ENVS Final

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correct order of revolutions

(first) industrial (second) medical (third) green

four basis of the scientific method

- Every result has a cause - What we perceive with our senses represents an objective reality - Through our powers of observation, manipulation, and reason, we can discover and understand the basic principles and natural laws of the universe - Objective reality functions according to certain basic principles and natural laws that remain consistent through time and space

True about the Grameen Bank

- It loans small amounts of money to poor people - The payback rate on the loans has exceeded 97% - Recipients of the loans form credit associations

Deserts that lie in the rain shadow of a mountain range

- Taklamakan - Atacama - Death Valley

second law of thermodynamics

- in any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost - systems will go spontaneously in one direction only-toward increasing entropy

China's One Child Policy

- monthly subsidy for one-child families - housing preferences for one-child families - job priority for only child

If all the ice on the Arctic Ocean were to melt, sea level would rise by ____ meters. a. 0 b. 0.7 c. 7 d. 70

0

Approximately how many people in the world today do not have access to safe drinking water a. 1 million b. 10 million c. 100 million d. 1 billion

1 billion

The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 10%. Toxic substance X is transferred between trophic levels with an efficiency of 40%, If the concentration of X on trophic level 3 is 32 parts per million (ppm), what is the concentration of X on trophic level 1?

2 ppm

Approximately what percentage of pregnancies in the US are terminated by abortions each year?

20%

Student Stephanie is planning to grow some flowers in her back yard. She learns that the flowers use nitrogen and phosphorus in a ratio of 62 atoms of nitrogen for every 14 atoms of phosphorus. Stephanie decides to buy some fertilizer to help her flowers grow. The local garden store has four kinds of fertilizer that contain nitrogen and phosphorus as follows

20% nitrogen and 10% phosphorus by weight

Which one of the following fissionable isotopes is produced in a breeder reactor?

239Pu

Of the CO2 that has been emitted to the atmosphere as a result of fossil fuel burning and deforestation in the last 250 years, about _________ has been taken up by the ocean. a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%

25%

The amount of wastewater generated in the US is about ___ amount of freshwater used to irrigate crops in the US

25%

In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 75. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-46 years inclusive?

25% in country A and 20% in country B

The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is currently about a. 100 ppm b. 200 ppm c. 300 ppm d. 400 ppm

400 ppm

If all the ice on Greenland were to melt, sea level would rise by ____ meters. a. 0 b. 0.7 c. 7 d. 70

7

The human population currently numbers about ____________

7 million

Complete the following sentence in 25 words or less: a keystone species is

A SPECIES THAT IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ECOSYSTEM AND FOR MANY OTHER SPECIES SURVIVAL

adaptation

A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

A mycorrhiza is

A symbiotic association between a plant and a fungus

Heterotrophs include which ones of the following kinds of organisms? a. Decomposers b. Carnivores c. Omnivores d. Herbivores e. Detritivores f. Scavengers

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which ones of the following are examples of secondary production? a. A herbivore eats plants and converts part of the plant biomass into herbivore biomass. b. A primary carnivore eats a herbivore and converts part of the unfortunate herbivore's biomass into primary carnivore biomass. c. A scavenger eats some road kill and converts part of what it eats into scavenger biomass. d. An earthworm consumes nonliving organic matter in the soil and converts part of what it eats into earthworm biomass. e. A secondary carnivore eats a primary carnivore and converts part of the unfortunate primary carnivore's biomass into secondary carnivore biomass.

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Several million years ago, North American foxes were a single species. However, the fox population became separated into geographically isolated sub-populations during periods of glaciation, and eventually the high-latitude and temperate-latitude sub-populations became distinct species with characteristics best suited to the environments in which they lived. This evolution of two species from a single species is NOT an example of which one of the following?

Acclimation

True about Hadley cell

Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30° latitude

The discharge of which river has NOT been significantly reduced as a result of withdrawals from human use a) Rio Grande b) Amazon C) Yellow D) Colorado

Amazon

Contains the most liquid freshwater?

Aquifers

The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by

Breakdown of detritus

Which one of the following countries accounts for the most oil imported by the United States?

Canada

Which of the following areas experienced a net gain of forest area between 2000 and 2010?

China and Europe

Which one of the following is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world?

Communicable diseases

Only country in the world with extensive government supported urban agriculture?

Cuba

Not among the conditions conducive to small families

Early age at marriage

What causes the fertility transition?

