English Quizes

But when, among the most moderate opinions, I meet with arguments that set out to prove how closely we resemble the animals, how largely they share in our greatest privileges, and how feasible are the comparisons between us and them, I certainly forswear a great deal of our presumption, and willingly resign that imaginary sovereignty over other creatures which we are supposed to have.

"Of Cruelty" by Michel Montaigne Imaginary kinship, wants to resign the dominion all in our imagination, doesn't want apart of the pain and suffering

Natures that are bloodthirsty towards animals show a native propensity towards cruelty. At Rome after the people had inured themselves to watching the slaughter of animals, they went on to men and gladiators. Nature herself, I fear, implants in men some instinct towards inhumanity. No one enjoys the sight of animals playing together and fondling one another, but the spectacle ' of them rending and dismembering one another is a universal entertainment.

"Of Cruelty" by Michel Montaigne Uses the Bible to do the opposite of what Genesis does. What do we have in common with animals? Both created to serve the master, Same master, We are of God's family, same habitation, Deserve some respect and affection towards all. Collapses distinction between humans and animals

For my part, I have never been able to watch without distress even the pursuit and slaughter of an innocent animal, which has no defense and has done us no harm. And when, as will commonly happen, a weak and panting stag is reduced to surrender, and casts itself with tears in its eyes on the mercy of us, its pursuers,

"Of Cruelty" by Michel Montaigne Gives the Stag feeling, claiming it doesn't deserve death and does us no harm. Starts crying because it's a terrible vision personify's the animal, collapses the distinction to give the animals more power. (USE FOR ESSAY) Mankind are the bag guys in this case.

"Among other vices, I cruelly hate cruelty, both by nature and judgment, as the worst of all vices. But here my weakness extends so far that I cannot see a chicken's neck twisted without distress, or bear to hear the squealing of a hare in my hounds' jaws, though hunting is a very great pleasure to me."

"Of Cruelty" by Michel Montaigne Naturally feels for the animals. Born this way. By judgment; reason his way into thinking this is a bad thing.

"I live in an epoch when, owing to the licence of our civil wars, we abound in incredible examples of this vice: there is nothing to be found in ancient histories more extreme than what we witness every day. But this has by no means reconciled me to it. I could hardly persuade myself, before I had actual evidence, that there exist any souls so unnatural as to commit murder for the mere pleasure of doing so; as to hack and chop off men's limbs, as to sharpen their wits for the invention of unusual tortures and new forms of death; and all this without enmity or gain, but merely for the enjoyment of the pleasing spectacle afforded by the pitiful gestures and motions, the lamentable groans and cries, of a man dying in anguish. This is the extreme limit to which cruelty can attain, "that one man should kill another, not in anger or in fear, but solely to enjoy the sight." Seneca,"

"Of Cruelty" by Michel Montaigne Not immune to this even though he sees it everyday. In a time where religious wars were going on.

"Hoping some ways the cruel dogs to shun him" "Struck with terror and with fear"

"The Hunting of The Hare", Margaret Cavendish Gives the rabbit emotions..desire to live The poet wants us to feel sympathy for the rabbit. Allege for the death of this rabbit. Wants us to identify with the rabbit, not the powerful person (Same as when men are superior to women)

"Gives up his ghost"

"The Hunting of The Hare", Margaret Cavendish the rabbit's soul went to heaven. Some animals we kill to eat, or kill for recreation. Distinction is to be made. For sport, is wrong. God gave animals the right to live just as themselves.

Does Adonis love Venus? Why or why not?

-Adonis does not love Venus -All Adonis is concerned with is hunting the wild boars -He turns down Venus' advances every time she tries to win him over

What does Petrarch find out about himself in the book? "And men go about to wonder at the heights of the mountains....but themselves they consider not"

-He needs to look within his soul instead of figuring about the landscapes. -He finds out that his soul is the most beautiful thing on the inside rather than the out side. -To turn from the outer world of nature and focus on the inner soul.

Venus believes that the two horses must teach Adonis a lesson from nature. What is the lesson?

-Venus believes that the two horses must teach Adonis a lesson from nature. -This lesson is that attraction, love and recreation are common in nature and that is supposed to happen.

TOUCHSTONE We shall find a time, Audrey; patience, gentle Audrey. AUDREY Faith, the priest was good enough, for all the old gentleman's saying.

-bickering about time, why didn't you marry me back then? -time doesn't exist in Arden, so why are they complaining about time?

ROSALIND [Aside to CELIA] I will speak to him, like a saucy lackey and under that habit play the knave with him. Do you hear, forester? ORLANDO Very well: what would you? ROSALIND I pray you, what is't o'clock? ORLANDO You should ask me what time o' day: there's no clock in the forest. ROSALIND [Aside to CELIA] I will speak to him, like a saucy lackey and under that habit play the knave with him. Do you hear, forester? ORLANDO Very well: what would you? ROSALIND I pray you, what is't o'clock? ORLANDO You should ask me what time o' day: there's no clock in the forest.

-example of pastoral, there is no time -time does not exist, death does not exist -no ambition to challenge themselves -relaxed people -not a modern space no need to pay attention to the time. Does a summer fling ever work? put doubt on Rosalind and Orlando's relationship.

Enter ROSALIND for Ganymede, CELIA for Aliena, and TOUCHSTONE ROSALIND O Jupiter, how weary are my spirits! TOUCHSTONE I care not for my spirits, if my legs were not weary.

