Env. Health Chap. 2

16. Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing? A. Proportionate mortality comparisons B. Cohort studies C. Counts D. Case series E. Cross-sectional studies

Cohort studies

Cohort study is to risk ratio as: A. Hippocrates is to scrotal cancer. B. Genetics is to environment. C. Case-control study is to odds ratio. D. Sir Percival Pott is to John Snow. E. None of the above

Case-control study is to odds ratio.

During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was A. 13/97 times 100 B. 4/9 times 100 C. 9/87 times 100 D. 13/87 times 100 E. 4/87 times 100

9/87 times 100

8. Prevalence measures aid in A. Assessing variations in disease occurrence B. The development of hypotheses C. Determining the risk of disease D. Describing the scope of health problems E. A,B,D

A,B,D (*)

10. The contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include A. Concern with populations B. Use of observational data C. Methodology for study designs D. Descriptive and analytic studies E. All of the above

All of the above

17. Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies? A. Subjects are classified according to their exposure. B. They are a type of longitudinal design. C. They may be either prospective or retrospective. D. The measure of association is called relative risk. E. All of the above

All of the above

Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle? A. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. B. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. C. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. D. Disease causality includes three major factors\: agent, host, and environment. E. All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

5. Hill's criteria of causality include: A. Strength B. Consistency C. Temporality D. Biological gradient E. All of the above

All of the above(*)

11. The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that A. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult. B. Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence. C. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. D. The effects of exposures are often non-specific. E. All of the above.

All of the above.

4. Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include A. Experimental studies B. Cohort studies C. Counts D. Case series E. Cross-sectional studies

Experimental studies

6. Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases: A. Sir Percival Pott B. John Snow C. Hippocrates D. KJ Rothman E. Socrates

Hippocrates

13. The Texas Sharpshooter Effect A. A new insect pest that is invading the southwest B. A description of disease according to person variables C. A description of disease according to etiologic factors D. One cause of spurious or chance clustering E. None of the above

One cause of spurious or chance clustering

15. Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)? A. Description of a single individual's symptoms B. Study of cancer occurrence in populations C. Treatment of a patient with lung cancer D. Diagnosis of a disease in a single individual E. A, C, D

Study of cancer occurrence in populations

12. The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by A. The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0-4 age group B. A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year C. The prevalence for that disease during the past year D. The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time E. The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

14. Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as A. Incident cases B. Prevalent cases C. The population at risk D. The immune fraction E. None of the above

The population at risk

18. Which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies? A. Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively. B. They are a type of longitudinal design. C. The measure of association is the odds ratio. D. Exposure levels may be difficult to quantify precisely. E. They can examine many potential exposures.

They are a type of longitudinal design.

9. Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to A. Was the father of modern biostatistics B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

7. John Snow, in Snow on Cholera A. Was the father of modern biostatistics B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments