environmental health-occupational health
What is the number of disabling injuries to workers each year in the US?
3,500,000
What is the occupational disease annual incidence rate?
500,000
OSHA's PELs are established as acceptable levels of exposure averaged over what time periods?
8 hours/day, 40 hours/week
Permanent hearing loss most often results from damage to what?
Hair cells of the inner ear
What is the Frequency unit of sound?
Hertz (Hz)
What are the routes of exposure to causative agents?
Inhalation, Dermal, Ingestion
What is amplitude pitch also known as?
Intensity
What are Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs)?
Legal limit in the US for exposure of an employee to a chemical substance pr physical agent
What are the most dangerous occupational activities?
Mining, Farming, Construction
What is the least dangerous occupational activity?
Nuclear power generation
What was the first comprehensive federal legislation in the US on occupational health and safety, which included OSHA and NIOSH?
Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970
The transmission of energy in the form of a pressure wave through matter is called what?
Sound
What are the hazard controls of engineering?
Source reduction, Isolation, Enclosure, and Local exhaust
In addition to hearing loss, noise has also been shown to contribute to what?
Stress, Sleep disruption, Reduced learning, Safety reduction
What are the effects of noise on hearing?
Temporary threshold shift (TTS), Tinnitus, and Permanent hearing loss
What did Bernadino Ramazzini write?
The first comprehensive treatise on occupational diseases
What are Threshold Limit Values (TLVS)?
The level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects
What are some sources of outdoor noise?
Airport, City, Lakes
Substituting a less hazardous chemical for a highly hazardous chemical in an industrial process is an example of what?
An engineering control
What are three categories of hazards?
Anticipation, Recognition, and Evaluation
What is noise pollution?
Any unwanted sound
What is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)?
Assure safe and healthful working conditions by enforcing standards and by providing training
The most significant sources of noise for all urban environments today is what?
Automotive traffic
Who was the father of Occupational Health?
Bernardini Ramazzini
What was the first sight of cancer in the workplace?
Boys who worked in the Chimney Sweep; Got scrotal warts
A major difficulty in estimating the incidence of diseases caused by occupational exposures is that most of these diseases:
Can also be caused by exposure factors outside of the workplace; Are manifested years after the exposure
What are the causative agents of occupational diseases?
Chemicals, Biological agents, Physical factors
What is the Amplitude unit of sound?
Decibel (dB)
What are two things to prevent in the workplace?
Diseases and Injury
Who was a crusader from trying to keep lead from being put into gasoline?
Dr. Alice Hamilton
Who was the father of Occupational Cancer?
Dr. Percival Pott
What are the differences of occupational and environmental exposures?
Duration of exposure, Population exposed, Control of environment
What are the different areas of hazard control?
Engineering, Administrative, Procedural, Personal Protection
What is the Federal Workers Compensation Act of 1908?
Established compensation to federal civil service employees for wages lost due to job-related injuries
What is the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936?
Establishes minimum wage, maximum hours, and safety and health standards for work on contracts
The control measure which should be employed for occupational exposures only in the event that other control measures fail to satisfactorily reduce exposure levels is what?
Personal protection
What is frequency unit also known as?
Pitch
What is the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)?
Professional associated of industrial hygienists with goals to advance worker protection
What is the nature of sound?
Propagation of energy through matter as mechanical waves
What is Industrial Hygiene as a profession dedicated to?
Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of occupational hazards
What is the Toxic and Substances Control Act of 1976?
Regulated the introduction of new or already existing chemicals
What is the Noise Control Act of 1972?
Regulating noise pollution with the intent of protecting human health and minimizing annoyance of noise to the general public
What is the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969?
Requires two annual inspections of every surface coal mine and four at every underground coal mine
What is Tinnitus?
Ringing in the ears