-feelings expressed: does not like it -reasons: he is traveling through it, he is not used to it -his body is tired, he is exhausted -Arden is supposed to be perfect paradise, and instead he is exhausted and not feeling well. -supposed to be the guy who sees clearly, and can test other peoples wit with. -he is a realist, Touchstone (to see if gold is real), says his legs hurt

Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity Richard Hooker

-god commands all of his creatures to exist... in course booklet -emphasizes that everything is from god -finding parallels -everything functions because of God -citizens of England NEED to obey the king (parallel) keep their course and structure of political system (sovereignty)

HYMEN Peace, ho! I bar confusion: 'Tis I must make conclusion Of these most strange events: Here's eight that must take hands To join in Hymen's bands, If truth holds true contents. You and you no cross shall part: You and you are heart in heart You to his love must accord, Or have a woman to your lord: You and you are sure together, As the winter to foul weather. Whiles a wedlock-hymn we sing, Feed yourselves with questioning; That reason wonder may diminish, How thus we met, and these things finish. SONG. Wedding is great Juno's crown: O blessed bond of board and bed! 'Tis Hymen peoples every town; High wedlock then be honoured: Honour, high honour and renown, To Hymen, god of every town!

-going to stay together as the winter to foul weather -just as long as the winter is really ****** -audrey loses in the end -combination of an outsider marrying an insider -seems cursed from the start -always postponed -touchstone imagines her sheeting on his

AUDREY Well, I am not fair; and therefore I pray the gods make me honest. TOUCHSTONE Truly, and to cast away honesty upon a foul slut were to put good meat into an unclean dish. AUDREY I am not a slut, though I thank the gods I am foul.

-putting herself down, calling herself ugly Who marries them? Sir Oliver Martext -mar the text, someone who might screw up the ceremony -joke is on the name, the name implies that the wedding might not be off to a good start -postpone the wedding, Audrey trails along after Jacques

JAQUES And I have been all this day to avoid him. He is too disputable for my company: I think of as many matters as he, but I give heaven thanks and make no boast of them. Come, warble, come. SONG. Who doth ambition shun All together here And loves to live i' the sun, Seeking the food he eats And pleased with what he gets, Come hither, come hither, come hither: Here shall he see No enemy But winter and rough weather.

-who shuns all ambition -you do not see any enemies, just seasons.. is winter an enemy? or does it even exist in Arden? does this make Arden less perfect?

DUKE SENIOR Most mischievous foul sin, in chiding sin: For thou thyself hast been a libertine, As sensual as the brutish sting itself; And all the embossed sores and headed evils, That thou with licence of free foot hast caught, Wouldst thou disgorge into the general world.

-you have something wrong with your body now -there is no specific attack, but he has been a libertine and now there is somehting wrong with you -because your in pain, your trying to make everyone else in pain -why is he there discouraging evil on the world? -why is duke senior obsessed with Jacques? Why does he hang out with this unhappy trouble causer?

Name three reasons why Petrarch climbs the mountain.

1) He wanted to see the scenery from the top 2) Petrarch was inspired by Phillip of Macdeon 3) He wanted to feel closer to God --> silence 4) To be one of the few to actually climb it 5) Wants to exercise the body- show off and challenge himself 6) freedom to take a journey 7) he is a man 8) wants to conquer a difficult task

iambic pentameter

1-4 Lined poem of iambic pentameter, written -abab cdcd efef gg -but with an Italianate content -Q1, Q2, Q3 + couplet (Q1 and Q2 form first 8 lines) -8 and then 6, octet and sestet with a turn between -6 always redirects q1 and q2. reverses, upsets, changes tones, something must change between q2 and q3.

ORLANDO Hang there, my verse, in witness of my love: And thou, thrice-crowned queen of night, survey With thy chaste eye, from thy pale sphere above, Thy huntress' name that my full life doth sway. O Rosalind! these trees shall be my books And in their barks my thoughts I'll character; That every eye which in this forest looks Shall see thy virtue witness'd every where. Run, run, Orlando; carve on every tree The fair, the chaste and unexpressive she. Exit Enter CORIN and TOUCHSTONE CORIN And how like you this shepherd's life, Master Touchstone? TOUCHSTONE Truly, shepherd, in respect of itself, it is a good life, but in respect that it is a shepherd's life, it is naught. In respect that it is solitary, I like it very well; but in respect that it is private, it is a very vile life. Now, in respect it is in the fields, it pleaseth me well; but in respect it is not in the court, it is tedious. As is it a spare life, look you, it fits my humour well; but as there is no more plenty in it, it goes much against my stomach. Hast any philosophy in thee, shepherd?

AS YOU LIKE IT WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Argument of city vs. Country Court vs. Simple life Touchstone is the clown, out in Arrden trying his best to blend in. It is not working very well. Touchstone is arguing that Corin is damned for never being in court. Corin argues that he loves his life as a shepherd, gives examples on line 73/ Presents himself as a true laborer. Value of simple life. There is truth. I earn what I get. I get what I wear. I don't hate anyone. I am not jealous of anyone. Glad other people are happy. Content to see his animals flourish. How does Touchstone undercut this? He says Corin does not have good manners or civility because he did not sit in the court. It is the best part of being human. He asserts that Corin is a sinner. He is saying he is whoring his animals out..line 80.. poor sexual joke which is a poor way out of the argument. Sinful way of life. Scene over. Who wins this argument? Corin. What are the implications of the play? Arrden is better than the court. Presents an argument for nature and for the people. Has a natural philosophy.

