EPPP

Reversal (ABA, ABAB, etc.) single subject design

include, at a minimum, two baseline phases and one treatment phase (e.g., an ABA or ABAB design), with the treatment being withdrawn ("reversed") during the second and subsequent baseline phases

AB single subject design

includes a single baseline phase and a single treatment phase

On the way to class, you are attacked in the parking lot. You are most likely to get help if how many people witness the event?

1

Papez's circuit

mediates the experience and expression of emotion. It includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and the cingulate gyrus.

WISC

Consists of FSIQ (Similarities, Vocab, Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, Figure Weights, Digit Span, and Coding) and 5 index scales (VCI, Visual-Spatial, Fluid reasoning, WMI, PSI)

Basal ganglia

Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Involved in voluntary movement, damage may cause akinesia or hyperkinesia, depending on area. Abnormalities linked to Parkinson's, Huntington's, Tourette's, OCD, and ADHD.

MMPI TRIN Scale

Consists of paired items that are the opposite of each other; provides an additional measure of consistency; interpreted the same as VRIN.

Gerald Caplan's primary targets of consultee-centered consultation

Consultee's skills, knowledge, and/or objectivity.

Kohler's insight learning

Learning does not always require reinforcement but depends on the ability to apply and recombine previous experiences in novel ways to solve unfamiliar problems.

Following an incident of spousal abuse, the intervention with the lowest recidivism rate would be:

imprisoning the perpetrator.

MMPI 49/94 clinical profile

impulsive, narcissistic, antisocial behavior, substance abuse

achromatopsia

inability to distinguish between different colors. Distinguished from color agnosia, which is an inability to pair particular colors with specific objects.

The second stage of Alzheimer's Dementia is characterized by: (loss of implicit memory, loss of short-term memory, inability to perform complex tasks, inability to recognize family or friends)

inability to perform complex tasks

Alexia

inability to read

Single-subject design

include at least one A (baseline) and one B (treatment) phase and include multiple measurements of the DV at regular intervals during each phase; each subject acts as his/her own no-treatment control.

A medication effect that involves a sense of restlessness accompanied by excessive movements (e.g., fidgeting, rocking, pacing, inability to sit still), is called:

medication-induced acute akathisia.

areas of the hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Migraines are precipitated or aggravated by many factors including:

menstruation, stress, relaxation after stress, changes in barometric pressure, alcohol, decongestant overuse, and certain foods.

The interference theory of memory proposes that we remember best when we:

minimize interference immediately after we learn something (such as by sleeping)

Studies have found that ______ difficult goals plus _______ toward those goals result in the greatest productivity.

moderately; feedback about progress

___________ methods are used in behavioral genetics to classify genes that influence certain behavioral traits. This research is done on both humans and animals.

molecular genetic methods

Norepinephrine (NE)

mood, attention, dreaming, learning, and certain autonomic functions; the catecholamine hypothesis predicts that some forms of depression are due to lower-than-normal levels of norepinephrine

The presence of daytime sleepiness, episodes of loss of muscle tone associated with intense emotion, and hypnogogic hallucinations suggest a diagnosis of: (sleep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia disorder, sleep terror disorder)

narcolepsy

The information that family members continuously exchange and that helps minimize deviation and maintain the family's stability is referred to as ____________ feedback.

negative

A student acts in a disruptive manner and only stops when the teacher yells at her. The teacher's behavior of yelling is under the control of: (positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment)

negative reinforcement

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

neuropsych test; assesses ability to shift cognitive strategies, abstract concepts; autism, schizo, malingering, depression, alcoholism, frontal lobe damage; 4 symbols, asked to sort w/o knowing how, change process after 10 correct sorts, scored in terms of trials necessary to learn changes; ages 6:6 - 80:11

Tower of London

neuropsych test; move disks into configuration; measures executive functioning, memory, attention; linked to frontal lobe damage, ADHD, autism, depression.

Since his parents separated four months ago, Jessie Jr. is withdrawn, cries, and is easily angered for a day or two after visiting his noncustodial father on alternate weekends. When mom asks Jessie Jr. what's wrong, he says "nothing." Mom should interpret this as:

normal; it is normal for children to show distress before and after visits to the noncustodial parent, especially during the first few months after the divorce.

Chin and Benne's (1976) 3 strategies for planned change

normative-reeducative, rational-empirical, and power-coercive. A key characteristic of the normative-reeducative strategy is its focus on collaboration between individuals representing different disciplines and interests in order to use norms and peer pressure to foster change.

Ainsworth - insecure/avoidant attachment

oblivious to mother's presence, don't cry when she leaves and don't care when she comes back, don't like being held but are more averse to being put down respond to mother and stranger similarly; mothers are unavailable and unresponsive or over-stimulating and intrusive.

Nativist theories of language development

people have an innate capacity for language and emphasize universal patterns of language development. e.g. Chomsky's LAD.

Which of the following is a criterion-based score? (percentile, percentage, standard score, IQ score)

percentage

Eta squared

percentage of variance accounted for by the treatment effect in published reports of ANOVA results.

Illusory correlation

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

permits eval of the soft tissues of the spinal column; computed tomography with myelogram (involves injecting a dye into the spinal canal) maybe used to obtain more detailed info about the extent of the injury; may include an electromyography (EMG), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), or other of electrodiagnostic monitoring to determine if conduction of nerve signals in the spinal cord are impacted; also used to identify structural issues in the brain

A boy begins to display some fear of his father. Assuming there is no external basis for this fear (e.g., abuse), the boy is most likely in which of the following psychosexual stages? (anal, genital, phallic, latency)

phallic

Fechner's Law

physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to their psychological sensations

Which of the following areas of the brain produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms?

pineal gland

The _______ gland secretes several hormones including ADH and growth hormone and has a strong influence on the other endocrine glands. For this reason, it is known as the "master gland."

pituitary

Erikson's purpose of play

play as a function of the ego that allows children to master and control social and emotional experiences. Through play, children learn about themselves and their social environments.

The behaviors that contribute to father-child attachment are similar to a "________", according to current research.

playmate

Dysprosody

poorly articulated speech that lacks normal intonation, stress, and rhythm; d/t Broca's aphasia (left frontal lobe)

Alogia

poverty of speech, give short, direct answers and seem unable to elaborate. Can be a sx of Schizophrenia.

Thomas and Chess' Goodness of Fit Model

predicts that it is the degree of match between parents' behaviors and their child's temperament that contributes to the child's adjustment outcomes.

social comparison theory

predicts that people make judgments about themselves by comparing their behaviors and beliefs to those of other people.

Code-switching

refers to the alternation between languages during a conversation. It is used by bilingual speakers for several purposes - e.g., to establish rapport with a listener or to better communicate one's attitude toward the listener.

criterion contamination

refers to the degree to which a supervisor's evaluation of an employee's job performance is biased by the supervisor's knowledge of the employee's score on the selection test used to hire the employee.

The Neo-Freudians emphasize: (underlying unconscious conflicts, ego defensive and conflict-free functioning, social interactions, beliefs)

social interactions

A patient with a lesion in the left inferior frontal area is most likely to exhibit impairments in: (speech fluency, speech comprehension, proprioception, memory)

speech fluency

Form A is administered to a group of employees in Spring and then again in Fall. Using this method, what type of reliability is measured?

stability

The trichromatic theory of color

states that there are three types of color receptors that are each receptive to a different primary color (red, blue, or green) and all the other colors are produced by variations in the activity of these receptors.

In developmental theory, the term decalage refers to:

unevenness in development in any area, but it is most commonly applied to cognitive, emotional, and moral development.

polyuria and polydipsia

urinating in large amounts and drinking in large amounts. Most common side effect of lithium.

A physician refers a patient to a psychologist who specializes in the treatment of pain. The patient has back pain secondary to a serious accident at work six months ago, in which he ruptured several disks. The psychologist should: (use hypnotherapy, conduct progressive muscle relaxation, use psychodynamic treatment, conduct an assessment for malingering)

use hypnotherapy

MMPI validity scale patterns that exhibit extremely elevated F scale with high F-K index suggests...

"faking bad," has been linked to malingering

When interpreting MMPI validity scales, a pattern in which scales L, F, and K form a V shape suggests...

"faking good;" common in child custody litigations

Child-directed speech

(AKA "motherese") A strategy parents and others use to foster language development. Involves talking in simple sentences at a slow pace, speaking in a high-pitched voice, and frequently asking questions and repeating words.

leaderless group discussion

(as part of an assessment center or alone) provides information about an individual's communication, decision-making, and leadership skills to determine his/her potential as a manager.

Mediators of effects of remarriage on children of divorce

- Child's age: conflict greatest when children are 9+ at time of remarriage, early adolescence particularly difficult. - Gender: inconsistent results. Girls tend to have more trouble adjusting to a stepfather than mother, while having a stepfather may be beneficial for preadolescent boys.

Types of Organizational Justice

- Distributive: perceptions of fairness of decision outcomes. - Procedural: perceptions about the fairness of procedures and policies used to make decisions - Interactional: perceptions about how employers and managers carry out the decisions they've made.

Daniel Levinson's (1986) Seasons of a Man's Life model

- Formulation of the dream is characteristic of the "early adult transition," which occurs from age 17 to 22. - Following the dream (goal or vision for the future) is characteristic of the "entry life structure for early adulthood" stage, which occurs from ages 22 to 28. - Realization of the dream is characteristic of the "culmination of early adult life structure" stage, which occurs from ages 33 to 45. - The mid-life transition occurs between the ages of 40 and 45 and is characterized by a realization that the dream is not satisfying and/or will not be accomplished.

Techniques in Structural FT

- Joining: adopting the family's behavioral, affective, and communication style. - enactment: family members role-play a problematic interaction instead of talking about it - Family map: clarify Family structure (similar to genogram)

Methods for reducing groupthink

- Making sure the leader doesn't offer a solution too early - Bringing in outside experts to offer opinions - Encouraging criticism and dissent

Social-cognitive factors of aggression in children

- Perry et al. - aggressive children feel it is harder to inhibit aggressive acts and feel aggression will have positive outcomes (peer approval, reduced undesirable behavior from others) - Dodge et al. - aggressive children misinterpret ambiguous behaviors of others as intentionally hostile (hostile attribution bias).

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

- anticonvulsant, best for atypical forms of Bipolar or when Lithium has not been effective - side effects include dizziness, tremor, ataxia, nausea, and visual disturbances; slight risk for agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia (regular blood monitoring is required)

Bowen's extended family systems therapy

- differentiation of self: ability to differentiate between own emotional and intellectual functioning and those of other members. - emotional triangles: 2 members experience high stress and recruit another to dilute tension (usually parents recruiting child) - multigenerational transmission process: lower levels of differentiation are passed down by generations (can lead to disorders)

Tuckman and Jensen (1977) five stages of group development

- forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. The norming stage is characterized by agreement, commitment, and unity. Members listen to and support each other during this stage and develop close relationships. The norming stage may become a "period of play" with the task becoming temporarily abandoned by workers.

SSRIs

- include fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft) - block the reuptake of serotonin at nerve synapses -used to treat depression, OCD, PTSD, Bulimia, Panic Disorder, and premature ejaculation - fewer side effects than TCAs, are less cardiotoxic, and have quicker onset (2-4 weeks) - side effects include insomnia, nausea, headaches, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction; may cause serotonin syndrome if taken with MAOI or other med that effects serotonin

Ainsworth - disorganized/disoriented attachment

- inconsistent, contradictory behaviors, distressed when mother leaves but disoriented and confused when she returns, unusual frozen postures and looking away when held, often abused or neglected. - increased risk for aggressiveness and other behavioral problems.

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

- inhibits alcohol metabolism which increases the accumulation of acetaldehyde and produces nausea, vomiting, sweating, throbbing headache, hyperventilation, etc. that deter drinking

Levels of Acculturation (Berry)

- integrated: identifying with both the majority culture and their own minority culture. - assimilated: identifying with the majority culture but rejecting their own minority culture. - separate: rejecting the majority culture and identifying with their own minority culture. - marginalized: rejecting both majority and minority culture.

Lithium

- treatment of choice for "classic" Bipolar disorder - reduces or eliminates manic symptoms and levels out mood swings - side effects include GI distress, fine hand tremor, weakness and fatigue, and excessive thirst and urination - levels must be regularly monitored to avoid lithium toxicity - retention of lithium is affected by sodium, fluctuations in salt intake must be avoided, as well as caffeine, alcohol, and other diuretics

AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale

-Age Range: 3-18 for ABS-School and 18+ for ABS-Residential and Community -Purpose: used to assess adaptive functioning in five areas (personal self-sufficiency, community self-sufficiency, personal-social responsibility, social adjustment, personal adjustment)

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

-Appropriate for 16-90; most widely-used for cognitive ability;

An individual presents to a hospital emergency room with a flushed face, rambling speech, tachycardia, restlessness, and diuresis. The most likely diagnosis is:

Caffeine intoxication

Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

Career interest inventory based on Holland. Includes 5 scales: General Occupational Themes (GOT), Basic Interest Scales (BIS), Occupational Scales (OS), Personal Styles Scales (PSS), Administrative Indices.

Assessment of ASD

Child Autism Rating Scale (CARS2), Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Specific cognitive abilities can be assessed using Stanford-Binet, Wisc, or Leiter-3 (for children who are mute, minimally verbal, or deaf).

Bem's Gender Schema Theory

Children develop schemas of masculinity and femininity as a result of early sociocultural experiences. Highly "gender schematic" firmly adheres to gender role norms (only boys can be pilots, only girls can be nurses)

Effects of remarriage on children

Children living with parent and stepparent tend to have worse academic performance, social relationships, and mental and physical health. Negative outcomes are reduced when controlling for SES and child's pre-existing adjustment problems.

A child who has suffered from chronic otitis media would most likely show a depressed score on which subtest of the WISC-IV?

Children with chronic middle ear infections (chronic otitis media) often demonstrate long-term deficits in language capacities, such as vocabulary. In fact, the entire verbal comprehension factor will often be depressed on the WISC-IV (this factor includes similarities, vocabulary, comprehension, and the optional tests of information and word reasoning).

In Vivo Exposure with Response Prevention is based on...

Classical conditioning.

Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Combines James-Lange and Cannon-Bard but adds context in which the arousal occurs. Recognizes the role of physio arousal and cognitive processes in emotional experience and predicts that the cognitive component includes considering the context in which arousal has occurred. Research supports.

differential reinforcement

Combines extinction with positive reinforcement for other behaviors. Overcomes the problem of eliminating a behavior (extinction) without fostering more desirable behaviors.

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)

Communication as source of power determined by hierarchies. This can be problematic if the control is denied or unacknowledged (can cause members to communicate passive-aggressively or use non-verbal to communicate messages).

Cost-utility analysis

Cost-utility analysis is conducted to compare the costs and patient outcomes of an intervention, with outcomes including patients' duration and quality of life.

____ intelligence increases until about age 60, while ______ intelligence peaks in late adolescence and declines thereafter.

Crystallized; fluid

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Defines successful intelligence as the ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one's goals and the goals of society; proposes 3 components: - analytical - creative - practical

Objective criterion measures

Direct measures of performance including quantitative measures of production and certain types of personnel data.

Chromosomal Defects

Down syndrome: extra 21st chromosome Klinefelter syndrome: only in males, 2 or more X chromosomes along with a single Y (sx include infertility, smaller than normal genitalia, breast devel in puberty, long legs and short trunk, possible learning and behavioral problems) Turner syndrome: only in females, single X, short, drooping eyelids, webbed neck, slowed or absent devel of secondary sex characteristics, possible hearing, vision, and learning difficulties)

Human relations management model

Emphasizes the impact of worker needs, attitudes, and relationships on satisfaction, motivation, and productivity. Based on research at the Western Electric Company which found that psychological and social factors were important contributors to job performance.

Survey feedback

Employees attitudes or perceptions. 3 phases. 1. Data collection: consultant meets with employees, develops an attitude survey, and distributes to employees. 2. Feedback meeting: consultant meets with groups of employees to present findings and identify problems. 3. Action plan: employees meet in teams to develop specific plans for each problem.

Differences between episodic and semantic memory

Episodic memory refers to the capacity to recall autobiographical events, or the time and place that a specific, temporally distinct event occurred. By contrast, semantic memory is memory for facts, and how facts relate to each other.

McGrew's Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Cognitive Abilities

Extensive research supported; basis for the KABC-II and WJ-IV; distinguishes between 10 broad-stratum abilities and over 70 narrow-stratum abilities each linked to a broad-stratum; acknowledged existence of g but does not believe it contributes to psychoed assessment practice.

According to Howard et al.'s phase model (1996), what is most likely to be affected during the first few sessions of psychotherapy?

Feelings of hopelessness

Gender differences in motor skills

Females are more physically mature and are superior at fine motor skills, flexibility, agility, and balance. Males are superior on tasks that depend on force and power. Differences are more obvious in adolescence but may be due to social expectations and participation.

Outcomes for neglected children (with peers)

Fewer-than-average peer interactions, relatively quiet, rarely engage in disruptive behavior. Having a small group is reported as desirable; loneliness and sadness are not often reported.

Job-Oriented Job Analysis Techniques

Focus on work activities or tasks.

Outcomes for popular children

Good social skills, sensitive to the needs and wants of others, regularly engage in prosocial behaviors.

The use of selection tests in industry has been influenced by the case of:

Griggs versus the Duke Power Company

MMPI K (Correction) Scale

High indicates defensiveness or denial, "faking good," or responding "false" to all items; associated with resistance and poor treatment prognosis. Very low indicates excessive frankness, self-criticism, or "faking bad." Considered to be a "suppressor variable" due to defensiveness, edu level, and SES; used to correct scores on certain clinical scales.

MMPI L (Lie) Scale

High is attempt to present in a favorable light or lack of insight into their motivation; reduced ability to benefit from psychotherapy. Low is frankness, exaggeration of negative characteristics, or independence.

Outcomes for rejected-withdrawn children (with peers)

High level of social anxiety, submissive, negative expectations of how others will treat them, often victims of bullying

MMPI Cannot Say scale

High score suggests reading difficulties, indecisiveness, distractibility, rebelliousness, or defensiveness. 30+ items may indicate invalid profile.

High and low context communications in Anglo versus African Americans

High-context communication relies to a greater extent than low-context communication on nonverbal cues. While Anglo Americans often rely on verbal messages (low-context communication), African Americans and a number of other racial minority groups make greater use of nonverbal cues. African Americans, for example, tend to rely more on body language than Anglo Americans.

Ho's (1987) ecostructural approach

Ho, Boyd-Franklin, and others recommend that interventions with African-American clients (especially those from low-income backgrounds) incorporate multiple systems including the immediate family, extended family, social service agencies, and church. While Boyd-Franklin refers to this approach as a "multisystems model," Ho uses the term "ecostructural." See, e.g., M. K. Ho, Family therapy with ethnic minorities, Newbury Park, Sage, 1987.

Outcomes for rejected-aggressive children (with peers)

Hostile, hyperactive, impulsive, have trouble regulating negative emotions and with perspective-taking.

Which of the following structures is most directly involved in the secretion of sex hormones? 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Parathyroid 4. Thyroid

Hypothalamus

fixed-interval schedule (FI)

In operant conditioning, a type of intermittent reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed as long as the target behavior is emitted at least once during the interval.

variable-ratio schedule (VR)

In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which a particular behavior is reinforced after the behavior has occurred an unpredictable and varying number of times. Fastest rate of acquisition, longest to extinction.

variable-interval schedule (VI)

In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals as long as the target behavior is emitted at least once during the interval.

fixed-ratio schedule (FR)

In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Psychoanalytic Processes

In psychoanalysis, the analysis of the client's free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences involves four processes. Clarification and confrontation help the client become aware of the unconscious conflicts that are affecting his/her current behaviors; interpretation more explicitly links current behaviors to past events; working through helps the client incorporate new insights into his or her personality.

the Moro reflex

Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement.

Closed head injury

Injury in which the brain has been injured but the skin has not been broken and there is no obvious bleeding; usually causes an alteration in consciousness (concussion) and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

MMPI Validity Scales

L (Lie) F (Frequency) K (Correction) ? (Cannot Say) Fb (F Back) VRIN (Variable Response Inconsistency) TRIN (True Response Inconsistency) Fp (Infrequency Pathology)

Treatment of Parkinson's

L-dopa to increase dopamine in early stages; degeneration still continues and L-dopa stops working.

Interactionist theories of language development

Language develops as the result of interactions between biological and environmental factors.

Behaviorist theories of language development

Language is acquired through imitation and reinforcement.

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Law of effect predicts behaviors followed by "satisfying consequences" are likely to be repeated. Concluded that learning is due to connections that develop between behaviors and stimuli as the result of trial-and-error.

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Learning can occur when we observe other people and model their behavior or can alter the frequency of existing behaviors. Observational learning involves changes in cognition that depend on attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. External reinforcement may be replaced by self-reinforcement or vicarious reinforcement.

Latent Learning (Tolman)

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

What is the gender prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Males are diagnosed about 4X as often as females

MMPI VRIN scale

Measure of consistency in responding and consists of paired items that would be expected to be answered in the same direction. 80+ suggests invalid profile.

A child was classically conditioned to be afraid of a white rat. The child now seems to be fearful of white rabbits as well. This is an example of:

Mediated generalization (another name for stimulus generalization)

Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)

Method of reducing rater bias. Anchors points on the scale with descriptions of specific behaviors representing poor to excellent performance.

