Environmental Biology Final
Islands such as Tobago and Mauritius successfully preserved natural areas in the _____, as scientists from colonizing nations understood their importance to environmental health.
1700s
A person more than ___ percent over the ideal weight for the person's height and sex is considered obese.
20
Although hundreds of millions of people have better water supplies than they did 25 years ago, over ___ people still lack access to safe drinking water
A billion
factor most responsible for the rise in our standard of living over the past two centuries.
Access to easily acquired natural resources
Sulfur plays a strong role in controlling the ___ of rain, surface water, and soil
Acidity
Poison dart frogs have evolved an ability to sequester potent toxins from their diet which they use for defense against predators. The predation pressures have driven the frogs evolutionary ___ and therefore natural selection if this groups of frogs
Adaptation
Predation can affect a species population during _________ life stages of both predator and prey species
All
What are examples of intraspecific interactions
An adult mother polar bear chasing her full grown young out of her territory and two stallions fighting over a mare
Why might countries experience a rise in birth rates during Stage II of a demographic transition pattern?
Better nutrition Better medical care Better sanitation
Currently there are over 7.7 ___ people in the world
Billion
Where as ____ itself is decreasing, attempt to protect it through reserving and protecting more natural areas in increasing
Biodiversity
The zebra longing butterfly can withstand toxins and defenses in its host plant, the Passion flower. This back and forth response of adaptions between the butterfly and plant has last for thousands of year is
Coevolution
Many disciplines are involved in environmental science including chemistry and biology which ___ and economics and political science which ___
Contribute evidence; help is understand how people use resources
Which of the following are undesired effects of widespread pesticide use?
Creation of pesticide-resistant populations Need for stronger and greater amounts of pesticides Destruction of nontargeted organisms
Science is a _____ process with scientific innovation building in the discoveries of the past
Cumulative
Match the organic compound with the correct example: nucleic acids
DNA
In a highly developed country, what pressures tend to reduce fertility?
Desire for children offset by a desire for other goods More women in the workforce Higher education for women
Genetic isolation may lead to speciation because the separated populations build up genetic ___ over time
Differences
What Environmental factors are not classified as physiological
Disease
What test(s) can used to avoid researcher bias
Double blind and blind
If a scientists were tracking birth rates, dearth rates, and overall population fluctuations of mountain gorillas in Uganda. That scientist is studying the population ___ of gorillas
Dynamics
Those services and resources provided by environmental system on earth are called
Ecosystem services
When an atom gives up one or more ___ it said to be oxidized, but if an atom gains electrons is it said to be ____
Electrons; reduced
two ways that different states in India achieved the demographic transition.
Emphasizing birth control Providing wide-spread social benefits
The second law of thermodynamics recognizes that ___ tends to increase in nature
Entropy
The second law of thermodynamics states that
Entropy tends to increase As energy is transformed less energy is available for work
Species are limited to where they can live by
Environmental factors
Match the organic compound with the correct example: proteins
Enzymes
True or False: environmental science concentrates on esrth's natural hazards
False
True or false: The primary role of forests is to provide natural resources for human use.
False
The rise in the standard of living over the last 200 years can be attributed mainly to the availability of cheap, abundant __.
Fossil Fuels
What is the greatest threat to coral reefs?
Global warming, which causes coral bleaching
Desertification is a major threat to ___, especially due to overgrazing.
Grasslands
According to psychologists, the public decision to accept or reject scientific evidence often depends on ___ identity rather than sound science. This is the case when a persons political identity determines their acceptance of theory
Group
Rejection of scientific explanations is more a reflection of a persons
Group identity
The Florida Everglades is the ecological ___ of the osprey. Calling the osprey a wetlands secondary consumer is ecological ____
Habitat; niche
In a highly developed country, what pressures tend to reduce fertility?
Higher education for women More women in the workforce Desire for children offset by a desire for other goods
Which of the following are modern family planning options?
Hormone-like chemicals such as birth control pills Mechanical barriers such as condoms and diaphragms Surgeries such as tubal ligations and vasectomies
the following characteristics produce a temperate scrubland?
Hot season coincides with a dry season Cool, moist winters
Which of the following statements about human population growth is correct?
Human populations grew slowly until relatively recently.
Taxonomy is
Important in scientific research and they study of types of organisms
what made it possible to support a much higher human population size than in the past?
