesus' and Moses' versions as opposed to Jesus's and Moses's.

Tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

What is the theme or message of "Two Kinds" Who wrote the story

By Amy Tan. American Dream and tension between Mother and daughter. Mrs. Woo believes with a little hard work and some luck anything is possible.,Accepting oneself can be more important than sucsess.

Theme

Central idea of a work of literature

orchestra

Circular dancing place where actors and chorus performed

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) Oedipus Rex uses the imagery of light and darkness throughout the entire play.

Rise vs. raise

General increase vs. A bet or salary increase. Raise is used to describe an action that is being done by someone. As for the rise, the word means the action itself. For example: The authority decided to raise the tax. / According to the latest news, the taxes will rise soon.

Why did Old Chong retire?

He is elderly, deaf and has poor eyesight.

Who is Waverly? How does Jing-Mei feel about her?

Her cousin. Parents are competitive with one another, therefore the girls are as well.

The Role of Hamartia in Oedipus

In Oedipus Rex, the character of Oedipus is a victim of hamartia, and his particular flaw is hubris. "Hamartia "is an Aristotelian term which often finds its usage in Greek tragedies. It is often referred to as a "tragic flaw "or "tragic error". Sophocles' Oedipus Rex shows the reader a perfect demonstration of the term "hamartia". It is hamartia that creates a tragic hero. It is also said to mean missing the mark, or moral deficit or tragic error. Hamartia is what causes the tragic hero to do the opposite of what he intends to do. In case of Oedipus it is his flaw of character or ignorant error that

hamartia

In tragedy, the flaw in a protagonist which leads to their downfall Ex: When Oedipus is harsh to Tiresias, and doesn't listen to Him, the wise man

"Girl"

Jamaica Kincaid (West Indies) deals with the experience of being young and female in a poor country. Girl" consists of a single sentence of advice a mother imparts to her daughter, only twice interrupted by the girl to ask a question or defend herself. She intends the advice to both help her daughter and scold her at the same time. Kincaid uses semicolons to separate the admonishments and words of wisdom but often repeats herself, especially to warn her daughter against becoming a "slut."

What happens at the performance?

Jing Mei does not play well. She was taught by Mr. Chong who is deaf and she does not sincerely want to learn how to play.

What would happen after dinner every night? What can the reader infer?

Jing Mei is tested every day on Geography or other academic based exams. She sees herself disappointing her mother. She eventually takes piano lessons twice a week from 4-6 pm.

lie vs. lay

Lie means to recline or rest Principal parts of the verb are lie, lay, lain , or lying. Forms of lie are never followed by a direct object Ex I lie down to rest I lay down yesterday to rest I have lain down to rest I was lying down to rest Lay means to put or place. Principal parts of the verb are lay, laid, laid, and laying. Forms of lay are followed by a direct object Ex I lay the book on the table I laid the book on the table yesterday I have laid the book on the table before I am laying the book in the table now To test, substitute word with place, placed, placing If makes sense- use equivalent form of lay If doesn't make sense- use equivalent form of lie

Participles are

Participles are verbs that act as adjectives in the sentence. Remember that an adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. Present participles end in "-ing". Past participles usually end in "-ed", but there are many irregular past participles that end in "-en". Like gerunds and infinitives, participles can appear alone or can be part of a larger phrase. There are many words that end in "-ing" or "-ed", so be careful to analyze the sentence to ensure that you have found a participle. Examples of Participles: Examples of present participles or participle phrases in a sentence: Can you help me fix the leaning column of blocks? Arriving late, Mary sat in the back row. Have you ever read The Giving Tree? Speeding toward the finish line, Will was going to win the race. The girl, dreaming of being a doctor, decided to take an extra science class. Examples of past participles or participle phrases in a sentence: The broken glass cut my foot. Ben, exhausted after a long day, took a nap on the couch. The red shirt worn by Kevin belongs to my brother. The boat, moving toward the dock, carried soldiers returning from war. The torn paper is my homework from yesterday.

juxtaposition

Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts

What happens when the narrator looks into the mirror and sees her "prodigy side"?

She is angry and realizes she has the power to decide for herself who she will be.

How did the narrator's mother manage to attain regular piano lessons for Jing-Mei? What can you infer from this?

She is going to clean Old Chong's house in return for piano lessons. Mrs. Woo is hardworking and determined to create a better life for her daughter.

What effect does the testing have on the narrator? What is her attitude like?

She sees herself disappointing her mother. Her attitude becomes neagtive and defeated.

sit vs. set

Sit vs Set. • Sit means to be seated while set means to place an object on a surface. • You sit on a chair, but you set plates in the shelf or books on the table

"When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine"

Symbols candy: Mr. Pirzada gives to Lilia, but also candy in general, Lilia prays for Mr. Pirzada's family every night by eating a piece of candy she has been collecting from Mr. Pirzada. The candy itself represents hope and a connection between Mr. Pirzada, his daughters, and Lilia. Mr. Pirzada spoils Lilia with candy because he has no daughters to fawn over in America. He gives Lilia the candy and treats her as one of his own daughters so that in the event that he may return home and find his daughters missing or deceased, he will still have a daughter of sorts in America. Mr. Pirzada's pocket watch, which he wound eleven hours ahead to correspond with the time in Dacca, his home. The watch itself symbolizes his family. He always had it with him, even at the dinner table where he kept it arranged perfectly on a napkin. This act symbolizes Mr. Pirzada's attempt to be with his family even though he is a world away from them, giving them a seat on his perfectly crisp folded napkin. pumpkin/jack-o-lantern. When the pumpkin is fresh and un-carved, that symbolizes Mr. Pirzada at home when he did not have to worry over his family because he knew they were safe. When the pumpkin is sliced into and the top and innards scooped out, it is parallel to when Mr. Pirzada had to leave his family behind amongst a civil war and the worry ate at his insides. The grimace that Lilia plans to carve represents Mr. Pirzada's constant feeling otwards the news, even though he does not show that much emotion in reaction to the reports. The pumpkin resembles what Mr. Pirzada is feeling on the inside, not what he is showing on the outside. The gash in the pumpkin's mouth reflects Mr. Pirzada's feeling when he heard the news of the war starting. Finally, the last straw was when the pumpkin was smashed, although the reader is not told who destroyed it, symbolizes Mr. Pirzada's feeling of being crushed when he hears that East Pakistan surrendered. So, to recap, the pumpkin and Mr. Pirzada are one and the same, the pumpkin shows what Mr. Pirzada feels on the inside.

What does Jing-Mei finally say to defeat her mother? How do you think this will affect her later on in life?

That she wishes she wasn't her daughter or had never been born like them (her dead sisters). She will have guilt and regret for treating her mother this way.

Denotation

The dictionary definition of a word Oedipus is the denotation of the Tragic Hero according to Aristotle's definition.

What does Jing-Mei's mother offer to give her? Why is this significant? What can we infer about Jing-Mei's mother from this?

The piano. Her mother forgives her, it is a peace offering.

peripeteia

The turning point, which is a reversal of circumstances for the hero - often their moment of downfall. Could be a literal or a metaphoric death. Ex: When Oedipus leaves Thebes (exile). He has lost everything including his children. This is a metaphorical death.

Paper Outline Format

Thesis: I. Topic Sentence: A. M.S.S. #1: 1. Quote #1 (introduce and cite) 2. Result #1

What is Jing-Mei's mother's motivation in this story?

To create a better life for her daughter than she had.

Comma Usage #1

Use commas between two independent clauses that are connected by a coordinating conjunction such as the following: but, or, and, nor, for, yet, so, etc. Tiger Woods is the youngest player to ever win a career grand slam, and he may be the greatest player ever.

Comma Usage #2

Use commas to separate items in a series. Tiger Woods won the U.S. Open, the PGA Championship, and the British Open to complete the career grand slam.

affect vs effect

Usually, affect is a verb and effect is a noun, and they're used when talking about the results or consequences of particular actions. I'm worried that your lazy habits will affect your studies (your lazy habits will have a bad effect on your studies). Before you start an argument with your boss, consider the effects of your actions (before you start an argument, consider how your actions will affect the situation).

stichomythia

Verbal sparring that uses parallel structure or repetition or metaphor to make it witty Ex: When Tiresias is talking to Oedipus, and trying to tell Oedipus what he has done (kill his father and marry his mother)

except vs accept

When you say accept, it means you agree to something. At the same time, to except means 'to exclude.' In other words, when you're receiving an invitation to the college party or a regular offer from the essay writing service worldessays.com, make sure to accept! For example: If there's nothing wrong with the contract, feel free to sign it here in order to accept. / I love all movie genres except thrillers.

