envs exam 1

mangroves are much more abundant near port fourteen today than they were 30 years ago because

-There has not been a hard freeze since 1989

consider the following statements: -in any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost -energy is neither created nor destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another -systems will go spontaneously in one direction only--toward increasing entropy *which of the above are statements of the second law of thermodynamics?

-in any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost -systems will go spontaneously in one direction only--toward increasing entropy

which of the following explanations account for the fact that ecological efficiencies tend to be higher in aquatic ecosystems than in terrestrial ecosystems

-most aquatic organisms are cold-blooded -it takes less energy to support body weight in water than on land or in the air

which ONE of the following is NOT an example of an external cost? -the city of baton rouge uses tax revenues to upgrade it wastewater treatment plant from secondary to terry treatment -an oil refinery discharges pollutants into the air that adversely affect the health of people living downwind from the refinery -clearcutting a forest results in an increase in the runoff of nutrients from the land that causes algal blooms in the waters that receive the runoff

-the city of baton rouge uses tax revenues to upgrade its wastewater treatment plant from secondary to tertiary treatment

current rates of extinction of species are estimated to be roughly _____ rates of extinction prior to the anthropocene

100-1000

pangaea began to break up about 225 million years ago. if the atlantic is now about 4500 kilometers wide, how fast has the width of the atlantic ocean been increasing during the last 225 million years

2 centimeters per year

in hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. in hypothetical country B, which has a better health car system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 75. if the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the tolat population would you expect to be in the age group 32-46 years inclusive

25%in country A and 20% in country B

the ecological efficiency in a food chain is 10%. toxic substance X is transferred between trophic levels with an efficiency of 20%, if the concentration of X of trophic level 3 is 12 parts per million (ppm), what is the concentration of X on trophic level 1?

3 ppn

which one of the following statements is true? -r-strategists have low biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time -r-strategists have low biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time -r-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time -r-strategists have high biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time

R-strategists have high potential and poor recruitment most of the time

landscape

a cluster of interacting ecosystems like forests, open meadows, and rivers together

biome

a large area of earth's surface that shares climate and has similar vegetation

the greatest decreases of forest area between 1990 and 2010 occurred in

africa and south america

animals and plants that are not native to north america and whose presence has had serious negative impacts on some native species do NOT include which one of the following? -Kudzu -nutria -fire ants -beavers

beavers

the neolithic revolution

begin in the middle ease about 12000 years ago

a bag of fertilizer is labeled 12-18-20. what is the percentage of organic matter in the fertilizer

cannot tell (numbers stand for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium)

which is not an example of mutualism -cattle egrets and and water buffalo -bees and flowering plants -lichens -plants and fungi that grow on their roots

cattle egrets and water buffalo

what areas experienced a net gain of forest area between 2000 and 2010

china and europe

overfishing for which one of the following fish on the grand banks and georges bank resulted in the collapse of the fisheries during the period from 1980 to 2000?

cod

which of the following countries have entirely planned economies -north korea and cuba -china and russia -russia and cuba -cuba and north korea

cuba and north korea

what explains why the global fish harvest almost doubled from 1985 to 2010?

dramatic increase in aquaculture production

which of the following is not involved in maintaining population equilibrium

drought

which is not an example of mechanism to escape predation -thorns on a plant -speed of a rabbit -bad smell of skunk -exotic plumage of peacock

exotic plumage of peacock

which one of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a nation's capital that determines its wealth -natural capital -produced capital -financial capital -intangible capital

financial capital

which one of the following problems is not attributable to habitat destruction

in texas, fire ants are estimated to kill 20% of the songbird babies before they leave the nest

example of resource partitioning

male songbirds sing to define their territory during the nesting season

the fact the number of california condors has increased from fewer than 50 individuals in 1985 to more than 400 today is an example of -adaptation -acclimation -speciation -none of the above

none of the above

in regions where various types of vegetation coexists and compete, periodic fires do NOT tip the balance in favor of

oak trees

which of the following kinds of property rights are associated with the Tragedy of the Commons?

open access

rocks are the major source of which essential nutrients

phosphorus and sulfur

example of an autotropic organism

plants and chemosynthetic bacteria

the fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.9. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why should the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase

population momentum

climate moderation is an example of what kind of ecosystem service

regulating

the three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are

rice wheat and corn

which one of the following plants has been a source of two natural products used to treat childhood leukemia and hodgkins disease

rosy periwinkle

which ONE of the following is an example of an ecotone? -salt marsh -lake erie -grassland -deciduous forest

salt marsh

which ONE of the following is NOT one of the vital concepts that move societies toward a sustainable future? -security -sound science -sustainablility -stewardship

security

what is the environmentaly preferred form of silviculture

shelter-wood cutting and selective cutting

which of the following statements is not true? -since 1960, the percentage of people living high-income countries has increased -since 1960, life expectancy has increased -since 1960, infant mortality has decreased -since 1960,average income per capita has increased

since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased

amensalism is an example of

symbiosis

in a population whose dynamics characterized by exponential growth

the doubling the time is constant

which one of the following statements is true -the demographic transition has preceded the epidemiologic transition -the fertility transition has preceded the epidemiological transition -the epidemiologic transition has prided the fertility transition -the fertility transition has priced the demographic transition

the epidemioloc transition has preceded the fertility transition

over the past 40 years, human well-being has been steadily improving, while natural ecosystems, from which we derive many goods and services, have been declining. Which ONE of the following does NOT help to explain this so-called environmentalist's paradox? -food production, a crucial ecosystem service that has been enhanced, outweighs the effects of declines in other ecosystem services -human technology, such as irrigation and synthetic fertilizers, makes us less dependent on ecosystems service -the measurements of human well-being have been flawed; it is actually declining -there is a time lag between ecosystem decline and human well-being; the worst is yet to come

the measurements of human well-being have been flawed; it is actually declining

what reason accounts for the fact that timber sales from national forests in the united states declined by about 80% during the 1990s?

the strategy of managing the forest changed: tress are now harvested at 350-year intervals instead of 60-80 year intervals

which one of the following statement is NOT one of the four basic assumptions of the scientific method

the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time

which of the following countries currently has the highest fertility rate -japan -italy -china -United States

united states

which of the following countries has the lowest life expectancy? -united states -japan -sweden -united kingdom

united states

which one of the following gases accounts for the greatest percentage of the greenhouse effect? -water vapor -methane -ozone -carbon dioxide

water vapor