Silvius. No, Corin, being old, thou canst not guess, Though in thy youth thou wast as true a lover As ever sigh'd upon a midnight pillow. But if thy love were ever like to mine, 745 As sure I think did never man love so, How many actions most ridiculous Hast thou been drawn to by thy fantasy? Corin. Into a thousand that I have forgotten. Silvius. O, thou didst then never love so heartily! 750 If thou rememb'rest not the slightest folly That ever love did make thee run into, Thou hast not lov'd; Or if thou hast not sat as I do now, Wearing thy hearer in thy mistress' praise, 755 Thou hast not lov'd; Or if thou hast not broke from company Abruptly, as my passion now makes me, Thou hast not lov'd. O Phebe, Phebe, Phebe! Exit Silvius 760

AS YOU LIKE IT WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Corin: Older shepherd. Not in love, Sylvius is in love with Phoebe. Debate between Youth and old age.. Corin is trying to comfort Sylvius. S is saying that C is too old to know what love is anymore. Sylvius says to Corin that he does not know how it feels to be in love. You basically never loved if you did not go through what I have. Sylvius wins this argument.

Hang there on this tree, you lines of poetry, and bear witness to my love. And you, goddess of the moon, queen of the night—with your chaste eye, from your pale home up above—watch your huntress, who has the power to control my life. Oh, Rosalind, these trees will be my books—I'll write my thoughts down on their bark. That way, everyone who passes through this forest will find your virtues everywhere. Run, run, Orlando, on every tree carve praises of her beauty, her virtue, and her inexpressibility.

AS YOU LIKE IT WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (sorry im just really tired and don't want to specifically write an upper case and then lower case to make the name look proper, and you know what, I probably COULD HAVE done it faster that way rather then writing this entire message to you... good luck) Orlando Orlando is a bad poet. He lacks courtship, skills of courtship. Lacks etiquette. Rosalind has to teach him to be a better poet and a better lover. It rhythms and its awkward and strange. Shakespeare does a lot with Orlando's inability to write verse and be a good boyfriend.

" Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie of them to haue such opinion of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters."

Advancements, evidence of sophistication.. the indians think we are God-like because of our advancements..

VVhen they haue escaped any great danger by sea or lande, or be returned from the warr in token of Ioye they make a great fyer abowt which the men, and woemen sist together, holdinge a certaine fruite in their hands like vnto a rownde pompiõ or a gourde, which after they haue taken out the fruits, and the seedes, then fill with smal stons or certayne bigg kernellt to make the more noise, and fasten that vppon a sticke, and singinge after their manner, they make merrie: as myselfe obserued and noted downe at my beinge amonge them. For it is a strange custome, and worth the obseruation.

Briefe and True Report, Thomas Hariot Negative view of Indians, page 56 The boat is on fire Emphasis' millions of fish Trying to sell the land "Dowbtless yt is a pleasant sighte to see the people, somtymes wadinge, and goinge somtymes sailinge in those Riuers, which are shallowe and not deepe, free from all care of heapinge opp Riches for their posterite, content with their state, and liuinge frendlye together of those thinges which god of his bountye hath giuen vnto them, yet without giuinge hym any thankes according to his desarte." content, friendly, happy Being content, but not thanking God for it. (English way to justify colonial expansion).

STEPHANO Prithee, do not turn me about; my stomach is not constant. CALIBAN [Aside] These be fine things, an if they be not sprites. That's a brave god and bears celestial liquor. I will kneel to him. STEPHANO How didst thou 'scape? How camest thou hither? swear by this bottle how thou camest hither. I escaped upon a butt of sack which the sailors heaved o'erboard, by this bottle; which I made of the bark of a tree with mine own hands since I was cast ashore.

Caliban is fond of T and Stefano one of them is a butler (S) and one of them is a jester (T) biggest mistake- thinks they are Gods because of the celestial liquor. clearly not Gods, they are they lowest classes. Caliban's liberation speech while exiting, IRONIC ironic song because these people are not masters.. keeps going on how he is going to be free yet he is going to have a new master.. used to be king of the island...liberty is not an improved, it is moving on to less capable masters.

" Yet are they moderate in their eatinge wher by they auoide sicknes. I would to god wee would followe their exemple. For wee should bee free from many kynes of diseasyes which wee fall into by sumptwous and vnseasonable banketts, continuallye deuisinge new sawces, and prouocation of gluttonnye to sarisfie our vnsatiable appetite."

Critique of the tale of the travel narrative Indians do not understand moderation and temperance

Now, my co-mates and brothers in exile, Hath not old custom made this life more sweet Than that of painted pomp? Are not these woods More free from peril than the envious court? Here feel we not the penalty of Adam, The seasons' difference, as the icy fang And churlish chiding of the winter's wind, Which when it bites and blows upon my body Even till I shrink with cold, I smile, and say 'This is no flattery. These are counsellors That feelingly persuade me what I am.' Sweet are the uses of adversity Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head; And this our life, exempt from public haunt, Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in everything.

DUKE SENIOR Forest of Arden is a safe haven Robin Hood men in tights Duke Senior says, co-mates and brothers in exile, there is a hierarchy in court and he is the most powerful person..however in Arden they are equal and considered brothers He talks about the winter and how horrible the winter is but in the forest he embraces the pain. He is happy to be out there. Why is he embracing the cold weather? There is something more real about being cold during the winter. He is not insulated and feels mortality. Does not feel pressure about being "at the top". It is honest and true because they are not forced to do so. Just like everyone else. Makes him accountable to the creator. He is going to learn from this adversity. "Sermons and stones"- Good in everything, learning from everything, look to the animals and you can learn something about God. Human exceptionalism is flawed here.

"Dominion is not ownership..."

Do animals have rights? by Paul Fitzgerald Dominion is an ownership, what is it? According to christian view, God remains king of the universe. Humans do not own the ecosystem. They are stewards, implies protection.

"Of nature then...sacred character"

Do animals have rights? by Paul Fitzgerald Nature enjoys sacred character; all of nature as a whole. All creatures and environment part of nature. Nature means birth. God created this. Therefore, it can not be destroyed without consequence if God does without justice. It is a gift.