your vs you're

Your: Possession You're: You are

barracks:

a building or group of buildings used to house soldiers (n)

Foil character

a character's whose main purpose is to highlight the strengths of another character

Lilting:

a cheerful or lively manner of speaking. speak, sing, or sound with a lilt (v, participle)

compatriots:

a fellow citizen or national of a country (n)

Fragment sentence

a group of words that is missing either a subject or a verb or doesn't express a complete thought. Examples: Example of a fragment: Shows no improvement in any of the vital signs. The sentence above is a fragment since there is no subject (Who shows no improvement?). Fragments can be corrected by identifying the missing element and including it. Revision: The patient shows no improvement in any of the vital signs. Here is an example of a fragment with a missing predicate, or action: Example of a fragment: The doctors, who were using peer-reviewed research articles that contributed to the body of knowledge in their fields, which was obstetrics. Notice here that although the sentence is quite long, it still contains no action (What are the doctors doing?). Once identified, the sentence can be corrected easily. Revision: The doctors, who were using peer-reviewed research articles that contributed to the body of knowledge in their field, improved their knowledge of obstetrics.

suppliant

a person making a humble plea to someone in power or authority

paraskena

a projecting side-wing of the skene, was not present in most Greek theaters until after 500 B.C.

Super 6 Rules

a thesis statement and topic sentence must be equal to one sentence in length, one specific topic, must be an opinionated statement, use strong verbs, be specfic, and avoid illegal pronouns

Elements of a Tragic Hero

a. Loft Stature "The tragic hero is a man of noble stature. One must have a lofty position to "fall" from B. He has a tragic flaw: The tragic hero must "fall" due to some flaw in his own personality. hamartia. C. Free Choice: The hero's downfall, therefore, is partially her/his own fault, the result of free choice.There must be an element of choice in order for there to be a true tragedy. D. Hero has Increased Awareness The tragic hero come to some sort of understanding of what went wrong or of what was really going on before he comes to his end E. Punishment exceeds the crime:The audience must not be left feeling that the tragic hero got what he deserved

Reproach:

address (someone) in such a way as to express disapproval or disappointment (v); the expression of disapproval or disappointment (n)

What to avoid in formal writing

am, is, are, was, were, be being, been no first or second person is permitted in a formal, third-person essay  Do not refer directly to the quote: This quote shows... Use strong, purposeful diction (avoid general words like "good" and "bad") Avoid using vague words like "this," "things," and "a lot"

Connotation

an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. Example: Sophocles used rage in the below passage because it has a more violent connotation than anger. Perhaps he charged you spurred on by the rash power of his rage, rather than in his mind's true judgment.

augury

an omen or prophecy

Compunication

anxiety arising from an awareness or guilt

Formal Paper Demons

apostrophe errors, no contractions, homophones, do not use slang, no first or second person, avoid verb shifts and verb errors, avoid being verbs

proscenion

backdrop

carrion

dead and putrefying flesh

parados

entrance of the chorus

Hyperbole

exaggeration Example: That the pestilence empties Thebes

successive:

following one another or following others (adj)

Listless:

having or showing little or no interest in anything; languid; spiritless; indifferent (adj)

Passive Voice

identifying the passive voice: form of "to be" + past participle = passive voice For example: The metropolis has been scorched by the dragon's fiery breath. When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage. Ask yourself whether there is an action going on in the sentence. If so, what is at the front of the sentence? Is it the person or thing that does the action? Or is it the person or thing that has the action done to it? In a passive sentence, the object of the action will be in the subject position at the front of the sentence. As discussed above, the sentence will also contain a form of be and a past participle. If the subject appears at all, it will usually be at the end of the sentence, often in a phrase that starts with "by." Take a look at this example: The fish was caught by the seagull. If we ask ourselves whether there's an action, the answer is yes: a fish is being caught. If we ask what's at the front of the sentece, the actor or the object of the action, it's the object: the fish, unfortunately for it, got caught, and there it is at the front of the sentence. The thing that did the catching—the seagull—is at the end, after "by." There's a form of be (was) and a past participle (caught). This sentence is passive. Let's briefly look at how to change passive constructions into active ones. You can usually just switch the word order, making the actor and subject one by putting the actor up front: The metropolis has been scorched by the dragon's fiery breath. becomes The dragon has scorched the metropolis with his fiery breath. becomes When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage. becomes After suitors invaded her house, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.