Anosognosia

Most often caused by damage to the parietal lobe. A condition in which a person with an illness seems unaware of the existence of his or her illness.

REM (stage 5) sleep

Most vivid and elaborate dreams occur here; similar waves to stages 1 and 2, hr, bp, and other physio responses similar to awake individuals; very difficult to awaken, muscles are flaccid; also referred to as paradoxical sleep.

Primary (unconditioned) reinforcers

Naturally reinforcing, do not depend on experience to acquire their reinforcing value.

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter involved in mood, motivation, and voluntary movement; has been linked to several movement disorders including Parkinson's and Tourette's; Schizophrenia may be due to oversensitivity to or higher-than-normal levels of dopamine; cocaine, amphetamines, and other stimulants elevate levels in the midbrain and limbic system (reward system).

Gay and lesbian parents

No significant differences in gender identity, sex-role behavior, sexual orientation, or risk for psychological problems than heterosexual parents. Childrearing problems for lesbian and straight single mothers are very similar.

Chi-square test

Non-parametric (nominal or ordinal data) used to compare observed and expected data in terms of frequencies. Can be single- (one variable) or multiple- (2+ variables) samples.

Kruskall-Wallace test

Nonparametric alternative to one-way ANOVA; 2+ groups, 1 IV, 1 rank-ordered DV

Wilcox Matched-Pairs test

Nonparametric alternative to paired t-test; 2 groups, 1 IV, 1 rank-ordered DV

Nonparametric tests

Nonparametric tests are inferential statistical tests used to analyze nominal or ordinal data (or interval or ratio data when the assumptions for a parametric test have not met). They include the chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test

Stepparent roles

Often express uncertainty about roles and ability to adequately parent their stepchildren. Stepfathers tend to be more distant and disengaged than biological counterparts.

self-verification theory

Once a person's self-concept is formed, the person seeks to maintain it by using cognitive and behavioral strategies that are designed to obtain information that is consistent with that self-concept

Catecholamine hypothesis

Outdated, simplistic theory of mood disorder etiology stating that norepinephrine (a catecholamine) excess causes mania, and that low levels of it cause some forms of depression.

Counterconditioning

Pairing a stimulus that produces an undesirable response with a stimulus that produces an incompatible response to eliminate the undesirable response.

Milton Erickson and Jay Haley

Paradoxical techniques and ordeals (e.g. having a pt with insomnia polish his hardwood floors for at least 2 hours when he wakes up at night).

t-test

Parametric (interval or ratio data) used to compare means. Can be single or paired.

Jung's archetypes

Part of the collective unconscious or collective experiences of the human race. 1. Persona 2. Shadow 3. Anima 4. Animus

Eysenck's Review of Psychotherapy Research

People who receive no therapy are "better off" than those with similar problems who receive eclectic or psychoanalytic therapy. Criticized on methodological grounds.

Hippocampus

Plays a role in processing visual, spatial, and verbal information and consolidating declarative memories, converts short-term declarative memories into long-term. Abnormalities linked to depression.

reticular formation

Plays a role in reflexive actions, arousal, consciousness, sensations of temperature, touch, and pain. Includes the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which is involved in selective attention and arousal.

Most common cause of death for those with Alzheimer's

Pneumonia (8-10 years average time between dx and death)

Opponent-Process Theories of Color Vision

Postulates three bipolar receptors, red and green, yellow and blue, and white and black. According to this theory, some cells are excited by red and inhibited by green, and so on. The overall pattern of stimulation of these cells produces the various colors that we perceive.

Differential validity

Potential cause of Adverse Impact. Occurs when a predictor has different validity coefficients for different groups. Causes Adverse Impact when use of the predictor results in a larger proportion of members of one group being hired. To correct, use a different predictor that's equally valid for both groups.

Possible explanations of the reminiscence bump

Potentially due to large number of novel experiences during this period. People develop a sense of personal identity during this period. The encoding of new information is most efficient during this period.

Hofstede's Five Cultural Dimensions

Power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term vs. short-term orientation

Goal-setting theory

Predicts goals are most effective when specific and moderately difficult, when workers are committed to them, and when workers receive regular feedback about their progress. When workers participate in goal-setting, they tend to identify goals that are more difficult than those set by the supervisor and are more committed to the goals. On interdependent tasks, a combination of group and individual goals results in better performance than individual goals alone.

Threats to external validity

Pretest sensitization, reactivity/demand characteristics, multiple treatment interference/counterbalancing

Methods for controlling extraneous variables

Random assignment of subjects (most powerful) Holding extraneous variable constant (all subjects are similar in regard to extraneous variable; limits generalizability) Matching subjects on status of confounding variable Blocking (building extraneous variable into the study as an additional IV) Statistical control (ANCOVA)

Following dream deprivation, there is a _____ effect.

Rebound. If a person's sleep is interrupted repeatedly at the onset of dream activity one night, the person will have an increase in time spent dreaming on subsequent nights.

Thinning

Refers to reducing the number of reinforcers.

Fading

Refers to the gradual removal of a prompt.

parietal lobe

Region of the cerebral cortex containing the somatosensory cortex. Damage depends on the area affected but may include apraxia, contralateral neglect, tactile agnosia, or Gerstmann's Syndrome.

continuous schedule of reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired operant response each time it is made. Produces the quickest acquisition but is very susceptible to satiation (reinforcer loses value) and is likely to result in extinction quickly once the reinforcer is no longer present.

type I error

Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true; saying your IV affected DV when it did not

____ and _____ individuals are more sensitive than White individuals to the side effects of certain drugs.

Research confirms that compared to Whites, higher proportions of Asians, and to a somewhat lesser degree, African-Americans are slower or poorer metabolizers of specific isoenzymes. This means they are more sensitive to the side effects of certain drugs.

WAIS VCI

Retrieval of verbal info from LTM; also auditory acuity, attention, discrimination, comprehension, and processing speed, working memory applied to verbal content, executive functions applied to processing verbal content. Core Subtests: vocabulary, similarities, information Supplemental: comprehension

Roger's Congruence

Rogers proposed that, for therapy to be effective, the therapist must provide three facilitative conditions - unconditional positive regard, congruence (genuineness), and accurate empathic understanding. Congruence involves being genuine, authentic, and nondefensive.

self-fulfilling prophecy effect

Rosenthal and Jacobsen. Teacher's positive or negative expectations impact children's outcomes/performance.

Characteristics of increased sibling rivalry

Same gender, 1-3 years apart, middle childhood-aged, with parents who provide inconsistent discipline

On the MMPI-2, which validity scale(s) also serves as a moderator variable?

Scale K

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Scales developed by Nancy Bayley that are widely used to assess infant development (ages 1-42 months). 5 subtests: cognitive, motor, language, social-emotional, and adaptive.

Desiree D., age 21, displays several active psychotic symptoms, including persecutory delusions, auditory hallucinations, incoherence, and loosening of associations. Her symptoms began suddenly three months ago, and she has no previous history of similar symptoms. Which is the best diagnosis for her symptoms?

Schizophreniform

Anticholinergic symptoms

Seen in Atypical and Conventional Antipsychotics: -Dry Mouth -Urinary Retention -Constipation -Blurred Vision -Photosensitivity -Dry Eyes -Sexual Problems

Multiple baseline single subject design

Sequentially applying tx to different "baselines" (e.g. behaviors of the same subject, to the same subject in different settings, to the same subject on different tasks, or to the same behavior of different subjects); used when reversal is inappropriate for ethical or practical reasons.

Herek's alternative terms for homophobia

Sexual stigma, heterosexism, sexual prejudice

Proliferation (CNS development)

Step 1 in forming the CNS; begins when embryo is 2.5 weeks; new cells form in the neural tube

Migration (CNS development)

Step 2 in CNS development; begins at 8 weeks; immature neurons migrate to final destination; begin to aggregate with cells to form brain structures

Differentiation (CNS development)

Step 3 in CNS development; once migrated, neurons begin to form axons and dendrites, differentiating them from other cells;

Myelination (CNS development)

Step 4 in CNS development; the axons of some neurons myelinate when glial cells form an insulating sheath around axons; most occurs postnatally

Synaptogenesis

Step 5 in CNS development; synapses form; most occurs postnatally but depends on the brain area; influenced by genetic factors and experiences

Herek's (2000) characteristics of those with higher homophobia (sexual prejudice)

Straight men, older age, less formal edu, residents of Southern, Midwestern, or rural areas, and those with limited LGBTQ+ contact.

Centration

Strategy in which pre-operational children focus on the most salient aspect of an object or situation to cope with the inability to conserve.

Computed tomography (CT)

Structural neuroimaging technique; utilizes X-rays to obtain images of horizontal slices of brain tissue (tumors, blood clots, and multiple sclerosis)

Areas of the midbrain

Tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, reticular formation

Edward T. Hall (1969) types of communication

The anthropologist Edward T. Hall (1969) distinguished between two types of communication - high-context and low-context - and proposed that different cultures can be described in terms of communication type. High-context communication is anchored in the situation and relies heavily on nonverbal cues and group identification and understanding. According to Hall, high-context communication is characteristic of many ethnic/cultural minority groups.

Premack Principle

The concept, developed by David Premack, that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity. e.g. "if you clean your room, you can play videogames."

Childhood amnesia

The inability to remember most events and experiences that occurred prior to age 3 or 4. Potentially due to the insufficient development of the frontal and prefrontal lobes responsible for episodic memory or due to lack of language abilities.

The dominant brain hemisphere

The left hemisphere for 90-99% of right-handed people and 50-60% of left-handed people. The hemisphere that is dominant for written and spoken language, analytical reasoning, verbal memory, and the mediation of happiness and other positive emotions.

Gestalt

The primary motivator is striving for equilibrium (homeostasis) by interacting with the environment by selecting objects, people, or events that satisfy needs. The point of contact between people and the environment is a contact boundary.

Ethical guidelines for testimonials

The use of testimonials is addressed by Standard 5.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.31 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. Standard 5.05 states that psychologists do not solicit testimonials "from current therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence"; and Principle III.31 prohibits psychologists from exploiting clients.

People diagnosed with PTSD are often successfully treated with psychotherapy and don't need to be referred for medication treatment unless:

Their target symptoms of avoidance and derealization interfere with daily life, in which case short-term medication is indicated. When the target symptoms of major depression, panic disorder or persistent psychotic symptoms become too intense, long term medication is indicated

frame of reference training

Training that focuses on building consistency in the way different raters observe and evaluate employee behaviors and outcomes.

Prosopagnosia

Type of visual agnosia that involves an inability to recognize familiar faces; caused by damage at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes.

under/overextensions in language

Under extension: tendency to apply a word too narrowly to objects or events. Overextension: tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning; like using 'dada' for all males at first

Accepting a fee contingent on winning a lawsuit is...

