ENSC 10

How is modern genetic engineering similar to what our ancestors did during the agricultural revolution?

During the agricultural revolution, humans used selective breeding of plants and animals to produce the most desirable food and livestock possible.

Which statement about food production in the past 50 years is true?

During this time, our food production has grown even faster than our population.

Which of the following revolutions came about as a response to our dramatically rising human population numbers?

Green Revolution

What is the basic concept of sustainable agriculture?

It is agriculture that does not deplete soils faster than they form.

What was the impact of the Green Revolution on developing countries?

There were massive increases in production due to the use of crops better suited to advanced agriculture.

What has been the trend in crop diversity over the past century?

We have lost a lot of genetic diversity in plants.

Which of the following would be considered a monoculture?

a 100-acre field, all of which is planted with the same variety of corn

Organic agriculture is __________.

a food-growing practice that uses no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides

We will be able to support more people with the same amount of food supply if most people eat which of the following types of diet?

a vegetarian diet

a) Data from UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2019). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement. b) According to the UN FAO data presented in the map, which region has a moderate percentage of undernourished people and is also the only region to show an increase in undernutrition between the two time periods? Drag the slider across the map to see the two different data sets for each region. c) According to the information in the map, the increase in undernutrition in Northern Africa and the Middle East can be attributed to what causes? Select all that apply. Hint: Hover over the region in the map to see more information.

a) true: The combined percentages of the top two regions are higher than the percentages of undernourished people in the six other regions combined The three lowest-ranked regions all have a similar percentage of undernourished people. false: The Central and Southern Asia region has a similar percentage of undernourished people to Latin America and the Caribbean. Only regions in the northern hemisphere have a low percentage of undernourished people b) Northern Africa and Middle East c) drought from climate change economic recession armed conflict

a) How could these data be best represented graphically? b) The graph below represents the data from Part A. Use the data from Part A to correctly label the graph. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graph. e) Notice in the table that the energy consumed by the food retail and commercial food service component almost quadrupled from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. What might be the reason(s) for this increase? Select all that apply.

a) Bar graph b) L -> R - energy per year (quads) - household storage and preparation - food retail and commercial food service - processing industry - agricultural production - packaging material - transportation e) Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores. Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food but with a focus on fresh and healthy ingredients.

a) Genetically modified (GM) crops have spread with remarkable speed since their commercial introduction in 1996. From 2007 to 2012, which group of nations saw the greatest increase in GM crops? b) What features of GM crops make them appealing to farmers? Select all that apply.

a) developing nations b) drought tolerance insect resistance increased food yields

a) For dinner, you have pasta with tomato sauce and meatballs, with cheese sprinkled on top. Which of these four is most likely to have been produced without bees? b) The main functional unit, or super organism, of a honeybee hive is the __________. c) The continued decline of bees in the United States is most likely due to __________. d) In parts of Asia, many fruit crops are pollinated by hand using feathers. This human method of pollination is used because __________. e) Which of the following scenarios will most likely produce the most sustainable method of pollinating crops?

a) pasta b) colony c) many factors, including viral, bacterial, and fungal infections and improper use of pesticides d) overuse of pesticides has greatly reduced the populations of bees e) Include strips of wildflowers within and around an apple orchard.

a) What widespread farming practice is used to increase yield and profit? b) Why did the organic farmer sue the traditional farmer? c) What is the legal definition for organic crops under Australian law, as mentioned in the video?

a) planting monocultures b) because the traditional farmer's seeds contaminated his fields, causing him to lose his organic certification c) All products have to be 100% organically produced.

Which of the following is the fastest-growing type of food production?

aquaculture

Livestock waste from concentrated farms can lead to an ecosystem-damaging response called _______.

eutrophication

Which of the following are farms that concentrate on raising large numbers of animals of all the same type in one area?

feedlots

Because of the Green Revolution, the average U.S. cornfield increased its yields by __________ during the 20th century.

fivefold

In regard to energy efficiency, aquaculture is __________.

incredibly energy-efficient compared to harvesting fish from open waters

The practice of integrating biocontrol, crop rotation, alternative tillage methods, and chemical use is called _______.

integrated pest management

Which of the following agricultural systems would be most susceptible to diseases or pests?

monocultures

Over time, pesticides become less effective. This is because __________.

pests can evolve defenses against pesticides

What is the name given to the idea that, when genetically modified organisms are produced, we should not take action until the environmental and human health effects are well documented?

precautionary principle

Biological control can have unintended consequences when __________.

the biological control agent becomes invasive and affects nontarget species

In order for a food that you purchase in the store to be "certified organic," it must meet all of the following standards except that __________.

the certified organic food must provide proof that it has medicinal use for humans

Which types of people in the United States are most prone to overnutrition?

those in the lower class

The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has estimated that livestock in the United States account for _____ of the nation's soil erosion,

55%

What is the United States' position on GM products?