. Nonchalantly:

in a casually calm and relaxed manner (adv)

skene/skena

in ancient Greek theatre, a building behind the playing area that was originally a hut for the changing of masks and costumes but eventually became the background before which the drama was enacted.

lose vs. loose

lose: verb, as in "Don't lose this handout." loose: adjective, as in "He had loose change in his pocket."

run-on sentence

made up of two or more sentences that are incorrectly run together as a single sentence. Example: I love to write papers I would write one every day if I had the time. There are two complete sentences in the above example: Sentence 1: I love to write papers. Sentence 2: I would write one every day if I had the time. One common type of run-on sentence is a comma splice. A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses are joined with just a comma. Example of a comma splice: Participants could leave the study at any time, they needed to indicate their preference. Sentence 1: Participants could leave the study at any time. Sentence 2: They needed to indicate their preference. Some comma splices occur when a writer attempts to use a transitional expression in the middle of a sentence. Example of a comma splice: The results of the study were inconclusive, therefore more research needs to be done on the topic. Sentence 1: The results of the study were inconclusive Transitional expression (conjunctive adverb): therefore Sentence 2: More research needs to be done on the topic To fix this type of comma splice, use a semicolon before the transitional expression and add a comma after it. See more examples of this on the semicolon page. Revision: The results of the study were inconclusive; therefore, more research needs to be done on the topic. You can correct a run-on sentence by connecting or separating its parts correctly. There are several easy ways to connect independent clauses. Correcting Run-On Sentences A run-on sentence can be fixed by connecting its parts correctly. There are several ways to connect independent clauses. Use a period. The easiest way to fix a run-on is to split the sentence into smaller sentences using a period. This revision works especially well with longer sentences. Check, however, to make sure that this solution does not result in short, choppy sentences. Revision example: I love to write papers. I would write one every day if I had the time. Use a semicolon. Inserting a semicolon between independent clauses creates a grammatically correct sentence. Using a semicolon is a stylistic choice that establishes a close relationship between the two sentences. Revision example: I love to write papers; I would write one every day if I had the time. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction. A comma, paired with a coordinating conjunction (such as and, but, or or), corrects a run-on sentence. This method emphasizes the relationship between the two clauses. Revision example: I love to write papers, and I would write one every day if I had the time. Use a subordinating conjunction. Turn one of the independent clauses into a dependent clause. A subordinating conjunction (such as because, unless, and although) connects two clauses to create a complex sentence. This option works to cement the relationship between the two parts of the sentence and may improve the flow of the clauses. Example: Because I love to write papers, I would write one every day if I had the time.

temperate

marked by moderation

foliage:

plant leaves collectively (n)

Verb shifts/tense preferences

remain consistent with your verb tense within a sentence or a string of sentences that share the same time frame. Failure to do so is called a "verb tense shift." Inconsistent Verb Tense: Last spring break, I booked a flight to Hawaii, and I have swum with the dolphins. The writer began the sentence in the past tense by setting the time frame as "last spring break" and using the verb "booked." By incorrectly shifting to the present perfect tense ("I have swum"), the reader becomes confused about when all of this activity occurred. Was it in the past or happening now? Consistent Verb Tense: Last spring break, I booked a flight to Hawaii, and I swam with the dolphins You should write in present tense

furtive:

secretive; attempting to avoid attention (adj.)

Comma splices

sentences incorrectly written as if they were one sentense; seperated by a comma

austere:

severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance (adj)

besieger

someone who surrounds and attacks

defilement

something unclean or impure; something contaminated or corrupted

The Quotation Sandwich

statement introducing the quote, the quote, and than an explanation following the quote

Anthropomorphism

the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.

prophecy

the prediction of something to come

Characterization

the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character

katharsis

the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity and fear—through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. Full release of emotions Ex: When Oedipus gouges out his eyes, after realizing what he has done

botany

the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance (n)

infamy

the state or being known for something disgraceful

There, They're, Their

there- location they're- contraction for they are their- possessive pronoun

Indignity:

treatment or circumstances that cause one to feel shame or to lose one's dignity (n)

1. homely:

unattractive in appearance (adj.)