Unethical

Thomas and Chess Temperament

Used 9 dimensions of personality to classify infants as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm up.

Gender differences in conversation style

Women are more likely to ask questions during a conversation, and men tend to talk for longer periods of time, interrupt more frequently, and make more eye contact.

If you receive a subpoena requiring you to testify, but the client states they do not want you to...

You should contact the attorney who issued the subpoena and request that you be released from it.

Cross-sectional research conducted in the 1960s and 1970s on marital satisfaction across the lifespan generally demonstrated:

a U-shaped pattern with the lowest levels of reported satisfaction during the middle adult years

reticular activating system (RAS)

a complex, net-like system of nuclei and fibers that extends from the spinal cord into the brain. Damage to the RAS disrupts the sleep-wake cycle and can produce a permanent, coma-like state.

iconic memory

a component of the visual memory system. It refers to visual sensory memory or memory of brief (<1 second) visual images (i.e., icons)

jigsaw classroom

a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts

discriminative stimulus

a cue (antecedent) that signals that a particular response will be followed by a reinforcer

retinal disparity

a cue that humans use to perceive depth. It is the small difference between the images projected on the two retinas when looking at an object or scene.

Infants can distinguish between different vowel sounds within ________ and different consonant sounds by _____ to ____ of age.

a few days after birth; 2-3 months

Successful aging is most associated with

a higher level of activity

Marlatt's approach to the treatment of substance abuse sees relapse as:

a natural part of recovery that can be minimized but not avoided.

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

a natural tendency for people to be influenced by an initial anchor point such that they do not sufficiently move away from that point as new information is provided

A mediator

a neutral third party whose primary task is to help disputants reach an agreement. Perhaps the most creative thing they can do is to introduce new issues and alternatives, thereby broadening the disputants' horizons and providing them with ideas for achieving integrative agreements

The basic premise underlying goal-setting theory is that:

a person's conscious goals and intentions regulate his or her actual behavior

Scales of measurement: ratio

a quantitative scale of measurement in which the numerals have equal intervals and the value of zero truly means "nothing"; mean is measure of central tendency (or median if data is skewed) Ex. temperature on a Kelvin scale, calories consumed, reaction time in seconds, etc.

Research has found that __________________ mediates the impact of crowding on behavior.

a sense of control over a situation

Bayes' Theorem

a statistical probability theorem, which describes the likelihood of certain occurrences given the likelihood of other occurrences.

MRI

a structural imaging technique, meaning it provides structural information about the brain. A MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves.

Standardization

a test is considered standardized when 1) scores collected at different times and places are comparable and 2) when it has been administered under standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of establishing norms.

Cytogenetic testing

a type of genetic testing that examines chromosomes and their abnormalities

Response cost

a type of negative punishment (operant conditioning) that involves removing a reinforcer following a target behavior to reduce or eliminate that behavior.

Red-green colorblindness affects ______________

about 8-10% of the male population

The research suggests that there are individual differences with regard to the _____ and _____ of job enrichment.

acceptance and effectiveness

The neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement is: (acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine)

acetylcholine

The bulk of the research on adolescent alcohol use suggests that the best predictors are _______.

actual use by parents and peers

Types of Reliability: Parallel Forms

administer different versions of the test to the same group of people coefficient of equivalence (and stability if administered at different times) error: due to inconsistencies in each half

On-going use of Valium is associated with symptoms of tolerance. A patient who has developed tolerance to Valium will likely have a cross-tolerance for: (cocaine, LSD, marijuana, alcohol)

alcohol

By increasing the variety of tasks, worker _____ and _____ are likely to be reduced.

alienation and boredom

secondary reinforcer

also known as conditioned reinforcers because they acquire their reinforcing value through their association with primary reinforcers (i.e., as the result of being "paired with" primary reinforcers). Money is a secondary reinforcer that has value only because it enables us to purchase primary reinforcers.

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past; memories from the more distant past return first (e.g. someone who can't remember the past 3 months before the injury will likely begin to remember 3 months ago before they remember 2 months ago).

In the DSM-5, sleep terror is included:

as a type of non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder.

Glascow Coma Scale (GCS)

assess level of consciousness following brain injury; rate pt in terms of visual response (eye opening), best motor response, and best verbal response; scores 3-15, where 3-8 indicate unconsciousness.

As defined by Edgar Schein (1992), ______________ can function as cognitive defense mechanisms in organizations.

assumptions underlying the organizations culture

Children with Tourette syndrome frequently exhibit significant problems in learning. This is most likely attributable to:

attention deficits and hyperactivity.

The most frequent type of hallucination experienced by persons with schizophrenia is:

auditory

Dermatomes

axons that carry info from cutaneous receptors gather together in nerves that enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots; the area of the body that is innervated by the dorsal root of a given segment of the spinal cord is referred to as a dermatome (i.e ring and little fingers represent one dermatome and are innervated by the eight cervical nerve (C8); adjacent dermatomes overlap; damage to a nerve usually causes diminished sensation rather than a complete loss of sensation in the corresponding dermatome

The __________ brain structure is associated with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's disorder, OCD, and ADHD

basal ganglia

Tics represent a symptom traditionally associated with a dysfunction of the ___________ leading to an excess of the neurotransmitter, dopamine.

basal ganglia

Actuarial (statistical) predictions

based on empirically-validated data; may incorporate regressive or multiple regressive equations; more accurate than clinical judgment alone.

MANUEL IS A 21-YEAR OLD COLLEGE STUDENT WHO MOVED TO THE UNITED STATES FROM MEXICO WITH HIS FAMILY WHEN HE WAS FOUR YEARS OLD. MANUEL HAS MANY ANGLO FRIENDS AT SCHOOL AND USUALLY DATES ANGLO WOMEN, BUT, AT HOME, HE SPEAKS SPANISH AND PARTICIPATES IN THE CULTURAL TRADITIONS PRACTICED BY HIS FAMILY. WHEN ASKED ABOUT HIS ETHNIC IDENTITY, MANUAL SAYS "I'M AMERICAN AND HISPANIC, BUT I GUESS I CONSIDER MYSELF MOSTLY HISPANIC." MANUEL IS BEST DESCRIBED AS:

bicultural

A movie viewer is most likely to report feeling uncomfortable in a crowded movie theater when he/she is viewing a ________ film.

boring

Psychotherapy outcome is most influenced by:

client factors, e.g., diagnoses, motivation for change, distress, etc.

According to Irvin Yalom, ____________ in group therapy is the analogue of the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy.

cohesiveness

Information processing theories of cognitive development

conceptualize the human mind as a computer and focus on mental operations. In this view, cognitive development is due to changes in mental capacity and increasing sophistication in the use of relevant rules and strategies.

When aversive counterconditioning is used to reduce certain sexual behaviors, the fetish object is: (unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response)

conditioned stimulus

Psychologists report that the most frequently occurring ethical concern they experience involves:

confidentiality

Double approach-avoidance conflict

conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects; produces vacillation between the two alternatives and is usually the most difficult to resolve.

The leading cause of infant mortality is:

congenital malformations

A former client owes you over $600.00 in therapy fees and you are considering using a collection agency to collect the money she owes you. As an ethical psychologist, you should:

contact the client first to inform her of your intent to use a collection agency if she does not pay her outstanding fees by a specific date.

The part of the brain not fully developed at birth is the:

cortex

You are involved in your company's assessment center, and are responsible for evaluating managerial level employees for promotion. You are also responsible for the quarterly performance appraisals of management level employees. A potential problem in this situation is:

criterion contamination

The Taylor-Russell tables are used to evaluate incremental validity, the benefit of using a test for improving selection decisions. The key variables that the tables take into account include base rate, selection ratio and:

criterion-related validity.

The research indicates that ______ networks, in which no one individual has greater access to information, are best for complex, unstructured tasks that have a number of different solutions. ________ networks, on the other hand, are better for simple, structured tasks.

decentralized; centralized

The greatest benefit to the company from implementing flextime is:

decreased tardiness and absenteeism

Types of Reliability: Inter-Rater

degree to which different raters agree kappa coefficient (k) or percent agreement error: due to inconsistencies between each rater

Types of Validity: Face

degree to which the test appears like it's measuring the correct domains Weakest way to determine validity

MMPI 26/62 clinical profile

depression, hopelessness, extreme sensitivity to criticism, paranoia

THEORIES OF CAREER CHOICE AND DEVELOPMENT CAN BE CATEGORIZED IN TERMS OF FOUR BASIC TYPES. THE THEORIES OF TIEDEMAN AND O'HARA (1963) AND TIEDEMAN AND MILLER-TIEDEMAN (1984) ARE EXAMPLES OF THE _______ APPROACH.

developmental

Between groups design

different groups of participants are placed into different levels of the independent variable

Damage to the prefrontal cortex is likely to cause:

distractibility, impaired working memory, a reduced attention span, and impaired prospective memory

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

due to a thiamine deficiency and is usually the result of chronic alcoholism.

An approach-approach conflict is usually the _____ to solve

easiest

MMPI 90/09 clinical profile

egocentricism, grandiosity

Biographical Information Blanks (BIBs)

empirically developed biodata forms that contain multiple-choice questions that assess various aspects of the applicant's background including work history, family history, health, and attitudes. A disadvantage of BIBs and other empirically derived biodata forms is that some items may not seem to be related to actual job performance to job applicants - i.e., the items lack face validity. As a result, applicants may resist answering items because they perceive them to be an invasion of privacy.

When using survey feedback as an organizational development technique, the focus of the survey is on:

employees' attitudes toward and perceptions of the organization

2 important goals when interviewing children, according to Kanfer, Eyberg, and Krahn (1992)

establishing rapport and maintaining the child's cooperation

Auditory localization in infancy

evident soon after birth, disappears between 2-4 months, and then reappears

over-regularization in language

extending grammatical rules to words that are exceptions (e.g. "runned" instead of ran)

Types of Validity: Construct

extent to which the test measures the theoretical concept (i.e., depression, achievement) that you say it does and not other variables. - convergent validity: highly correlated with other measures of the same trait - divergent validity: low correlations with measures of different traits factor analysis can be utilized to determine construct validity

Mixed designs

factorial design in which at least one IV is between groups and at least one IV is within-subjects; common in studies that involve measuring the dependent variable across trials or time

type II error

failing to reject a false null hypothesis; saying your IV didn't affect your DV when it did

In conducting an ABAB design, the researcher would be concerned with: (history and maturation, regression and diffusion, failure of IV to return to baseline, failure of DV to return to baseline)

failure of DV to return to baseline

base rate fallacy

focus on a specific case rather than general information when reaching a conclusion or making a judgment.