Improved sanitation Progress in agricultural productivity Advances in medicine
How are social progress and environmental quality linked
Improving the plight of marginalized people is often good for the environment
What is true regarding recent trends in global health
Infant morality has declined, millions have gained access to clean water, some diseases have been eradicated
Adaptation is the acquisition of advantageous traits. These traits must be ___ in order to be passed on and benefit future generations
Inheritable
When a species is affected by a population of another species, this is an example of a(n) ___ interaction
Inter specific
When a new male lion from a different population takes over a pride, often that new male kills all of the cubs. This is an example of a(n) __________ interaction
Intraspecific
While the world population continues to grow the rate of population growth
Is decreasing
In order for a new species to arise, there must be genetic
Isolation
What all applies to scientific knowledge
It requires many people and is a cumulative effort
The famous naturalist ___ based his beliefs in preserving nature on aesthetic and spiritual values irregardless of how useful nature might be to us he was the first president of the sierra club
John Muir
The original Latin meaning of the word species is
Kind
ocean communities from the farthest inland at the top to the farthest out to sea at the bottom.
Littoral Zone Intertidal Zone Continental Shelf
The type of population growth patterns that slow as the carrying capacity is approached and makes a s shaped curve on a graph is ___ growth
Logistic (sigmoidal)
A positively charged ion has one or more
Missing electrons
In a desert habitarme plant survivability is most critically limited by the amount of
Moisture
What are current issues related to climate change
More frequent flooding, melting sea ice, rising sea levels
Primary reason of importance of population group
More people use more resources and make more waste
John Muir argued that nature should be persevered because
Nature deserves to exist
the American carrion beetle is a decomposed that lives in marshy forstest areas in North American East of the Rockies. The role and location Together are the ___ of the beetle
Niche
isotopes are forms of elements that differ in their _____
Number of neutrons and mass
Match the organic compound with the correct example: Lipids
Oils
The material of which bio molecules and therefore living organisms are called
Organic compounds
Primary reason of importance of sustainable cities
Over 50% of people live in urban areas
Ocean fish stocks are on the decline primarily because of ___.
Overharvesting
What species concept states that when organisms are genetically similar they are members of the same species? ___ species concept
Phylogenetic
The saguaro cat cuts can only exist in environments that do not go below freezing, this would be an example of ___ limiting species distribution
Physiological stress
the following correctly describe the oceans?
Phytoplankton are the basis of most marine food webs. Ocean currents transport organisms and nutrients. Oceans cover 3/4 of the earth's surface.
The types of limitations that may affect a species' distribution are ___, ____ and (physiological) stress
Predators and competition
The atomic number of an element reflects the number of ___ in an atom of that elements
Protons
How we use numbers and graphs to understand our world is
Quantitative reasoning
What are the early initiations of the pragmatic utilitarian conservation movement
Roosevelt and Pinchot
Short-duration confinement of livestock to a small penned-in feeding area with subsequent shifting to a new location is called ___.
Rotational Grazing
the following characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert?
Salt tolerance Water-storing capacity Thick epidermal layers
Assuming the world is noble and observable ____ helps us to understand the world around us
Science
The monarch butterfly has developed a chemical defense against predation from birds. This adaptation has led to increased survival from all predators overall and therefore is driving natural
Selection
What an example of competition
Sheep and cows grazing In a field
People often destroy forests using ___ techniques that make the land ready for cultivation.
Slash and Burn
What type of progress addresses issues such as public health and sanitation that affect the poorest people which in turn improves water quality and other environmental issues
Social progress
Earth is remarkable because it has plentiful clean air, fresh water, and ______ that are constantly renewed through biochemical processes and biological communities
Soil
The Development of A new species is
Speciation
Primary importance of agricultural and rural devlopment
Stewardship of the land is important for non urban dwellers and agricultural
The suggested growth projection for humans is likely to be around 8 to 10 billion people by 2050. Why would the human population not continue to grow at a constant rate taking us to over 12 billion people by 2050?
Successful family planning programs Lack of availability of vital resources Increases in world contraceptive use
Match the organic compound with the correct example: carbohydrates
Sugars
A species of moth has a range of mating times within the same forest, Over time, there is a divergence with moths other mating in the morning or in the late afternoon until the two groups no longer interbreed, leading to two unique species. This type of speciation is _________.