CELIA He'll go along o'er the wide world with me; Leave me alone to woo him. Let's away, And get our jewels and our wealth together, Devise the fittest time and safest way To hide us from pursuit that will be made After my flight. Now go we in content To liberty and not to banishment.

EXAMPLES DEFENDING ARDEN -freedom of the world. liberty -example of pastoral -there is no punishment

And lastlye, fynding himselfe robbed of all former pleasaunce and delights, hee breaketh his Pipe in peeces, and casteth him selfe to the ground.

Edmund Spenser, The Shepherds Calendar January Colin Clout: There is a bag pipe underneath the tree, it has a huge hole in it. He breaks his pipe in this poem.

All so my lustfull leafe is drye and sere, My timely buds with wayling all are wasted: The blossome, which my braunch of youth did beare, With breathed sighes is blowne away, & blasted, And from mine eyes the drizling teares descend, As on your boughes the ysicles depend.

Edmund Spenser, The Shepherds Calendar January Irony about this first poem- he is very young and very unhappy, so he feels old and near death.. lin

But ah to well I wote my humble vaine, And howe my rymes bene rugged and vnkempt: Yet as I conne, my conning I will strayne.

Edmund Spenser, The Shepherds Calendar November his lines are no good but as he can he will strain to write. all of nature cries because Dido is dead

O trustlesse state of earthly things, and slipper hope Of mortal men, that swincke and sweate for nought, And shooting wide, doe misse the marked scope: Now haue I learnd (a lesson derely bought) That nys on earth assuraunce to be sought: For what might be in earthlie mould, That did her buried body hould, O heauie herse, Yet saw I on the beare when it was brought, O carefull verse.

Edmund Spenser, The Shepherds Calendar November poem rejects all earthly things. time does not exist in heaven. dido has gone to heaven. Colin rejects earthly things.

For deade is Dido, dead alas and drent, Dido the greate shepehearde his daughter sheene: The fayrest May she was that euer went, Her like shee has not left behind I weene.

Edmund Spenser, The Shepherds Calendar November there is no one like her left behind. The not says he will give him something because of colins work in the honor of Dido.

This man falls in love with Prospero's daughter, Miranda

Ferdinand

"What subtilty soeuer be in the Wiroances and Priestes, this opinion worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enioy blisse; althought notwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according to the greatnes of the factes."

Give great respect to the authority and governors.. the simple and common people must respect them in order to stay away from going to hell. a tool for obedience.

Today's reading included two eclogues- January and November. How does the poet, Colin Clout, feel in the January eclogue?

He feels sad and disappointed.

ROSALIND I do so, I confess it. Ah, sirrah, a body would think this was well counterfeited! I pray you, tell your brother how well I counterfeited. Heigh-ho! OLIVER This was not counterfeit: there is too great testimony in your complexion that it was a passion of earnest. ROSALIND Counterfeit, I assure you.

If you faint, it gives it away that you are a woman because WOMAN are considered not to be able to handle certain things. Logic- if you look on blood you can not handle it. Oliver says, you a man? you lack a man's heart. line 174 Rosalind's femininity reveals itself Natural beauty people like her

"Their meate is Mayz sodden, in suche sorte as I described yt in the former treatise of verye good taste, deers flesche, or of some other beaste, and fishe. They are verye sober in their eatinge, and trinkinge, and consequentlye verye longe liued because they doe not oppress nature."

Indians are closer to nature, and sober this discredit's English bc they are not close to nature

"Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie of them to haue such opinion of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters."

Indians start to doubt their own religions because of the clocks and advancements.. according to Harriot this is a tool to make them obey them and give them food...writing and reading used to subdue this nation. they think it is magical

"On of the surest ways to confirm an identity, for communities as well as for individuals, is to find some way of measuring what one is not/"

Kari Erikson as quoted in Takaki 41

Prospero. Soft, sir! one word more. [Aside] They are both in either's powers; but this swift business I must uneasy make, lest too light winning Make the prize light. 630 [To FERDINAND] One word more; I charge thee That thou attend me: thou dost here usurp The name thou owest not; and hast put thyself Upon this island as a spy, to win it 635 From me, the lord on't.

Miranda and Ferdinand fall in love Prospero interfere's because he says they fell in love too quickly. Does not want him to get her too EASY. your not going to appreciate her value. Prospero makes Ferdinand carry firewood from one place to the next in order to prove himself and get Miranda.

What is a narrow definition of the literary genre known as "pastoral"? What is a capacious definition of pastoral as a mode in every genre?

Narrow- poetry written about shepherds and sheep. Capacious- any moment in literature, film, poetry, that takes place in the countryside, where they go to the country

Translate the following lines into modern English: Now Penshurst, they that will proportion thee With other edifices, when they see Those proud, ambitious heaps and nothing else, May say, their lords have built, but thy lord dwells.

Now, Penshurst, they that see you with other homes, all they see are big, ostentatious, glitzy mansions, and nothing else. they say, their lords built ridiculous mansions, but your lord lives in a subtle, more humble one.

" If there fall out any warres betweẽ vs & them, what their fight is likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in running away was their best defence."

Of the nature and manners of the people in terms of power and domination, clearly their military strength will not hold out against english,

CORIN Here comes young Master Ganymede, my new mistress's brother. ROSALIND (as Ganymede, reading) From the east to western Ind, No jewel is like Rosalind. Her worth being mounted on the wind, Through all the world bears Rosalind. All the pictures fairest lined Are but black to Rosalind. Let no fair be kept in mind But the fair of Rosalind.