The U.S. position is that GM foods are an acceptable food crop

1. Energy use in agricultural production and transportation increased from 2009 to 2016. ____ 2. Though energy used in household storage and preparation increased by 0.7 quads from 2009 to 2016, the percentage of the total energy consumption represented by household storage and preparation declined. ____ 3. Energy used in food retail and commercial food service increased from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. ____ 4. Total energy consumed by the U.S. food system decreased by 3.6 quads from 2009 to 2016. ____ 5. Between 2009 and 2016, energy use in the processing industry changed much more substantially than energy use in packaging materials changed during the same period. ____ 6. As the food energy available increased from 1.4 quads to 1.75 quads between 2009 and 2016, the ratio of energy consumed by the food system per unit of available food energy also increased. ____

1. false 2. true 3. true 4. false 5. true 6. true

1. The largest portion of energy in the food system is consumed by ____ 2. Food processing and packaging together account for a little over 25% or ____ quads of the energy consumed in the food system annually. 3. Purchasing organically grown food would save energy involved with ____ as it would reduce the energy that goes into producing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 4. Consolidation in the food system means that there are fewer food processing operations, which increases energy used in ____ by increasing the distance between food sources and consumers. 5. Purchasing locally grown produce would reduce energy used in ____ 6. Eating less meat would reduce energy used in ____ 7. Buying frozen convenience food in bulk could increase energy used in ____ 8. The U.S. food system is rather inefficient as it consumes almost ____ times as much energy in producing, processing, packaging, and transporting food than it makes available as food energy output.

1. household storage and preparation 2. 3.5 3. agricultural production 4. transportation 5. transportation 6. agricultural production 7. household storage and preparation 8. 8

Which of the following statements is true about the diversity of our crops today?

The diversity of our crops has decreased with the Green Revolution.

a) Based on the data in the graph, approximately how much did Indonesian taxpayers spend on pesticide subsidies in 1990? b) Which of the following statements reflect how you might use the case study of Indonesia to convince these farmers to consider adopting IPM? Select all that apply. c) Notice that the number of unique cases of herbicide resistance rose from 0 to approximately 200 between 1970 and 1995, a span of about 25 years. According to the graph, how many years after 1995 did it take for this number to double again?

a) $0 b) Taxpayers saved millions of dollars due to the phase-out of pesticide subsidies. Farmers were able to successfully defeat two of the most damaging crop pests without the sole use of chemical pesticides. The nation's rice production steadily increased. c) 15 more years

a) On average, how far do agricultural products travel from farm to plate in the United States? b) Today, it takes about ______ Calories of energy to produce about 1 Calorie of food. c) When does Cognito Farm use antibiotics on its cattle? d) It has been estimated that confined animal feeding operations contribute to about _____ of world carbon dioxide emissions. e) What is used at Cognito Farm to control fly larvae in the pasture? f) Cognito Farm avoids washing chicken carcasses with __________, which is done at many packing plants in the United States.

a) 1400 miles b) 55 c) Only when they are sick. d) 15% e) chickens f) bleach

a) Compare the world population index for 1960 to the world population index for 2000. Then express the world population in 2000 as a percentage of world population in 1960. b) Now compare fertilizer use in 1960 to fertilizer use in 2000. Express the year 2000 N fertilizer use as a percentage of N fertilizer use in 1960. c) In 1960 the ratio of food production to N fertilizer use was 40:15 or 2.7:1. By 2000 the ratio was 1:1. The efficiency of N use in agriculture _____. d) Calculate the ratio of the agricultural land index to the population index for 1960 and compare it to the ratio for 2000. The ratios suggest that _____. e) Demographers predict that global population will continue to increase. As population increases, which of the following statements represents future agricultural changes for maintaining an adequate food supply?

a) 200% b) 667% c) decreased—over time we have produced less food with the same amount of N fertilizer d) the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time e) Higher food production per unit of agricultural land

a) Using the most reliable information available, how much of the Earth's land surface is used for agriculture today? b) As the global human population continues to rise, increased food production will most likely come from __________. c) About 100 years ago, agricultural production in the United States tripled due to __________. d) Despite increased agricultural production by developed countries about 100 years ago, less developed countries continued to use traditional agricultural practices. Then, in the 1960s, the research of Dr. Norman Borlaug increased crop production by nearly 500% in Mexico and India by using __________.

a) 30 to 40%, according to satellite imagery b) increased productivity of the land already used for agriculture c) the invention of fertilizers and use of more modern machinery d) All of the above responses are correct.