Education Poverty cycle Health care Jobs

hydroelectric

Electricity generated by flowing water

Millennium Development Goals

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria Ensure environmental sustainability

The countries with the lowest fertility rates are found mainly in

Europe

which continent is more water used for industrial purposes than for agriculture

Europe

Which one of the following is not an example of a mechanism to escape predation?

Exotic plumage of peacock

Country X has an annual birth rate of about 35 per 1000 population and an annual death rate of 10 per 1000 population. Country X has not gone through which of the following transitions?

Fertility and demographic

Which one of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants?

France

HIPPO

Habitat destruction Invasive species Pollution Population Overexploitation

Conditions conducive to small families associated with economic development

High cost of raising children Existence of pensions and social security Opportunities for women to join the workforce Access to inexpensive contraceptives Adequate health care Educational opportunities Older age at marriage

sustainable yield

Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply

Which one of the following problems is not attributable to habitat destruction

In Texas, ants are estimated to kill 20% of songbird babies before they leave the nest

Consumptive use of water

Irrigating crops

Why few farmers in the United States irrigate their crops via drip irrigation

Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high

A Bt crop is a genetically modified crop that

Is resistant to many insect pests

An example of primary succession

Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii

Which one of the following is an example of primary succession? a. After a forest fire, pine trees grow from seeds that were protected beneath pine needles b. Grasses emerge from the soil after saltwater from a tsunami kills all above-ground vegetation in a meadow c. Trees reappear on the slopes of Mount St. Helens after the fallout of volcanic ash kills all the above-ground vegetation d. Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii

Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii

Which one of the following diseases is NOT transmitted via water contaminated with sewage?

Malaria

Two of the negative aspects of no-till agriculture

May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides

The principle gas in the biogas produced in a landfill is

Methane

The glacial-interglacial cycles that have taken place during the current ice age are believed to be caused by oscillations in the characteristics of Earth's rotation about its rotational axis and in its orbit around the Sun. These cyclic oscillations are called

Milankovitch cycles

Best soil for agriculture

Mollisol

Emissions of which one of the following gases as a result of fossil fuel burning leads to the production of ozone in the troposphere

NO

Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased

NOT TRUE

An abundant form of nitrogen that most organisms are unable to utilize is a. Ammonium (NH4+) b. Nitrogen gas (N2) c. Nitrate (NO3-) d. Nitrite (NO2-)

Nitrogen gas

the region of the world that currently exports the greatest amount of grain is

North America

Which two of the following countries have centrally planned economies? a. China b. North Korea c. Russia d. Cuba

North Korea & Cuba

In a soil profile, the order of horizons from top to bottom is

O, A, E, B, C

Gas that causes respiratory irritation in animals and tissue damage in plants when it is in the troposphere but contributes to the greenhouse effect and can reduce cancer rates when it is in the stratosphere

O3

The United States has extensive deposits of _________ in Colorado, Texas, Utah and Wyoming that if exploited could yield the equivalent of an estimated 800 billion barrels of oil.

Oil shale

Soil you would expect to find in a tropical rain forest

Oxisol

Between 1973 and 1979 the average level of lead in the blood of people in the United States dropped from roughly 16 micrograms per deciliter to less than 10 micrograms per deciliter. Which one of the following was the principal reason for this decline?

Phaseout of leaded gasoline

The fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.9. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why would the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase?

Population momentum

What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? (35 words or less)

Primary succession-is beginning from nothing other than rock Secondary succession-soil is already present after the disturbance

Your neighbor has no license to operate a solid waste to operate a solid waste disposal facility. He could be prosecuted under FEDERAL LEGISLATION

RCRA

Which one of the following is the greatest source of exposure to radiation for people in the US?

Randon gas in average house

Climate moderation is an example of which one of the following kinds of ecosystem services?

Regulating

Which one of the following accounted for the greatest amount of US economic contributions to developing countries in 2010-2011?

Remittances

NOT one of the three crops that account for the greatest farmland

Rice

Mangroves are much more abundant near Port Fourchon today than they were 30 years ago because

Rising sea level has flooded areas that were formerly too dry to support the growth of mangroves

Why large families?