Orlando is a bad poet. He lacks courtship, skills of courtship. Lacks etiquette. Rosalind has to teach him to be a better poet and a better lover. It rhythms and its awkward and strange. Shakespeare does a lot with Orlando's inability to write verse and be a good boyfriend.

page 18, " The achievement, if it can be called that....enameled world"

Pastoral and Counter-Pastoral by Raymond Williams

page 32, "What is really happening, In Johnson's and .....existence of laborers".

Pastoral and Counter-Pastoral by Raymond Williams

Paul Brown claims that The Tempest ultimately fails to deliver its promises of "containment". What does he mean?

Paul Brown claims the tempest fails to deliver its promise of containment because he gives many details as to it being a colonial rendition of the masterlessness, savagism, and the struggle between classes, gender, and race.

Explain why Petrarch uses the lines from St. Augustine in his letter. "And men go about to wonder at the heights of the mountains and the might waves of the sea, and wide sweep of rivers, and the circuit of the ocean, and the revolution of the stars, but themselves they consider not."

Petrarch uses these lines from St. Augustine in his letter to show man's curiosity for everything around them. However, they don't look at their inner souls. They look at intangibles of nature.

PROSPERO This was well done, my bird. Thy shape invisible retain thou still: The trumpery in my house, go bring it hither, For stale to catch these thieves.

Prospero disagrees with Montaigne says Caliban is a born devil nature vs. nurture biological vs. environment/education Who is right, Caliban or Prospero? Sides with Caliban, glad he did not change. Anti-authoritarian..

PROSPERO Know thus far forth: By accident most strange, bountiful Fortune (Now my dear lady) hath mine enemies Brought to this shore. And by my prescience I find my zenith doth depend upon A most auspicious star, whose influence If now I court not but omit, my fortunes Will ever after droop. Here cease more questions.Thou art inclined to sleep. 'Tis a good dullness, And give it way. I know thou canst not choose.

Prospero has too much control over Miranda puts Miranda to sleep this is weird so many powers that he is superior Miranda does not have her own rights

Brown calls Prospero a "surrogate providence". What does this mean? Defend your answer by giving an example from a scene in the play.

Prospero is a surrogate providence in the fact that he uses his power to find authority over other people. He makes Caliban use his language. He makes Miranda go to sleep. This idea of a surrogate providence remains a power struggle. Paul Brown uses the idea of John Rolfe over Pocahontas and the English over the Irish to help support his claim. He also talks of Trinculo as an Irishmen and how he is an uncontrollable Jester. Prospero finds authority.

PROSPERO If I have too austerely punish'd you, Your compensation makes amends, for I Have given you here a third of mine own life, Or that for which I live; who once again I tender to thy hand: all thy vexations Were but my trials of thy love and thou Hast strangely stood the test here, afore Heaven, I ratify this my rich gift. O Ferdinand, Do not smile at me that I boast her off, For thou shalt find she will outstrip all praise And make it halt behind her.

Prospero owned his daughter and is giving Ferdinand Miranda. dangerous amount of power for one person to have. he gives Miranda her freedom however she is getting married, which is being dominated again

HEN I consider everything that grows Holds in perfection but a little moment, That this huge stage presenteth nought but shows Whereon the stars in secret influence comment; When I perceive that men as plants increase, Cheerèd and checked even by the selfsame sky, Vaunt in their youthful sap, at height decrease, And wear their brave state out of memory: Then the conceit of this inconstant stay Sets you most rich in youth before my sight, Where wasteful Time debateth with Decay To change your day of youth to sullied night; And, all in war with Time for love of you, As he takes from you, I ingraft you new.

Q1: When everything grows you have a moment of perfection. Everything, nature, holds imperfection but for a little moment. Theme of relativity. Q2: Moment of perfection lasts for a short time. As your youth is put in your past, you are losing your beauty. Inconstant and to stay are the opposite.==> Paradox Q3: When humans become out of your youth you become less beautiful and imperfect. time fights decay Couplet: Procreation is the only way your beauty will last. As god takes away the person's youth, the author will continue to recreate him through his poems. If he does have a child that is what the woman could give back. What can the poet do? They confer greatness and rely on power of God to bestow time,

In the November eclogue, Colin Clout sings a song in honor of the death of which Queen?

Queen of England

SEBASTIAN Well, I am standing water. ANTONIO I'll teach you how to flow. SEBASTIAN Do so: to ebb Hereditary sloth instructs me.

Sebastian says he is standing water. Water that could flow but needs to be encouraged to move odd- rather than be constant, European says he needs to know how to move 2nd brother, nothing much is expected of me..have become slothful Humans can be transformed from virtuous to villain.

Name three of the many reasons why Venus claims to deserve love.

She is a goddess and she is not getting any younger. She chose him so he should obey. She was even able to seduce the God of War.

ARIEL: Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes: Nothing of him that doth fade But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and strange. FERDINAND: the ditty does remember my drowned father. this is no mortal business, nor no sound

Song Ferdinand wonders what happens to his father thinks that he has drowned Why does he compare him to coral? Plant or animal? extreme curiosity. Organic or inorganic? They did not know which category the coral fell into. Makes this an opportune transformation for the bones. Properties of resurrection. Associated coral with christ because it could heal you when you were sick. Difficult to get. The number of colors it could be. the red coral was harvested from the sea and used in church settings and good luck amulets. Pearls- association with pearls. Michelle Obama wears pearls all the time. Diamonds or jewels that come from the sea. It is dangerous to get them which makes them more valuable. Different view of nature from Arden- did not have this capacity. did not involve strange hybrid monsters from the sea. humans are de centered because the sea is so lethal and scary.

SONNET 1 From fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beauty's rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decease, His tender heir might bear his memory: But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel. Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament And only herald to the gaudy spring, Within thine own bud buriest thy content And, tender churl, makest waste in niggarding. Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.