a) Open the site in your browser and skim the article. Think about whether you believe the information presented or whether you have doubts about some of it. On a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 is the most trustworthy, how would you rate this site? (Note that all responses will be marked as "correct" at this point.) b) How can you know if the person or organization providing the information has the credentials and knowledge to speak on this topic? One clue is the type of web site it is--the domain name ".org" tells you that this site is run by a nonprofit organization. Now scan the post to find the name and credentials of the person who wrote it. What is the affiliation of the writer? c)Next, can you identify what the source is trying to accomplish by providing this information?As you read the post, think about what the writer's agenda might be with regard to GMOs. What seems to be the main purpose of the blog post? d) How can you know if the information is based on scientifically collected data and if it's corroborated by other sources? Look more closely around the web page. Click the "serious risks" link in the fourth paragraph; then click the "scientific review" link in the sixth paragraph. What do you find when you click these two links? e) Now, search for information on GMOs on at least two other web sites, including the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA.gov) and the World Health Organization (WHO.int). Is the information provided by these sites consistent with what you found on the CFS web site? f) Assign a numerical score for each category. Then add up the total score. (The highest possible score is 6; the lowest is 0.) In what range does this source fall?

a) 5-6 (very trustworthy) b) She is a former staff member at the Center for Food Safety. c) to convince the public that genetic engineering is not the solution to citrus greening d) One links to another page on the CFS web site, and one links to a paper in a peer-reviewed journal. e) Other sites discuss both the risks and benefits associated with GMOs. f) 2 to 4

a) You purchase a carton of certified organic eggs. Which of the following is guaranteed by that label? b) You are at the grocery store deciding which pasta to purchase. Which of the following labels on pasta is the most highly regulated and enforced? c) Which of the following items is most likely to be labeled Fair Trade? d) You go to a large grocery store. Which of the following products is likely to have the most different labeling options available? e) Which of the following is true regarding the Non-GMO Project label?

a) The hens were not given antibiotics. b) Organic c) chocolate d) eggs e) The label is left to the decision of the company that made the product.

a) Genetically modified papayas have been created to __________. b) The current problem with the genetically modified Hawaiian papaya plants that were first created in the 1980s is that they __________. c) How did scientists obtain a gene that can make papaya plants resistant to a new papaya root fungus? d) Once the root-fungus-resistant gene was inserted into the papaya plants, the genetically modified papaya plants were __________.

a) increase resistance to disease b) are not resistant to a root fungus c) They found a root-fungus-resistant gene in grapes. d) tested to be sure that they were substantially equivalent to non-engineered fruit

a) Compare data from 2004 and 2017. Which of the following farming practices increased in use on South Dakota cropland between 2004 and 2017? Select all that apply. b) Suppose you are a soil conservationist in South Dakota working with a group of local farmers who have voiced concern over poor water infiltration. After testing their soil, most farmers have reported total infiltration rates (or the time it takes for water to infiltrate 2.28 inches below the soil surface) of 1500 - 2000 seconds. If the farmers hope to reduce total infiltration rates to less than 400 seconds, which of the following strategies could help them reach their goal, based on these data? Select all that apply. c) A farmer in South Dakota plans to switch from corn silage with no cover crop and fall tillage to no-till corn with cover crop. Based on the outcomes in this study, by how many seconds might the farmer expect to eventually improve the total water infiltration time within the upper 2.28" of soil on his or her cropland?

a) no-till b) No-till corn with cover crop No-till corn, no cover crop Corn silage with cover crop and fall tillage c) 312 seconds

a) The pie chart shows the main contributors to excess food and food waste in the United States. The EPA defines excess food as ''food that is donated to feed people.'' The EPA defines food waste as ''food such as plate waste (i.e., food that has been served but not eaten), spoiled food, or peels and rinds considered inedible that are managed in a variety of methods other than donation to feed people.'' Rank the following sectors by how much they contributed to food waste in 2016. b) According to the pie chart, which three sectors accounted for almost 80% of food waste in the U.S. in 2016? Select the three biggest sectors in terms of food waste. c) Which of the following can you conclude from the pie chart? d) Using this pie chart, determine whether each of the following statements is supported or not supported by the data. Drag ''Supported'' or ''Not supported'' to the end of each statement.

a) wasted least -> most k-12 schools supermarkets restaurants residential processed food manufacturers b) restaurants, processed food manufacturers, residential c) Restaurants waste almost twice as much food as supermarkets. d) supported: About 11 times more excess food and food waste ends up in a landfill than is composted. Over half the excess food and food waste in the U.S. ends up in a landfill or is fed to animals. not supported: Most of the food that ends up in a landfill is not edible. Most of the excess food in the U.S. is donated to people in need. Composting is one of the top 5 ways that the U.S. manages excess food and food waste.