To optimize the teaching of inner city children by inner city teachers you should:

focus on increasing teacher's expectancies of children's performance

Behavioral assessment

focuses on overt and covert behaviors that occur in specific circumstances and may utilize behavioral interviews, behavioral observation, cognitive assessment, and/or psychophysiological measures. e.g. functional behavioral assessments

Sherif"s Robber's Cave Study

found that cooperation in achieving a superordinate goal reduced hostility between groups of boys.

Since the standard error of the measurement is significantly influenced by the reliability coefficient, the range of the standard error of the measurement is:

from 0 to the standard deviation of the test (SDx).

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis

frustration may lead to aggression, especially in the presence of aggressive cues.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

functional brain eval; similar to MRI but provides info on brain activity (blood oxygenation); provides images that have better temporal and spatial resolution

Single proton emission computed tomography (SPECT)

functional brain eval; similar to PET but has lower resolution

Which selection technique is the most accurate predictor of job performance across different jobs and job settings?

general mental ability tests

Studies have shown that psychotherapy research participants in placebo control groups typically show:

greater improvement than those in no-treatment or wait-list control groups.

The function of a formative evaluation is best described as obtaining the information needed to:

guide program development so as to produce the best version of the program as possible

THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF A PHENOTHIAZINE WOULD MOST LIKELY BE APPARENT FIRST FOR WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SYMPTOMS?

hallucinations

Dr. Harold Hanson, a psychologist who heads the personnel committee at a mental health facility, recommends that a psychologist who has an unresolved charge of sexual harassment against him not be considered for a promotion. In terms of his ethical responsibilities, Dr. Hanson:

has acted unethically by violating the requirements of the ethical guidelines regarding employment procedures.

The first senses to show age-related declines

hearing and vision

A dog has learned to jump when he hears a clap because the experimenter had repeatedly clapped right before giving the dog an electric shock. The experimenter now says "bad dog" right before clapping. Eventually, the dog will jump whenever he hears the experimenter yell "bad dog." This experiment is a paradigm of:

higher-order conditioning

Some neurogenesis occurs in adulthood, especially in the...

hippocampus

threats to internal validity

history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, mortality, selection bias

MMPI 46/64 clinical profile

hostile, distrustful, resentful, immature, manipulative

Self-instruction is most useful for individuals with: (depression, phobias, hyperactivity, borderline PD)

hyperactivity

If someone presents with complaints and symptoms including anxiety, irritability, and hypomania, and the diagnosed disorder is not exclusively psychogenic, a possible non-psychiatric cause would be:

hyperthyroidism

A lesion to which of the following structures might result in disturbances of sleep? (thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala)

hypothalamus

Brain structures that mediate emotions

hypothalamus (physio responses associated with rage, fear, and other strong emotions), amygdala (subjective experience of emotion and attachment of emotions to memory), cerebral cortex (mediate positive and negative emotions, depending on hemisphere)

THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE CONTROL OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS. THE SCN IS LOCATED IN THE:

hypothalamus.

Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy

identified a sense of hopelessness as a proximal cause of depression because in the chain of events leading to depression, it is at the end of the chain, closest to depressive symptoms. They identified it as a sufficient cause because the presence of hopelessness is sufficient to cause depressive symptoms in the absence of any other causal factors.

Apraxia

impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function

Anomia

inability to name objects

Parametric tests

inferential statistical tests that are used when the data to be analyzed represent an interval or ratio scale and when certain assumptions about the population distribution(s) have been met- i.e., when scores on the variable of interest are normally distributed and when there is homoscedasticity (population variances are equal). An advantage of the parametric tests is that they are more "powerful" than the nonparametric tests. They include the Student's t-test and the analysis of variance

Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978) found that people who are depressed tend to attribute negative events to:

internal, stable, and global factors.

MEMBERS OF AN OUTPATIENT THERAPY GROUP ARE LIKELY TO RANK WHICH OF YALOM'S THERAPEUTIC FACTORS AS MOST IMPORTANT?

interpersonal input, catharsis, cohesiveness, and self-understanding

Gestalt boundary disturbances

introjection - passively accept projection - deny own and transfer to others retroflection - directing feelings toward others inward confluence - no boundary between self and others

Idiomotor apraxia

involves an inability to mimic a simple action in response to a request.

According to psychoanalytic theory, mania:

is a defense against depression

Deception in research is prohibited when...

it involves deceiving potential participants about aspects of the study that would affect their willingness to participate.

MMPI Infrequency-pathology Scale (Fp)

items that were infrequently endorsed by psychiatric patients; high indicates an attempt to "fake bad," even if examinee is a psychiatric patient.

Scales of Measurement: Ordinal

meaningful values but unequal intervals between units; divides information into categories and provides information on the order of those categories; median is measure of central tendency. ex: letter grades, ranking mood, Likert scale

Standard deviation

measure of dispersion (variability) of scores around the mean of the distribution; the square root of the variance and is calculated by dividing the sum of the squared deviation scores by N (or N -1) and taking the square root of the result; the larger the SD, the greater the dispersion of scores around the mean

The effects of maternal employment on children

mediated by several factors. A consistent finding of the research is that children with working mothers have more egalitarian views about gender roles and less traditional stereotypes of male and female activities than do children with mothers who are full-time homemakers.

Alternative work schedules (e.g. flextime, 4-day workweek) positively affect _____ more than _____.

morale; performance

There is evidence that, when workers participate in setting their own goals, the goals are ______ difficult than those the supervisor would have set alone.

more

Diseases that are X-linked are: (more common in men, more common in women, equally common in men and women, more common in adults than children)

more common in men

Adults aged 50 and older tend to have the best recall for ______ followed by events that occurred in ______ and ______.

more recent events; adolescence and young adulthood

Akathisia

motor restlessness; symptom of Parkinson's

Chorea

movements that are sudden, random, and involuntary

An organizational psychologist would use the Position Analysis Questionnaire to:

obtain the information needed to complete a job analysis

Norm-referenced scores

permit comparisons between an examinee's test performance and the performance of individuals in the norm group.

Krumboltz's Theory of Career Decision-Making

proposes that career decisions are based on what the individual has learned. This social learning theory of career decision-making proposes that career decisions are based primarily on what we have learned, especially from our interactions with others.

Cognitive-Appraisal Theory (Lazarus's)

proposes that emotions are universal but that there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised. It distinguishes between three types of cognitive appraisal - primary, secondary, and re-appraisal.

Berscheid's emotion-in-relationships model (ERM)

proposes that strong positive or negative emotions occur when there is a disruption in interpersonal scripts—i.e., when a partner violates expectations regarding important couple or personal goals.

Alderfer's (1972) ERG Theory

proposes that we have three basic needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Alderfer modified Maslow's need hierarchy theory so that it better corresponds to research showing that humans have three (rather than five) distinct needs and that more than one need can act as a motivator at any point in time.

In regard to substance use, the Americans with Disabilities Act:

protects individuals participating in a drug rehabilitation program who are no longer using drugs. The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) does not consider individuals who are "currently engaging in the illegal use of drugs" as suffering from a disability on that basis. In other words, it does not protect individuals who are currently using drugs.

The Taylor-Russell tables

provide information on a test's decision-making accuracy for various combinations of base rates, selection ratios, and validity coefficients. The tables indicate that a test with a low or moderate validity coefficient can improve decision-making accuracy when the selection ratio is low (e.g., .10) and the base rate is moderate (near .50).

The sleeper effect

refers to the tendency to remember a message over time but to forget the source.

A 50-year old has memory loss as the result of her long-term heavy alcohol consumption. Most likely, she has trouble:

remembering events that occurred within the past week or so

A high school principal has a history of experiencing panic attacks more often than not when he presents to parents at school. Prior to each parent presentation he worries for several days about the upcoming event. The principal's most likely diagnosis is:

social anxiety disorder (performance only)

The M'Naghten Rule is most directly related to:

the insanity defense.

Weber's Law

the just noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus intensity

Piaget's Equilibration

the process by which people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Damage at the _________ level of the spinal cord results in paraplegia

thoracic

Which of the following is most likely to be the correlation of the IQ scores of two sisters? (.10, .25, .50, .75)

.50

The average effect size found in recent psychotherapy outcome research is about:

.85

Babies can distinguish the face of their mother from a stranger at the age of...

1 month

MMPI Clinical Scales

1. Hypochondriasis (Hs)- physical sx 2. Depression (D)- hopelessness, dissatisfaction with self 3. Hysteria (Hy)- repression, denial, immaturity, somatic 4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd)- antisocial, rebel, social alienation 5. Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) 6. Paranoia (Pa)- cynicism, interpersonal sensitivity 7. Psychasthenia (Pt)- anxiety, obsessions, compulsions 8. Schizophrenia (Sc)- psychosis, unusual thought process, social alienation 9. Hypomania (Ma)- unstable mood, impulsivity, grandiosity, flight of ideas 0. Social Introversion (Si)- shyness, social withdrawal/avoidance

Stipek's stages of self-awareness

1. Physical self-recognition: evident by 18mo, infants begin to recognize themselves in pictures and mirrors. 2. Self-description and evaluation: 19-30mo, children use both neutral and evaluative terms to describe self. 3. Emotional responses to wrongdoing: negative reactions to caregiver's disapproval, development of a sense of conscience.

A person who has a first-degree relative (e.g., sibling, parent) with schizophrenia is how many times more likely to develop schizophrenia than someone in the general population?

10 to 12

Piaget's Formal Operational Stage

11+ y/o Developments: abstract thinking (hypothetico-deductive reasoning and propositional reasoning), adolescent egocentrism (early in this stage)

Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion

12 - 18 y/o Important in developing personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

A child is most likely to take her first step at about:

12 months

The diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder for children and adolescents requires the presence of symptoms for at least:

12 months

Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation

19 - 40 y/o young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Stages of Alzheimer's

1: impaired memory, difficulty with complex tasks, indifference, sadness, and irritability 2. More severe memory problems (difficulty recognizing family and friends), disorientation in familiar places, mood swings, difficulty with normal daily activities 3. Severe disorientation, confusion, delusions, hallucinations, incontinence, need for constant supervision and care

Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

2 - 3 y/o Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Piaget's adaptation theory

2 complementary processes: - Assimilation: child applies existing schemas to a new object (calls cows "dogs" because it seems to fit the schema) - Accommodation: child modifies an existing schema to fit a new object (interacts with cows enough to know they are different than dogs)

OSU findings on behavioral leader characteristics

2 independent dimensions for which high levels in both result in the best outcomes: - initiating structure: the degree to which the leader is task-oriented - consideration: the degree to which the leader is person-oriented

Babies have some color vision by _____ to _____ and some depth perception by ____ to ____ of age.

2-3 months; 4-6 months

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been most implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder? 1. Norepinephrine. 2. Serotonin. 3. Dopamine. 4. Acetylcholine.