Security in old age Infant and childhood mortality Helping hands Status of women Availability of contraceptives

Microlending

Small, short-term loans has greatest social benefits when focused on women Beneficiaries are the children and household

Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from primarily

Soybeans

Global warming during the 21st century is expected to

Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean

Millennium Development Goal 1 was to reduce by 50% the proportion of children under age five who were moderately or severely underweight. Which one of the following regions had NOT achieved that goal by 2012?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Why is the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentrations expected to cause temperatures to rise more at high latitudes than at low latitudes during the 21st century?

The CO2 is the dominant greenhouse gas at high latitudes and there is very little water vapor at high latitudes

What happens when countries pass through the fertility transition?

The dependency ratio decreases and then increases

Reducing the input of inorganic nitrogen to University Lake is expected to result in a decrease in the abundance of algae in the lake. If this happens, it would be an example of a. The law of limiting factors b. The law of conservation of matter c. The first law of thermodynamics d. Occam's razor

The law of limiting factors

NOT true about the Grameen Bank

The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men

In a population whose dynamics are characterized by logistic growth a. The doubling time is constant b. The maximum rate of population growth occurs halfway to the carrying capacity c. A graph of the size of the population versus time is J-shaped d. The population increases exponentially near the carrying capacity

The maximum rate of population growth occurs halfway to the carrying capacity

Cabbages and Condoms is

The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand

Clear cutting

The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once efficient at the time of harvesting, and does not involve much active management and planning

What accounts for the fact that the wolves on Isle Royale have never eliminated the population of their prey, moose? a. The wolves are unable to kill moose that are mature and in good physical condition b. The moose have a very high biotic potential c. The National Park Service culls the wolf population to ensure that it does not threaten to eliminate the moose d. The National Park Service has used a captive breeding program to replenish the moose population when it is threatened.

The wolves are unable to kill moose that are mature and in good physical condition

TRUE OR FLASE The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition

True

Diseases transmitted via water contaminated with sewage

Typhiod fever Cholera Infectious hepatitis

Which one of the following countries has the highest fertility rate? a. Japan b. Italy c. China d. United States

United States

Which one of the following countries has the shortest life expectancy? a. Iceland b. Norway c. Japan d. United States e. Switzerland

United States

The site recommend by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for long-term disposal of radioactive waste from the nuclear power industry in the United States is

Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Definition of a landscape

a cluster of interacting ecosystems like forests, open meadows and rivers together

ecotone

a region of transition between two biological communities.

Instrumental value of species

a species or organisms' existence of use benefits some other entity

ecosystem services

a. Food production b. Waste treatment c. Soil formation d. Erosion control e. Nutrient cycling

Several million years ago, North American foxes were a single species. However, the fox population became separated into geographically isolated sub-populations during periods of glaciation, and eventually the high-latitude and temperate-latitude sub-populations became distinct species with characteristics best suited to the environments in which they lived. This evolution of two species from a single species is an example of which ones of the following? a. Adaptation b. Acclimation c. Speciation d. Natural selection

adaptation speciation natural selection

The fact that the number of California condors has increased from fewer than 50 individuals in 1985 to more than 400 today is NOT AN example of The fact that the number of whooping cranes has increased from 14 is AN example of

adaptation or acclimation or speciation NONE OF THE ABOVE

True about Ferrel Cell

air rises at 60 latitude and sinks at 30 latitude

acclimation

an organism's change in response to a change in the organism's environment

Organisms that make high-potential-energy organic molecules from low-potential-energy inorganic compounds are _________________________.

autotrophs

Animals and plants not native to North America and whose presence has has serious negative impacts on some native species did NOT include a) Kudzu b) nutria c) Fire Ants d) Beavers

beavers

examples of mutualism

bee and flower lichens plants and fungi that grow on their roots

Source of nourishment that requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce

beef

Mutualism is a relationship between organisms in which both _____________.

benefit

golden rice is genetically modified variety of rice that is fortified with

beta carotene

The forms of renewable energy that currently account for the greatest amount of renewable energy production in the United States are?

biomass and hydropower

______________________ is the reproductive capacity of a species, i.e., the potential of a species to increase its population and/or distribution, and ________________________ is the totality of factors such as adverse weather conditions, shortages of food or water, predators, and diseases that tend to cut back populations and keep them from growing or spreading

biotic potential, environmental resistance

Population stabilizes when

birth rates equal death rates

Which one of the following kinds of plants is most sensitive to damage from fire? a. Redwood trees b. Grasses c. Broad-leaved trees d. Pine trees

broad-leaved trees

Geothermal heat pumps

can be used to heat and cool buildings

A bag of fertilizer is labeled 12-18-20. What is the percentage of organic matter in the fertilizer?

cannot tell

Organisms are composed of four principal kinds of complex organic compounds, namely proteins, _________________, _________________, and __________________.

carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

NOT an example of mutualism

cattle egrets and water buffalo

Overfishing for _______ on the Grand Banks and Georges Bank resulted in the collapse of the fisheries during the period from 1980 to 2000

cod

three crops that account for the greatest farmland

corn canola soybeans

The US allocates more land than any other nation to the production of genetically modified varieties of which two of the following crops?

corn and soybeans

which one of the following is not a technique used in integrated pest management

cosmetic spraying

selective cutting

cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind some mature trees are removed in small groups or singularly

What practice of the Easter Islanders proved to be unsustainable and an example of very poor stewardship?

cutting down trees

Factors that are involved in regulating the size of a population do not include which one of the following? a. Bottom-up regulation b. Top-down regulation c. Density-independent limits d. Density-dependent limits e. Parasite-host relationships

density-independent limits

Epidemiologic Transition

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

the source of protein that is used with the greatest efficiency by humans is

eggs

thermoelectric

electricity by a difference of temperatures.

The figure to the right shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950's to the present time. In addition to the long-term trend of increasing CO2 concentrations, the concentrations also oscillate up and down by several parts per million on an annual basis. During a period of one year, at what time of year would you expect the concentrations to be LOWEST? a. In the middle of summer b. At the end of summer c. In the middle of winter d. At the end of winter

end of the summer

The figure to the right shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950's to the present time. In addition to the long-term trend of increasing CO2 concentrations, the concentrations also oscillate up and down by several parts per million on an annual basis. During a period of one year, at what time of year would you expect the concentrations to be HIGHEST? a. In the middle of summer b. At the end of summer c. In the middle of winter d. At the end of winter

end of the winter

A population of organisms is liable to become extinct if the number of individuals a. Falls below the critical number b. Exceeds the critical number c. Falls below the carrying capacity d. Exceeds the carrying capacity

falls below the critical number

the fact that a billion birds die from crashing into windows is associated with which letter of "HIPPO"

habitat destruction

R-strategists have

high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time

CO2 concentration graph

high= end of winter low= end of summer

Removing the handle on the Broad Street Pump to determine whether the water was the cause of a cholera outbreak in London in 1854 is an example of a. Stewardship b. Density-independent regulation c. A test of the theory of spontaneous generation d. Hypothesis testing

hypothesis testing

Statements of Second Law of thermodynamics

in any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost systems will go spontaneously in one direction only- toward increasing entropy

The hydrologic cycle describes the movement of water through the ecosystem. As part of the hydrologic cycle, precipitation falls to the ground. At that point, four pathways are possible: surface runoff, reabsorption by plants, and

infiltration or evaporation

The two general categories of energy are potential energy and ____________ energy.

kinetic

Which one of the following is not one of the three forms of capital recognized by sustainable economics? a. Intangible capital b. Produced capital c. Liquid capital d. Natural capital

liquid capital

K-strategists tend to have __________ biotic potential and _________ recruitment. a. Low . . . poor b. Low . . . good c. High . . . poor d. High . . . good

low...good

which of the following soil orders is best suited for agriculture

mollisol

Which one of the following sources of energy is NOT used by electric power plants that generate electricity by boiling water?

natural gas

most electric power plants built in the US since 2000 use which one of the following sources for energy

natural gas

the top three primary sources of energy in the US are

natural gas, coal, and oil

Bats and swallows both feed on flying insects, but they do not compete because bats feed at night and swallows feed during the day. Although bats and swallows live in the same habitat, they occupy different _______________.

niche

In regions where various types of vegetation coexist and compete, periodic fires do not tip the balance in favor of

oak trees

The average rate of continental drift is about a. One inch in 1 year b. One inch in 10 years c. One inch in 100 years d. One inch in 1,000 years

one inch in 1 yr

What is the difference between eutrophication and cultural eutrophication?

one is happening over along period of time

The tragedy of the commons is a consequence of which one of the following kinds of tenure over the land and water where resources are found?

open access

property rights is associated with the Tragedy of the Commons

open access

Denitrification is a microbial process that occurs in soils and sediments depleted of ____.

oxygen

rocks are a major source of

phosphorus

autotrophic organisms

plants and chemosynthetic bacteria

terrestrial biomes are groups of ecosystems characterized by similar types of

plants and climate

A biome is a large area of the earth's surface with similar _____ and ______. a. Plants . . . animals b. Plants . . . climate c. Animals . . . climate d. Temperature . . . rainfall

plants....climate

involved in maintaining population equilibrium

predation food supply disease

Freshwater issues

quantity and quality

Comparison of the gross domestic product (GDP) with the genuine progress indicator (GPI) in the U.S. has shown that since 1950 the GPI has a. Increased at about the same rate b. Increased at a faster rate c. Remained fairly constant d. Decreased

remained constant

Five species of warblers coexist in the spruce forests of Maine by feeding at different levels in the trees and on different parts of the trees. This is an example of a. Intraspecific competition b. Mutualism c. Overgrazing d. Resource partitioning e. Character displacement

resource partitioning

____________________ is the catabolism of organic compounds such as sugars to release energy needed by living organisms; it produces carbon dioxide and water as by-products. _______________ is the use of solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to sugars such as glucose; it occurs in plants and algae and produces oxygen as a by-product.

respiration photosynthesis

The three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are

rice, wheat and corn

_______ can result from irrigating crops in drylands areas with insufficient water to leach salts down through the soil?

salinization

Example of an ecotone

salt marsh

which one fo the following insect pests was eliminated from the United States by release of sterile males?

screwworm flies

Which of the following is NOT one of the vital concepts that moves societies toward a sustainable future

security

Demographic transition

shift from high fertility and morality to low fertility and mortality change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

Best soil TEXTURE for agriculture

silt and loam

The two forms of renewable energy that have the drawback that they unintentionally kill birds are?

solar towers and wind turbines

The genetically modified crop that is grown on the greatest area of land globally is

soybeans

The energy that primary producers need to synthesize organic matter from inorganic compounds can come from which two of the following? a. Sunlight b. Geothermal heat c. Oxidation-reduction reactions d. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis e. Diels-Alder reactions

sunlight oxidation-reduction reactions

Cattle egrets ride on the backs of water buffalo and feed on insects stirred up by the grazing water buffalos. The relationship between the cattle egrets and water buffalos is an example of which two of the following? a. Commensalism b. Amensalism c. Mutualism d. Symbiosis e. Resource partitioning

symbiosis commensalism

Which of the following are the two principal abiotic factors that distinguish one terrestrial biome from another? a. Latitude b. Temperature c. Oxygen concentration d. Elevation e. Rainfall

temperature rainfall

Giving people who lived in favelas bus tokens in return for their collecting and bringing in trash cost the city of Curitiba nothing because

the bus companies were paid based on how far the buses traveled

In a population whose dynamics are characterized by exponential growth

the doubling time is constant the graph of the size of the population versus time is J-shaped

speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

By the end of this century, the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change is projecting that temp will rise much more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than anywhere else on Earth. This projection is based on the fact that

the ice on the arctic ocean is melting

Which one of the following reasons does NOT contribute to the fact that the cost of producing electricity at nuclear power plants is greater than the cost of producing electricity with fossil fuels?

the lifetime of nuclear power plants have turned out to be longer than expected

What is family planning?

the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of artificial contraception or voluntary sterilization. Counseling and education Availability of contraceptives

Correctly characterizes the results of using pesticides in agriculture in the US?

the quantity of crops lost to pests has increased and the percentage of crops lost to pest has increased

Accounts for the fact that timber sales from national forests in the United States decline by about 80% during the 1990s?

the strategy of managing the forests changed: trees began to be harvested at 350 - year intervals instead of 60-80 year intervals

The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called

transpiration

Non-consumptive use means

water is returned to its source. But quality of the water may have changed for the worse

Which account for the fact that ecological efficiencies tend to be higher in aquatic ecosystems than in terrestrial ecosystems?

water supports weight and most aquatic animals are cold blooded

Which one of the following gases accounts for the greatest percentage of the greenhouse effect? a. Water vapor b. Methane c. Ozone d. Carbon dioxide

water vapor

forms of renewable energy that account for the greatest amount of electricity production in the United states

wind and hydroelectric

Which one is NOT among the primary reason that poor people in developing countries have large families?

women are discouraged from obtaining an education


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