Sympatric
The study of organisms and their relationship is called ____. Scientists use it to classify and organize organisms
Taxonomy
An area known for hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters would most likely be a ___ biome.
Temperate Shrubland
An elements atomic number involves the number of protons in an atom because
The number of protons does not vary and the number of neutrons do vary (producing different isotopes)
Primary importance of protecting the atmosphere
The primary concerns are climate change and pollution
What is the current balance between rich and poor
The richest 1% have more wealth than the other 99
What are valid reasons that we will not expand farmland in the future to currently uncultivated regions?
The uncultivated land is already serving another important ecological role. Tropical soils are infertile, and expensive to make fertile. Much uncultivated land is in too steep or too cold areas.
Primary importance of deforestation and protecting biodiversity
These biomes play many roles including water cycling, reproduce creating, and being a home to diverse species.
Primary importance of environmental policy
This guides decisions on protecting and using resources wisely
Primary reason of importance of healthcare
This is essential for a productive life
Primary reason of importance of reducing resource consumption
This is essentially significant for wealthy regions that use more than their fair share
Primary importance of combatting of desertification and drought
This is imperative as it associated with water resources essential to forming resources and life
Primary reason of importance of combatting poverty
This reduces access to development essentials
What is the purpose of corridors?
To connect a natural habitat area to smaller habitats that are already protected To allow populations to expand into new breeding territory To effectively create a large reserve from several small ones
Enviornmental factors have Levels behind which a species Can it survive we refer to these a ___ limits
Tolerance
Rank the tropic levels from the highest feeding status to the lowest
Top predator Secondary consumers Primary consumer Primary producers
The highest trophic level is fueled by
Top predators
the following is a threat to the rich, diverse communities found in the coastal zone?
Trash and sewage Destructive fishing methods Excess nutrient runoff from land Introduced pathogens and predators
T/f matter and energy flow in and out of a system taking different forms
True
True or false: Today there is more land protected, such as in parks, preserves, or wildlife management areas, than a century ago.
True
Roosevelt and Pinchot view was that nature should be preserved and used to provide resources for humans. This is now known as pragmatic _____ conservation
Utilitarian
A carbon stored in rocks such as limestone is cycled through the system
Very slowly
China's one-child policy worked at controlling the population growth, but now China has a problem in that __.
a "birth dearth" is likely
Despite mass production of food, ___ people are still malnourished worldwide.
a few billion
Population momentum is the increase in population size that occurs after ______. It occurs in developing countries where much of the population is of childbearing age.
a replacement birth rate has been reached
Improvements in __ throughout human history have allowed the population to make significant jumps in population.
agriculture
Hunting and habitat destruction in Florida had brought what species to very low numbers by the late 1960s but recovered very well after being placed under the protection of the Endangered Species Act? The American---
alligator
The passing of the Endangered Species Act helped --- ---the recover from just 800 birds; this species was suffering primarily due to DDT poisoning.
bald Eagle
Eight kilograms of grain are required to produce 1 kilogram of ___.
beef
Biodiversity has value both culturally and aesthetically; Americans spend over $100 __ every year on wild-life related recreation.
billion
A large biological community is a(n) ---. Desert and tundra are two examples.
biome
To avoid research bias, __ experiments are often used.
blind
Most of the world's remaining forests are located in cold---regions and the humid--- forests.
boreal, tropical
How are protected areas categorized by the World Conservation Union?
by allowed human impact
Emotional wellness, help around the house, religious practices, support in old age, and social status are all reasons people choose to have many___
children
The process by which land gradually becomes less fertile as soil washes and blows away, salts accumulate, and organic matter is lost is called land ___.
degradation
Tide pools are ___.
depressions in a rocky shoreline that are flooded during high tide but retain water during low tide filled with numerous intertidal organisms
Antarctica is considered to be a(n) ---; the high atmospheric pressures over the continent result in very little precipitation.
desert
People may experience hunger as a result of job loss, lack of social services, and poverty even in--- countries.
developed
Meat consumption per person has more than doubled in ____ countries in the past 50 years.
developing
The changes in population size over time is known as population
dynamics
A demographic transition pattern is used to link falling death and birth rates to an increase in social and___development
economic
Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable is called---
ecotourism
The two factors most closely associated with fertility rates in developed countries are ______.