2. serotonin

Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)

21 items; addresses mood, cognitive, behavioral, and physical aspects of depression; 0-13 = minimal; 14-19 = mild; 20-28 = moderate; 29-63 = severe

Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt

3 - 6 y/o Initiates new activities, and new ideas; exploring the world. Support by allowing and encouraging exploration. Constant criticism leads to feelings of guilt and lack of purpose.

Carroll's Three Stratum Theory

3 levels or strata of intelligence - Stratum III: general intelligence - Stratum II: 8 broad abilities; fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning, etc. - Stratum I: specific abilities linked to each of the 2nd stratum abilities (e.g. crystallized intelligence is linked to language development, comprehension, spelling, and communication)

The sequence of REM and non-REM sleep begins to reverse by about ___ months of age.

3 months

At what age is racial awareness first present? 1. 3 - 4 years. 2. 6 - 7 years. 3. 10 years. 4. 12 - 13 years.

3-4 years

By ______ months of age, infants habituate to visual stimuli.

3. Researchers use several techniques to study memory in infants including habituation-dishabituation. By three months of age, infants habituate to visual stimuli: they show a decreased response to the second presentation of a stimulus for periods up to 24 hours. This is interpreted as recognition of the stimulus.

The brain begin to gradually shrink due to loss of neurons by age...

30

The spinal cord consists of ____ pairs of spinal nerves divided into ____ groups.

31; 5

Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation

40 - 65 y/o Focusing on family and career. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

The degeneration of neurons accelerates after age...

60

Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair

65 - death Late adulthood as a time for looking back at what we have done with our lives. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

7 - 11 y/o Developments: logical operations to think about events and objects, classification, working with numbers, dealing with space and time, causality, distinguishing reality from fantasy, conservation (permitted by reversibility and decentration)

Ms. Ann Examinee receives a score of 82 on a math test. If the standard error of measurement for the test is 5, we can be 95% confident that her true score falls between: (77 - 87, 72 - 92, 79.5 - 84.5, 67 - 97)

72 - 92

The concordance rate for identical twins for bipolar I disorder is about:

75%

Stimulus control (discrimination)

A behavior is "under stimulus control" when certain cues signal the behavior will (positive discriminative stimuli) or will not (negative discriminative stimuli) be reinforced. Example of 2-factor learning and includes both classical and operant conditioning.

Hawthorne Effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied.

approach-avoidance conflict

A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made. When we move closer to the goal, avoidance becomes stronger. When we move further away, the approach force increases.

Perceived control

A consistent finding of the research on a number of topics is that personal control (or the sense of control) is an important factor in human behavior. In one study, perceived control declined and stress increased as traffic congestion increased.

Parkinson's disease

A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement; often includes tremors (often pill-rolling in hands first), impaired balance and coordination, muscle rigidity (may cause pain and/or mask-like facial expression), bradykinesia, and akinesia; up to 50% experience sx of depression at some point; cognitive deficits can range from mild to dementia;

Agranulocytosis

A life-threatening drop in white blood cells. This condition is sometimes produced by atypical antipsychotic drugs and anticonvulsants.

Theory X and Theory Y (McGregor)

A manager's assumptions affect how employees actually behave. Theory X - team are lazy and avoid responsibility; directive management style, similar to scientific mgmt. Theory Y - team are self-motivated and engaged; supportive management style, similar to human relations approach.

implosive therapy

A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety.

80% rule

A method for identifying adverse impact. Involves multiplying the hiring rate of the majority group by 80% to obtain the minimum hiring rate for the minority group. If the actual hiring rate is less than this, the test is having an adverse impact on that group.

Multiple hurdles as a method for combining predictors

A noncompensatory method that involves administering predictors one at a time, with each predictor being administered only if the applicant has passed the previous one.

Multiple cutoff as a method for combining predictors

A noncompensatory method that requires that a minimum score on each predictor be obtained before an applicant is considered for selection.

Experimental neurosis

A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli.

Self-efficacy beliefs

A person's beliefs about their ability to perform the target behavior, contribute to motivation.

Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism

A person's characteristics, overt behaviors, and environment are in constant interaction.

Leniency Bias

A rater consistently assigns high ratings to all employees.

Strictness Bias

A rater consistently assigns low ratings to all employees.

Central tendency bias

A rater consistently uses the middle or average rating to all employees.

ADDING A CONSTANT TO EVERY SCORE IN A DISTRIBUTION OF SCORES WILL:

Adding a constant only affects the mean and other measures of central tendency. It does not affect the variability (spread) of scores in the distribution.

Which theorist believes that maladaptive behavior results from people's attempts to make up for perceived or real disabilities as children?

Adler

Piaget's Preoperational Stage

Ages 2 - 7 y/o Limitations: egocentrism, centration (focus on one aspect of object or situation), irreversibility, lack of conservation. Exhibit: make-believe play, symbol-real-world relations, precausal reasoning (e.g. magical thinking, animism).

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

Ages 2:6 - 7:7. For ages 3:11 and younger, (VCI, VSI, and WMI)

Tertiary prevention

Aimed at people who already have the problem in order to reduce their risk for relapse or chronicity.

Teratogens

Alcohol, cocaine, other drugs, pollution, radiation. Effected by dose, time of exposure (most likely to cause major defects during the embryonic period), presence of other negative effects.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

All learning occurs on 2 levels: first between the child and another person (social), then within the child (individual). Cognitive development reflects the cultural, social, and historical context in which it occurs.

Alloplastic vs. Autoplastic

An alloplastic intervention alters environmental conditions that contribute to or cause personal distress. An autoplastic intervention attempts to change the individual so that he/she can function more effectively in his/her environment.

central traits (Asch)

Asch (1946) found that some characteristics (e.g., warm and cold) influence the impressions people form of others more than other characteristics do.

Stroop Color-Word Association Test

Assesses the degree to which the examinee can suppress a habitual response in favor of an unusual one and is considered to be a measure of cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, and selective attention; read the color of the words rather than the name; poor performance associated with ADHD, mania, depression, and schizophrenia.

Benton Visual Retention Test

Assesses visual memory, visual perception, and visual-motor skills for the purpose of identifying brain damage in individuals ages 8 and older.

Hersey & Blanchard's Situational Leadership

Assumes the most effective style depends on the employee's maturity level, determined by their willingness to assume responsibility and ability level. 4 leadership styles: - Telling leaders: high task, low relationship - Selling leaders: high task, high relationship - Participating leaders: low task, high relationship - Delegating leaders: low task, low relationship

Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior

Attitudes are better predictors of behavior when the attitude measure assesses all three components of the behavioral intention: the person's attitude toward engaging in the behavior, what the person believes other people think he or she should do, and the person's perceived behavioral control.

start low and go slow

Because of the increased risk for adverse drug effects, a general rule when prescribing drugs for older adults is to "start low and go slow" (i.e. begin with a low initial dose and increase gradually, if necessary).

Holophrases

Begin between 12-24 mo, single words that express an entire idea ("mama" to mean "I'm hungry" or "that's my mom")

Scarr's (1992) three types of genotype-environment correlation

- Niche-picking: children to seek experiences that are consistent with their genetic predispositions. - passive: parents to provide their child with experiences that encourage the development of the child's genetic predispositions. - evocative: a child's genetic predispositions to evoke certain reactions from parents and others

Correlation Coefficients

- Pearson r - used when data on both variables represent a continuous scale - Spearman rho - used when both variables are ranks - Point Biserial - used when one variable is a true dichotomy and the other is continuous - Biserial - used when one variable is an artificial dichotomy and the other is continuous - Eta - used when the variables are both continuous and have a nonlinear relationship

left untreated, hypertension can lead to:

cardiovascular disease, heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke

Athetosis

slow, writhing involuntary movements

Benzodiazepines

- anxiolytics including diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), and lorazepam (Ativan) - enhance effects of GABA - used to treat anxiety, acute stress reactions, insomnia, and seizures - addictive with chronic use and have a superadditive effect when taken with another CNS depressant (e.g. alcohol) - side effects include drowsiness, confusion, ataxia, reduced REM sleep, and paradoxical agitation; rebound excitation is a potentially serious withdrawal effect

Consequences of stroke to middle cerebral artery

- contralateral sensory loss - contralateral muscle weakness - contralateral visual field loss - aphasia or apraxia - sensory neglect

Conventional (traditional) antipsychotics

- include chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and haloperidol (Haldol) - work primarily by blocking dopamine receptors; effectiveness in treating Schizophrenia used to support dopamine hypothesis - faster onset than new antipsychotics - used for Schizophrenia and other psychotic sx; more effective for positive sx than negative - side effects include anticholinergic symptoms, extrapyramidal symptoms, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Atypical (new) antipsychotics

- include clozapine (Clozaril) and risperidone (Risperdal) - affect dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate - alleviate both positive and negative symptoms - side effects include anticholinergic effects, lowered seizure threshold, and sedation. Possibly neuroleptic malignant syndrome. - slower onset than conventional - less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects including tardive dyskinesia but some may produce agranulocytosis and other blood disorders

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

- include doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil), Elavil (amitriptyline), and clomipramine (Anafranil) -block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine at nerve synapses -used to treat "typical depression," OCD, Panic Disorder, enuresis, and neuropathic pain - side effects include anticholinergic symptoms, drowsiness, tremor, confusion, memory problems, and sexual dysfunction -cardiotoxic: can be fatal in OD

MAOIs

- include phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate) - block the action of enzymes that break down norepinephrine and serotonin, increasing bioavailability - most effective for "atypical depression" - side effects include anticholinergic symptoms, insomnia, headaches, confusion, tremor, and sexual dysfunction; taking with drugs or food containing tyramine can cause hypertensive crisis

Psychostimulants

- mimic or increase activity of norepinephrine or dopamine in the brain - includes methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) - used to treat ADHD and is more effective for alleviating the core symptoms (hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention) than improving academic achievement and social functioning - side effects include decreased appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, abdominal pain, and tachycardia; high dose may cause growth suppression, which may be minimized by use of "drug holidays" - contraindicated for anxiety, anorexia, severe hypertension, recent history of psychosis or drug or alcohol abuse, or pre-existing tics

Naltrexone (ReVia, Vivitrol)

- opioid antagonist that blocks the craving for alcohol and its reinforcing effects - side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and joint and muscle pain - should not use if has drank alcohol or taken an opioid in the previous 10 days because it can produce severe withdrawal symptoms

Sibling relationships in childhood and adolescence

- positive, play-oriented, prosocial behaviors in young siblings - paradoxical combination of closeness and conflict, cooperation and competition in middle childhood - spend less time together, less emotionally intense, friction declines as they begin to view one another as equal in adolescence

Ainsworth - secure attachment

- use mother as base, cry when she leaves but greet with enthusiasm when she returns, interact with stranger when mother is present; mothers are responsive and emotionally sensitive. - children engage in more positive interactions with peers, perform well academically, have a stronger sense of personal identity as adults.

Reality Therapy (Glasser)

-Five needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun -Quality world contains pictures in our mind of people, things, and beliefs most important to meeting our needs -Choices we make based on these pictures can be bad or good -Caring, nonblaming language reflects positive choices, negative blaming language reflects poor choices -Can reevaluate behaviors, thoughts, feelings and physiology and make new choices

Etiology of Huntington's Disease

-Genetically transmitted by a single dominant autosomal gene (50% chance of inheriting from parent) -Average age of diagnosis 35-55 years. -Symptoms can develop at any age. - Linked to degeneration of GABA-secreting cells in the basal ganglia and cortex

Day, swing, and night shifts

-Swing shift has the most detrimental effects on social relationships, but night shift is associated with the most negative consequences overall. These effects are reduced when the worker has voluntarily chosen night shift. -Rotating shift is associated with poorest work quality and the highest accident and injury rates. Negative effects are reduced when the rotation is forward rather than backward.

Rigid triads in Structural FT

-detouring: parents focus on a child by overprotecting or blaming them for the family's problems. -triangulation: each parent demands the child side with them. -stable coalition: a parent and child consistently "gang up" against the other parent.

four types of group tasks

-disjunctive tasks: group selects a solution (ideally the optimal solution) from those proposed by individual group members. -compensatory task: group's performance is the average of the effort or performance of the individual members. -conjunctive tasks: members act in unison, which means that the group product is limited by the performance of the weakest member. -additive task: group product is the sum of the contributions of each member.

Beta Blockers

-used to treat hypertension, angina, migraine, glaucoma, essential tremor, and physical symptoms of anxiety (less useful for subjective sx) - side effects include bradycardia, sleep disturbances, nausea, diarrhea, numbness and tingling in toes and fingers - OD can result in toxicity: breathing difficulties, irregular heartbeat, blurred vision, confusion, and convulsions or coma - abrupt cessation can cause heart palpitations, headache, tremulousness, and cardiac arrhythmia

The relationship between education and income among clinical psychologists is most likely: (-.7, 0.0, .3, .5)

0.0

5 steps of self-instructional training

1) Cognitive modeling: model performs task while making self-statements aloud. 2) Cognitive participant modeling: client performs task while model verbalizes instructions. 3) Overt self-instruction: client performs task while instructing self aloud. 4) Fading of overt self-instruction: client whispers instructions to self. 5) Covert self-instructions: client performs task while saying instructions in their head.

Howard et al phase model

1) remorlization- improvement in the subjects sense of well being (first few sessions) 2) remediation- reduction in symptoms, relief (from first few to 16th session) 3) rehabilitation - improvements in overall functioning (remaining sessions)

NEO Personality Inventory

A test that measures the Big Five traits: extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.

Shared assumptions of object relations theories

1. People have an innate need for satisfying relationships with others (objects) 2. Personality and behavior are largely determined by early internalized representations of the self and objects (introjects)

Humanistic: Self-Concept

1. The ideal self: how the person would like to be 2. The real self: who the person actually is

Predictors used in organizations

1. general mental (cognitive) ability tests 2. job knowledge tests 3. personality tests 4. interest tests 5. biodata (biographical data) 6. interviews 7. work (job) samples 8. assessment centers

Gilligan's Relational Crisis

11-12 years - a response to increasing pressures to fit cultural stereotypes of the "perfect good woman" - disconnect from themselves in order to maintain relationships with others and experience drop in academic achievement, loss of self-esteem, and vulnerability to psychopathology - try to help girls maintain a "healthy resistance to disconnection" from self, express own ideas, preferences, and opinions.

self-instructional training

A type of cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the client learns to make specific self-statements that increase the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a specific situation. Classified as a self-control technique.

A leader should adopt a "telling" style if:

The employee's ability and willingness to accept responsibility are both low

Wolpe's reciprocal inhibition

A type of counterconditioning in which the undesirable response is anxiety or fear. Anxiety can be eliminated by pairing the anxiety-arousing stimulus (CS) with a stimulus (US) that elicits relaxation or other incompatible responses.

Prior to age ____ or ____, children do not deliberately use memory strategies.

5 or 6

A predictor's decision-making accuracy (incremental validity) is maximized when the base rate is close to _____ and the selection ratio is as _____ as possible.

50%; low

A DSM-5 diagnosis of erectile disorder requires the presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration of approximately _____ months.

6

Research confirms that interviews can be used to obtain reliable and valid data from children as young as age _____.

6

Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority

6 - 12 y/o Children have ability to work toward a goal, encouragement increases child's sense of industry. May feel inferior if they do not measure up, criticism results in inferiority.

Separation from caregiver before the age of _____ does not have as many effects as it does after this age.

6 months

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms)

6 stages reflect levels of race-related experience and information processing strategies. - contact stage: lack of racial awareness, racist attitudes and beliefs. - disintegration stage: greater awareness, more moral conflicts and anxiety. - reintegration stage: attempt to resolve conflicts by adopting racist beliefs. - pseudo-independence: questioning racist beliefs. - immersion-emersion: replaced stereotypes with more accurate info. - Autonomy: adopted a non-racist White identity

Smith, Glass, and Miller's meta-analysis of the psychotherapy outcome research (1980) found that people receiving therapy are "better off" than about _____% of people who need treatment but do not receive it.

80

Common Migraine

88% of migraine sufferers have this type, which does not have an aura but has gastrointestinal or other symptoms.

By age ____ or____, children use memory strategies regularly, beginning with rehearsal and then organization and elaboration.

9 or 10

Multiple regression as a method for combining predictors

A compensatory method in which good performance on one predictor can offset poor performance on another.

Anosognosia

A condition in which a person with an illness seems unaware of the existence of his or her illness.

The Critical Incident Technique (CIT)

A method for reducing rater bias. The supervisor observes employees and records behaviors that are associated with successful or unsuccessful job performance.

Maternal HIV

A minority of babies born with HIV develop severe sx, the rest have a later appearance and slow sx progression. With early identification, infants can survive to age 8 or longer. Sx include delays in physical and cognitive development and high rates of life-threatening, opportunistic infections.

Cybernetics Theory

A negative feedback loop reduces deviation and helps maintain the status quo. A positive feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and disrupts the system's current status.

REBT (Ellis)

A person's reactions to an external event are mediated by their beliefs about the event (A-B(elief)-C). Irrational beliefs that underlie neurotic behavior are rigid and absolute, including "should" and "must." Techniques include disputing beliefs, social skills training, rational-emotive imagery, role-playing, and in vivo desensitization.

self-monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. People high in self-monitoring are most concerned about their "public self" and, consequently, strive to match their attitudes and behaviors to the situation.

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement.

Occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Herberg's job enrichment

A type of job redesign that involves increasing the availability of motivator factors. Not just for higher-level jobs but can be applied to any job. Different from "job enlargement," which involves adding a wider variety of tasks to the job but not motivators.

Overcorrection

A type of punishment in which the penalty for the undesirable behavior is performing more desirable alternative behaviors. Verbal instructions and physical guidance are often used to maximize effectiveness. 2 phases: restitution - the person corrects the consequences of their behavior. positive practice - person practices appropriate behaviors.

The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)

A worker-oriented technique standardized job analysis questionnaire containing 194 questions that provide information on worker attributes needed to perform the job successfully.

Ethnocentric monoculturalism

A worldview with the following characteristics: those with privilege may hold beliefs that they are superior to others or others are inferior to them, that they have the power to impose standards, and that their reality is the same experience for everyone.

Which of the following designs is least likely to be threatened by history? (AB, ABAB, time series, one group pre-post)

ABAB

Criterion-referenced scores

AKA domain-referenced and content-referenced scores; permit interpreting an examinee's test performance in terms of what the examinee can do or knows with regard to a clearly defined content domain or in terms of performance or status on an external criterion.

anterograde amnesia

AKA post-traumatic amnesia; inability to form new memories; length and severity is a good predictor of recovery.

classic migraine

About 12% of migraine sufferers experience this type, which starts with an aura.

Hypothalamus

About the size of a walnut, responsible for maintaining homeostasis through influence on the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands (metabolism, temperature, hunger, thirst); generates physiological reactions associated with rage, fear, and other strong emotions. Controls the release of hormones (such as those that start sexual maturity) from the pituitary and other endocrine glands. Contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Subjective criterion measures

Absolute measures (rating employee without considering the performance of other employees) and relative measures (comparing employees to each other) rely on the judgment of the rater.

Routinely waiving copayments is...

Acceptable only if the insurance company has agreed to the arrangement.

Inflicting pain on animals in research is...

Acceptable only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and use of the procedure is justified by the potential value of the study.

Kohlberg's conventional morality level

Accepts social conventions about what is right and wrong. - good girl/good boy stage: obey rules and laws to obtain approval and acceptance - law and order stage: obey to show respect for authority and maintain social order

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

Acquire their value through repeated association with primary reinforcers.

Feminist revision of object relations theory

Addressed issues of gender differences traced to differences between mother-son and mother-daughter parenting. Male identity is defined in terms of separation, female identity is based more on relations with others.

Scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance. Most effective when it emphasizes prompts and feedback, rather than providing answers and solutions.

The belief that a child's misbehavior has one of four goals—i.e., attention, revenge, power, or to display inadequacy—is most consistent with:

Adler's individual psychology

Demographics most likely to be admitted for psych treatment

Admission rates to state and country psychiatric hospitals are higher for males than for females. In addition, psychiatric inpatients are more likely to be single (never married) and between the ages of 25 and 44. Thus, single never-married men in their 30's meet all three risk factors.

Age in which one begins using memory strategies more deliberately and selectively.

Adolescence

Second- language learning outcomes

Adolescents and adults initially make faster progress, especially in terms of vocabulary and syntax, but long-term outcomes are usually better when learning begins in childhood.

Generalized seizures

Affecting both hemispheres; 2 types - tonic-clonic (grand mal): loss of consciousness, initial tonic stage (stiffness of limbs) then clonic stage (jerking and convulsing), followed by regaining consciousness. -absence (petit mal): loss of consciousness without prominent motor sx, briefer, including staring, fluttering eyelashes, twitching of muscles

Moderating variable (moderator)

Affects the direction or strength of the relationship between IV and DV.

The link between authoritative parenting and school success is weaker for ______ adolescents who are influenced more by _____.

African American; peers

Stanford-Binet 5

Age range of 2 - 85+; M=100, SD= 15; designed both to measure general cognitive ability and assist in psychoed evaluation, the dx of developmental disabilities and exceptionalities, and forensic career, neuropsych, and early childhood assessment; based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory.

One-tailed test

Alpha is entirely in either the positive or negative tail of the rejection region. Used when the alternative hypothesis is directional (___ will be > or < ___).

Two-tailed test

Alpha is equally divided between the positive and negative rejection region tails. Used when the alternative hypothesis is nondirectional.