Sonnet 1 Contains all themes. Q1: Speaker is urging the man to have a child because it is his duty in nature. Rose metaphor. Q2: His beauty will eventually whither away so the man should not wait. "But though" direct address to the man. He is selfish because he is not having a child. He is so in love with himself. Candle metaphor. Q3: If he does not have a child then he will fade.He is burying the gifts he has been given. He is wasting a potential future. Now we are fresh, tomorrow we will not be. Distinguishes between a rosebush and an individual rose, What comfort is the continuity of the species (the rose bush) when you are faced with your own death? procreation sonnets + definition of a sonnet

SONNET 11 As fast as thou shalt wane, so fast thou growest In one of thine, from that which thou departest; And that fresh blood which youngly thou bestow'st Thou mayst call thine when thou from youth convertest. Herein lives wisdom, beauty and increase: Without this, folly, age and cold decay: If all were minded so, the times should cease And threescore year would make the world away. Let those whom Nature hath not made for store, Harsh featureless and rude, barrenly perish: Look, whom she best endow'd she gave the more; Which bounteous gift thou shouldst in bounty cherish: She carved thee for her seal, and meant thereby Thou shouldst print more, not let that copy die.

Sonnet 11 he needs to procreate before he gets too old nature gave him good genes so he needs to pass them on your going to die but if you have a child in the womb of a woman than you are actually going to be growing at the same time you are dying. as fast as the penis grows smaller, something also starts growing, the child in the woman semen is departed the offspring you've created you may call your own.

, THAT you were yourself, but, love, you are No longer yours than you yourself here live: Against this coming end you should prepare, And your sweet semblance to some other give. So should that beauty which you hold in lease Find no determination; then you were Yourself again after yourself's decease When your sweet issue your sweet form should bear. Who lets so fair a house fall to decay, Which husbandry in honor might uphold Against the stormy gusts of winter's day And barren rage of death's eternal cold? O, none but unthrifts! Dear my love, you know You had a father -- let your son say so.

Sonnet 13 Young man is the lover of the speaker. Call this man love Q1: The man he is talking to should have children before he dies Q2: Should prepare for death and pass his beauty on to the child. Leave a piece of him behind-> male child Q3: he had a father, so his son should have on too, irony/paradox: sex desire (rage) vs. not procreating Couplet: Only prodigals disappoint their fathers so don't be one. you are no longer yourself. you should prepare against death by having a child. giving your identity to someone else. you will live again, you will own yourself again. you will multiply

WHEN forty winters shall besiege thy brow And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field, Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed on now, Will be a tottered weed of small worth held: Then being asked where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days, To say within thine own deep-sunken eyes Were an all-eating shame and thriftless praise. How much more prasie deserved thy beauty's use If thou couldst answer, 'This fair child of mine Shall sum my count and make my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine. This were to be new made when thou art old And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st cold.

Sonnet 2 Line 12; Physically getting ugly Line 20; Looking back on past life forward to beauty of 2nd generation Line 32; Beauty is more relevant now (renewed) because of 2nd generation. Couplet; Beauty is made new as you get older and procreate.

"This island's mine, by Sycrorax my mother, which thou tak'st from me" Speaker: Addressee:

Speaker: Caliban Addresse: Prospero

"Th' occasion speaks [to] thee, and my strong imagination sees a crown dropping upon thy head" Speaker: Addressee:

Speaker:Antonio Addressee: Sebastian

That creature's best that comes most near to men; ... [670] That dogs of all come nearest, thus I prove; First, they excel us in all outward sense, Which no one of experience will deny; They hear, they smell, they see better than we.

Summer's Last Will and Testament by Thomas Nashe -these dogs could feel, see, smell, taste better. Their senses excel humans.

Valiant to set upon the enemies, Most faithful and most constant to their friends; Nay, they are wise, as Homer witnesseth, Who, talking of Ulysses' coming home, Saith all his household but Argus, his Dog, Had quite forgotten him; aye, and his deep insight, Nor Pallas' Art in altering of his shape, Nor his base weeds, nor absence twenty years, Could go beyond, or any way delude. ... [720]

Summer's Last Will and Testament by Thomas Nashe -They can recognize real from fake when meeting humans. In dogs there is intelligence. Physical strength.

They bark as good old Saxon as may be, And that in more variety than we: For they have one voice when they are in chase, Another, when they wrangle for their meat, ... [680] Another, when we beat them out of doors.

Summer's Last Will and Testament by Thomas Nashe -they communicate but we just do not understand them. Our knowledge is not the only knowledge in the world.

PHOEBE I don't want to be your executioner: I'm trying to avoid you so that I won't hurt you. You tell me my eyes are murderous—that's a very pretty sentiment, and oh-so-probable, that my frail, soft eyes (which are so cowardly that they close their gates against dust) are tyrants, butchers, and murderers. I'm frowning at you with all my might right now. If my eyes can injure, let them kill you now. Go ahead. Faint, fall down—if you don't, then you're lying about my eyes being murderers. Come on, show me the wound that my eyes have caused. If you get scratched with a pin, it leaves a scar; even if you lean on a rush, it leaves an impression on your palm. But my eyes, which I've darted at you, haven't even left a mark. Now I am sure that eyes can't hurt a person. SILVIUS Oh, darling Phoebe, if you ever fall in love with some fresh face, then you'll know about the invisible wounds that love's sharp arrows can make.

Sylvius is a love sick shepherd who loves Phoebe. Phoebe does not love him. Lesson: If you love a woman too much, she will spurn you. She will not be attracted to you. The nice guy who offers his love honestly will not be accepted. Immediately when P finds someone who is mean to her, she wants him. Sylvius is metaphorically saying how hurt he is. Phoebe is taking it way too literally. Sylvius is saying JUST WAIT until it happens to you. "wound with the arrow" Who wins this argument? Phoebe and Sylvius argue over the definition of love or the control over someone you love. She is behaving like a tyrant, not showing him mercy. Rosalind comes and says (because she has been listening), you better watch out to Phoebe. She says, who made you so special to P... Rosalind is dressed as Ganymede. Ganymede says that she isn't even attractive, why is she treating Sylvius so badly. Phoebe says that she rather get yelled at then Sylvius woo her. It is too easy to go out with Sylvius. She wants a challenge. Phoebe loves Ganymede now.

"None that I love more than myself. You are a councillor; if you can command these elements to silence and work the peace of the presence, we will not hand a rope more - use your authority. If you cannot, give thanks you have lived so long, and make yourself ready in your cabin for the mischance of the hours, if it so hap."

THE TEMPEST, WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE temper authority can not exist over these elements. God controls these elements

Heaven's King Keeps register of everything, And nothing may we use in vain. Ev'n beasts must be with justice slain, Else men are made their deodands; Though they should wash their guilty hands In this warm life-blood, which doth part From thine, and wound me to the heart, Yet could they not be clean, their stain Is dyed in such a purple grain. There is not such another in The world to offer for their sin.

The Nymph Complaining for the Death of Her Faun by Andrew Marvell -There is going to be justice in the after life. Argument that there is justice somewhere. Blameless liability- animals blamed even though it is not their fault.

Now my sweet fawn is vanish'd to Whither the swans and turtles go, In fair Elysium to endure With milk-white lambs and ermines pure. O do not run too fast, for I Will but bespeak thy grave, and die.

The Nymph Complaining for the Death of Her Faun by Andrew Marvell -Belief in no mortal soul

Name one way that nature sacrifices itself willingly in Ben Jonson's poem, "To Penshurst."

The eels and fish jump into the fisher man's hand he does not have to do labor to catch them.

Why is the environment significant in William Shakespeare's The Tempest?

The environment is significant in the Tempest because it remains the cause of all events that take place throughout the play. Prospero calls upon Ariel to disperse all the men in order to interact with the island as result, the people spent the play through swamps, thorns, etc. All as a result of the Tempest set forth Prospero. Also, Prospero calls upon the hills, birds, etc at one part of the play to show it's significance

What does the mountain signify, and what does Petrarch learn during his ascent?

The mountain signifies his journey toward the blessed life. He learns that after trying to go the easiest way, you have to exert yourself and put in the effort in order to get where you want to be. Life, struggle, ambitiousness, task, mortality, something out of the ordinary.

Explain the difference between a traditionalist and a post colonialist reading of The Tempest, according to Graff and Phelan's essay.

The post-colonialist view finds sympathy in Caliban, they agree that although Prospero restores his power at the end of the play, the audience sides with Caliban The traditionalists view does not believe the Tempest was written with this expansionist view in mind; they believe that men are inferior to nature and that enslavement of these inferior men are okay.

What is the paradox at the heart of the human condition?

The universal instability of human conduct. -his animals/carnal instincts vs. wanting to be closer to God ==> part of nature, need to be suppressed on instincts- focus on the soul

ALONSO You cram these words into mine ears against The stomach of my sense. Would I had never Married my daughter there! For, coming thence, My son is lost and, in my rate, she too, Who is so far from Italy removed I ne'er again shall see her.—O thou mine heir Of Naples and of Milan, what strange fish Hath made his meal on thee?

There is no proper burial for Christians. Alanzo worries about his son metamorphosis occurs to his body after drowned wonder, curiosity, fascination does not have an heir to the throne now of Naples and Milan. Has a fish eaten the body? Do they become part of the ocean?

Thomas Harriot's book tells the story of what lost colony?

Thomas Harriot's book tells the story of Roanoke.

That never fails to serve thee seasoned deer When thou wouldst feast or exercise thy friends. The lower land, that to the river bends, Thy sheep, thy bullocks, kine, and calves do feed; The middle grounds thy mares and horses breed.

To Penshurst by Ben Johnson Come out of the woodwork and are willing to be eaten, same with rabbits. Very anthropocentric poem, all animals are serving humans

And though thy walls be of the country stone, They're reared with no man's ruin, no man's groan; There's none that dwell about them wish them down; But all come in, the farmer and the clown, And no one empty-handed, to salute Thy lord and lady, though they have no suit.

To Penshurst by Ben Johnson They have stone walls but no one who created them, laborers could have to have built these walls.. They want protection from people who do not have their wealth. Omitting laborers to create this life.

By their ripe daughters, whom they would commend This way to husbands, and whose baskets bear An emblem of themselves in plum or pear.

To Penshurst by Ben Johnson bring them even more gifts and why they just love them so much. The lord and the lady of the home never deny anyone, they have hospitality. peasants bring them cheese and food because they love them, they don't have to be forced to love. peasants are giving up their children to find husbands at Penshurst. everything flows with harmony and peace at penshurst.

Then hath thy orchard fruit, thy garden flowers, Fresh as the air, and new as are the hours. The early cherry, with the later plum, Fig, grape, and quince, each in his time doth come; The blushing apricot and woolly peach Hang on thy walls, that every child may reach.

To Penshurst by Ben Johnson great variety of fruit and how they just hang on the walls.. known for even a child to reach In England it is hard to grow fruits. Does not show who tends to the fruits.

And if the high-swollen Medway fail thy dish, Thou hast thy ponds, that pay thee tribute fish, Fat aged carps that run into thy net, And pikes, now weary their own kind to eat, As loath the second draught or cast to stay, Officiously at first themselves betray; Bright eels that emulate them, and leap on land Before the fisher, or into his hand.