education and socioeconomic status
In addition to soil, agriculture is dependent upon water, nutrients, favorable climates to grow crops, productive crop varieties, and upon the mechanical ---to tend and harvest them.
energy
The first law of thermodynamics states that
energy is neither created nor destroyed
Rank the following oceanic zones from shallow (on top) to deep.
epipelagic zone Mesopelagic Zone Bathypelagic Zone Abyssal zone Hadal zone
Soil loss or streambank--- can occur as a result of removing trees near streambanks and by damage to banks caused by grazing cattle.
erosion
Overgrazing of livestock on land leads to ___.
erosion damage to vegetation more runoff
The species concept that defines a species according to common ancestors is the---species concept.
evolutionary
True or false: All deserts have sparse vegetation and low species diversity.
false
True or false: Scientists already recognize most details regarding the oceans' role to both marine and terrestrial life on earth.
false
In Arizona, most birds gather in trees and bushes surrounding the few available rivers and streams. This behavior shows that ___.
freshwater ecosystems are important to the survival of some terrestrial species
According to the phylogenetic species concept, organisms are members of the same species based on---- similarity.
genetic
Entropy tends to ________ in all natural systems.
increase
Since we have few absolute laws, the scientific community often relies on ________ reasoning.
inductive
Because grazing cattle consume the edible species, many ___ species have built up on rangelands.
inedible
What threatens the U.S. temperate rainforests?
logging
Small-scale family farms help to ___.
maintain environmental quality preserve rural culture
Unique trees that serve to stabilize and build coastlines and act as nurseries to terrestrial and marine wildlife are---
mangroves
Regions such as forested watersheds, wetlands, and grasslands could be converted to agricultural lands, but they shouldn't because these lands ___.
may support insect pollinators that ensure product crops may be important in regulating water supplies
Although flushing salts from soil is one way of dealing with salinization, this method can cause the problem of ___.
more saline water for downstream users
What people should be allowed to stay on preserved land as they often have important knowledge that can be used to help manage and preserve the ecosystem?--- people.
native
Differing numbers of which particle can make different isotopes of the element
neutrons
While public parks may have been around for thousands of years, the idea of setting aside land for recreation and preservation ___.
only began to rapidly expand about 50 years ago
The B horizon, or subsoil, is located just below most ___ activity in the soil.
organic
Environmental factors that chase physiological stress are
pH and temperature
The population growth that continues for a few generations despite having a replacement birth rate is called ______.
population momentum
what group projected to be responsible for 90% of the world's population growth.
projected to be responsible for 90% of the world's population growth.
Forests are vital because they ___.
provide habitat for wildlife help to regulate climate control water runoff purify air and water
Changing the species of crops planted from one year to the next in the same field reduces pests' ability to build up populations over time; this is called crop---
rotating
Estuaries are bays where rivers empty into the sea, and ---marshes are shallow wetlands flooded regularly or occasionally with seawater along the coastlines.
salt
What is the term we use for the cumulative body of knowledge we use to help explain and understand the world
science
Coral reefs are the most threatened marine ecosystem due to ___
sediment runoff rising sea temperatures destructive fishing methods
Soils that contain a high amount of ---are the best for growing crops. (Hint: We are looking for a mineral grain size here.)
silt
Farms used to be ___ and now many are ___.
small scale; vast operations
In order to mass produce crops, forests and grasslands are converted to crop fields, which increases ___.
soil erosion
Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for ___.
species with a big territory species such as tigers or elephants keeping an ecosystem intact
Used for centuries on steep hillsides, ___ are created to hold earth and water in order to cultivate the land.
terraces
A major negative side of the rich lifestyle in modern China, North America, and Europe is the disastrous impact it can have on __.
the environment
What patterns show a connection between birth and death rates and economic development? Demographic ______.
transition
True or false: Modern contraceptive methods in development are mostly chemical in nature.
true
Terracing is a strategy used to control soil and--- loss on farmed hillsides.
water
Tide pools are found along ___.
wave-blasted shorelines
According to the theory of island biogeography, a large island can support more individuals of a species than a small island because ___.
with more individuals there is less vulnerability to natural disasters and/or genetic problems large islands tend to have more variation in habitat types