To Penshurst by Ben Johnson normally we would have a laborer to get the fish, but in the poem it is not evident that there is help to get the fish. They say the fish willingly sacrifice themselves at the dinner table. They say the fish fall from the sky to be eaten, but we know that this does not really happen

Thou joy'st in better marks, of soil, of air, Of wood, of water; therein thou art fair. Thou hast thy walks for health, as well as sport; Thy mount, to which the dryads do resort, Where Pan and Bacchus their high feasts have made, Beneath the broad beech and the chestnut shade; That taller tree, which of a nut was set At his great birth where all the Muses met.

To Penshurst by Ben Johnson Saying that everything is better there. There is perfection there, where nature is at its purest and it is a healthy space. Penshurst has better climate.

Act 3 Scene 3 TOUCHSTONE When a man's verses cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit seconded with the forward child Understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room. Truly, I would the gods had made thee poetical. AUDREY I do not know what 'poetical' is: is it honest in deed and word? is it a true thing?

Touchstone relationship with Audrey -level of audrey's intelligence -she is going to marry touchstone who is extremely intelligent -can we trust touchstone? are they going to last?

Name two potential profitable commodities (items to trade or sell) in Roanoke Island listed by Thomas Harriot.

Two potential profitable commodities in Roanoke Island to trade or sell are fur and lumber

"In a Judeo-Christian view, animals are creatures; they exist because the God Creator willed- and still wills- for them to exist"

Utilitarian view on this; less sympathetic, says that animals even though they don't have rights they do have values. it is morally wrong for humans to kill off species (extinct), because the animals can benefit future generations. Potential value'

Venus is unnatural in her pursuit in Adonis.. "I hate not love but your device in love..." "Call it not love for love to heaven is fled......tender leaves" "Love is all truth; Lust full of forged lies"

Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare Lust is emptiness, it does not last long. Love lasts forever, it is heavenly. Adonis claims that Venus does not know him. He is just a victim and prey in this situation, and this is not love. Lust is completely different, all Venus has is lust.

More I could tell, but more I dare not say; The text is old, the orator too green. Therefore, in sadness, now I will away; My face is full of shame, my heart of teen: Mine ears, that to your wanton talk attended, Do burn themselves for having so offended.'

Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare Adonis is not ready to have love. It is natural not to have sex because he is too young. This goes against the natural desire to want to have sex (Venus' position).

How does Venus and Adonis remind you of the "Hunting of the Hare"?

Venus and Adonis remind me of the "The Hunting of the Hare" in such a way that the dogs are hunting down Wat and Venus is chases after Adonis

SEBASTIAN But, for your conscience? ANTONIO Ay, sir; where lies that? if 'twere a kibe, 'Twould put me to my slipper: but I feel not This deity in my bosom: twenty consciences, That stand 'twixt me and Milan, candied be they And melt ere they molest! Here lies your brother, No better than the earth he lies upon, If he were that which now he's like, that's dead; Whom I, with this obedient steel, three inches of it, Can lay to bed for ever; whiles you, doing thus, To the perpetual wink for aye might put This ancient morsel, this Sir Prudence, who Should not upbraid our course. For all the rest, They'll take suggestion as a cat laps milk; They'll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour. SEBASTIAN Thy case, dear friend, Shall be my precedent; as thou got'st Milan, I'll come by Naples. Draw thy sword: one stroke Shall free thee from the tribute which thou payest; And I the king shall love thee.

conscious is frozen Sebastian says if he kills his brother he will feel guilty. says conscious does not matter

Ye elves of hills, brooks, standing lakes and groves, And ye that on the sands with printless foot Do chase the ebbing Neptune and do fly him When he comes back; you demi-puppets that By moonshine do the green sour ringlets make, Whereof the ewe not bites, and you whose pastime Is to make midnight mushrooms, that rejoice To hear the solemn curfew; by whose aid, Weak masters though ye be, I have bedimm'd The noontide sun, call'd forth the mutinous winds, And 'twixt the green sea and the azured vault Set roaring war: to the dread rattling thunder Have I given fire and rifted Jove's stout oak With his own bolt; the strong-based promontory Have I made shake and by the spurs pluck'd up The pine and cedar: graves at my command Have waked their sleepers, oped, and let 'em forth By my so potent art. But this rough magic I here abjure, and, when I have required Some heavenly music, which even now I do, To work mine end upon their senses that This airy charm is for, I'll break my staff, Bury it certain fathoms in the earth, And deeper than did ever plummet sound I'll drown my book.

creates charm circle with staff and creates dark magic the circle on stage in the sand praying to fairies and elves rather than God. Prospero's compacity to be governor is not good. Was Prospero a good governor?

Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes: Nothing of him that doth fade But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and strange.

half of a fish and half of a monster considered a mixture of hybrid Montaigne's question? Is caliban just considered strange because he is different from the Europeans? Each man says barbaric savages are things that are different from their own customs.

"Whereby may bee hoped if meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion."

time to make them obey us and find the true religion

I'll break my staff, Bury it certain fathoms in the earth, And deeper than did ever plummet sound, I'll drown my book.

tosses his staff into the ocean renounces his witch craft and art takes a step back let's nature take its course This is a time where Shakespeare's decision to end his career in theatre too The insubstantial pagent

" Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by shooting inuisible bullets into them."

when the english come and leave.. people start to die. this was a common trend. the indians are convinced the christian god is the better god because he has control Wingana will bring them fruit and corn and serve the English. Harriot just leaves it like that- scandal.. he does not tell them that it is just small pox that is making the tribes die out.