Strategic FT goals and techniques

Alter faulty communication patterns. Change does not require understanding but occurs when members carry out therapist's directives (direct and paradoxical). Paradoxical- prescribing the symptom, an ordeal (follow target bx with unpleasant consequence), restraining (telling family members to "go slow" because they aren't ready for change), reframing (relabeling symptoms to help family see it in an alternative way)

Can therapists in forensic settings also conduct parole evals on those they see for therapy?

Although the APA guidelines state that multiple relationships should be avoided if there is risk of exploitation or impaired objectivity, an exception is allowed for therapists in a forensic setting to also conduct parole evaluations.

Can psychologists make custody recommendations after seeing one parent/caregiver?

An accepted standard of practice in custody situations is that a psychologist should not make a recommendation for custody unless the psychologist has evaluated all parties. This is consistent with the requirements of Standard 9.01 of APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.13 of the Canadian Code of Ethics and with the provisions of the APA's Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Divorce Proceedings.

Expert witness

An expert witness is a person who, because of his/her special training, knowledge, or experience, is qualified to offer an opinion as testimony in a court proceeding.

intermittent reinforcement

An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are reinforced. Best to begin with continuous then move to intermittent when the behavior has reached the desired level.

Bowen's differentiated and undifferentiated families

An undifferentiated family ego mass is one where members are highly emotionally fused. When family members are highly differentiated, they are less likely to become emotionally fused with other family members.

scientific management approach

Applies the scientific method to job productivity. Involves scientifically designing work methods, selecting workers, and training them in efficient work methods, and having managers plan work activities and workers implement management's plans. Based on assumption that workers are motivated primarily by pay and should be paid more for going above and beyond.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Appropriate for ages 2-85+; for intelligence, psychoed, forensic, career, and neuropsych; high ceiling and low floor; based on a hierarchical model of intelligence consisting of full-scale IQ (g), verbal and non-verbal IQ (reasoning, problem-solving, and recall verbal and non-verbal info), and 3rd level consisting of 5 cognitive abilities derived from CHC model (fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory).

_____ adolescents often do well academically even when parents rely on parenting practices associated with the authoritarian style.

Asian

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

Assesses various aspects of neuropsych functioning (e.g. motor, visual-spatial, memory, language); versions for people 13+ and 8-12; contains 269 items grouped into 11 content scales; takes less time than the H-R neuropsych assessment, more highly standardized, and provides more complete coverage of neuro deficits and more precise ID of brain damage.

Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of VMI (Beery-VMI)

Assesses visual-motor integration skills to identify deficits associated with neuro impairments or learning/behavioral problems; ages 2+

Limbic system

Emotions, motivation, and memory. Structures include amygdala and hippocampus.

Random assignment versus random selection

Assignment: randomly placing subjects in treatment groups; sometimes referred to as randomization; considered the "hallmark" of experimental research. Selection: randomly selecting subjects from the population.

Teleological Approach

Associated with Adler which views behavior and personality as being "pulled" by a subjective future rather than being "pushed" by an objective past (e.g., by heredity or environmental events). A distinguishing characteristic of Adler's approach is its teleological explanation for behavior. Adler believed that behavior is determined by future goals.

Baumrind's Parenting Styles

Authoritative: high in both demandingness and responsivity; children are self-confident, independent, popular with peers, do well in school. Authoritarian: high in demandingness, low in responsivity; children are irritable, insecure, withdrawn, dependent, low self-esteem, lack in motivation and curiosity. Permissive: low in demandingness, high in responsivity; children are immature, reluctant to accept responsibility, impulse control issues, uninvolved in school. Neglectful: low in demandingness and responsivity; children are noncompliant, impulsive, moody, prone to drug use and antisocial behavior.

Sherif (1935) used what effect to investigate conformity to group norms?

Autokinetic effect

Self-managed work teams

Autonomous work groups that consist of individuals who make decisions related to hiring, budgeting, and other organizational functions. Members assume roles traditionally assumed by mgmt. Leadership roles rotate.

Sleep patterns of older adults

Awaken more often in the night; spend more time in stage 1 and 2 sleep; experience a phase shift that involves going to sleep and waking up earlier.

Sue and Sue's cultural competence model

Awareness: therapist's understanding of how their own cultural values and biases affect therapeutic process. Knowledge: therapist's familiarity with the history, experiences, and worldviews of members of different cultures. Still: ability to identify and effectively use modalities and strategies that are appropriate for a client's cultural background. Credibility: client's perception that the therapist is effective and trustworthy. Affected by therapist's ascribed and achieved status. Giving: client's perception that they have received some benefit from therapy.

________ use causes a decrease in REM sleep, and abrupt cessation can produce an REM rebound and nightmares.

Barbiturate

STEP (Systematic Training in Effective Parenting)

Based on Adler; helps parents structure family life so that children experience natural and logical consequences of both good behavior and misbehavior; help parents to identify the goals of their children's misbehavior (e.g., attention) so that they can help their children reach their goals in healthier, more adaptive ways.

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)

Based on Murray's personality theory; Scores correspond to the 15 needs he identified (e.g. Ach, exhibitionism, autonomy); Contains 225 items in which a statement representing one of the 15 needs is paired with statements reflecting one of the other 14 needs (a forced choice format)

Sleep during first 2-3 months of life

Begin a sleep period with REM sleep which gradually changes to non-REM sleep. Accounts for 50% of child's whole sleep period, which decreases from 3 months on. During first 6 months, first 4 stages of sleep are not distinguishable.

Social referencing

Beginning at 6mo babies begin to "read" emotional reactions of caregivers and use this info to guide their own behaviors. Demonstrated in the visual cliff situation, in which a baby's willingness to cross the visual cliff depends on his/her mother's facial expression.

Stranger anxiety

Begins 8-10mo, babies show a strong negative reaction to strangers especially when caregivers are not close or respond negatively to the stranger. Peaks at 18mo, gradually declines over next year.

First words

Begins about 12 months, most often labels for familiar people, objects, or events but can also be action or social-function words ("hi," "bye bye")

Telegraphic speech

Begins about 18-24 months, initially consists of only two words, usually a noun and verb ("me run," "daddy go," "you read")

Separation anxiety

Begins around 6-9mo, start responding with obvious distress when separated from their primary caregiver. Peaks in intensity between 14-18mo, gradually declines over next 2-4yr.

Babbling

Begins at 3-6 months and consists of the repetition of vowel-consonant sounds. Initially includes sounds of all languages but, by 8-9 months, narrows to include only the sounds of the baby's native language.

Female adolescent growth spurt

Begins earlier than for males, around age 10.5 and peaks around age 12. Early maturation associated with greater popularity with boys but also emotional instability, low self-esteem, drug use, and academic problems.

Male adolescent growth spurt

Begins later than females, around age 13 and peaks at age 14-15. Early maturation associated with higher self-confidence, popularity with peers, and better athletic skills. Late maturation associated with lower self-confidence and greater attn-seeking.

Piaget's circular reactions

Behaviors that are responsible for the development and modification of cognitive schemas during the sensorimotor stage. - Primary circular reactions: 1-4mo, simple motor habits that center around the baby's own body (e.g., thumb sucking). - Secondary circular reactions: 4-8mo, actions involving other people or objects. - Tertiary circular reactions: 12-18mo, varying an original or usual action on an object to see what happens.

Delay conditioning

Type of forward conditioning that involves presenting the CS so that it precedes or overlaps US presentation. Most effective type.

On an aptitude test with a normal distribution, Don scored at the 70th percentile, Ben scored a T-score of 50, and Mike a z score of +1.0. If you were to rank them in order, from lowest to highest, the correct rank order would be:

Ben, Don, Mike.

Inverse Agonist

Binds at the same site as an agonist but produces effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter or agonist, suppressing spontaneous firing (e.g. some antipsychotic drugs act as inverse agonists at dopamine and/or serotonin receptor sites)

Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust

Birth - 1 y/o. The first stage in Erikson's developmental stages in which the child needs to discover whether it can rely on its caregiver or not. If unresolved, adults will feel they cannot trust or depend on others.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

Birth - 2 y/o Infant builds an understanding of himself or herself and reality (and how things work) through coordinating sensory experiences and motor skills. Object permanence and symbolic thought develop.

According to research when working with a Black family, it is important to keep in mind that:

Black familial roles may be more flexible than White familial roles.

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

Brain damage caused by an interruption of the blood supply to the brain; hypertension and atherosclerosis are major risk factors; diabetes, myocardial infarction, smoking, and increased age (60+) also risk factors; consequences depend on part of brain affected, but neuropsychiatric sx are common, depression being most common; majority involve middle cerebral artery (sensory, motor, and language areas)

Brain six by age 2

By two years of age, the brain has achieved about 80% of its adult weight. The growth of the brain during the first two years of life is due less to the addition of new neurons than to an increase in their size and interconnections and the formation of glial cells.

Mental health consultation (Caplan)

Caplan distinguished between four types of mental health consultation: (1) Client-centered case consultation focuses on helping the consultee work more effectively with a particular client. (2) Consultee-centered case consultation focuses on enhancing the consultee's ability to deliver services to a particular group or population of clients. (3) Program-centered administrative consultation involves working with one or more administrators (consultees) to resolve problems related to a particular program. (4) Consultee-centered administrative consultation involves enhancing the ability of administrators to develop, implement, and evaluate programs.

Somatic nervous system

Carries signals from the skeletal muscles and senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

Research findings using brain imaging techniques have demonstrated that the ______ (which is involved in the initiation and control of movement) tends to be overactive in individuals with OCD. Studies have also indicated that the reduction of obsessions and compulsions following treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy or an SSRI is accompanied by a decrease in activity in this area.

Caudate nucleus

Unfairness

Cause of Adverse Impact. Occurs when a predictor has similar validity coefficients for both groups but members of one group obtain lower scores on the predictor even though they do as well on the criterion. To correct, use different predictor cutoff scores for members of different groups.

Seizure disorders

Caused by abnormal nerve cell firing; dx by medical hx and physical exam, followed by EEG; characterized as either generalized (both hemispheres) or partial.

Gerstmann syndrome

Caused by damage to the left parietal lobe and involves right-left confusion, agraphia, acalculia, and finger agnosia (inability to recognize or name the fingers).

tactile agnosia

Caused by damage to the parietal lobe, involves an inability to recognize familiar objects by touch

5 groups of spinal nerves

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

Behavior chain vs Shaping

Chaining is used to establish complex behaviors when the behavior consists of responses that must be linked together to for a "behavior chain" (e.g. brushing your teeth requires a sequence of behaviors.). Each behavior is important. In shaping, only the final behavior is important.

Scales of Measurement: Nominal

Classification scales; Qualitative; has no inherent numeric value but value may be assigned for coding purposes; mode is measure of central tendency. Ex. Blood type, type of arthritis, gender, diagnosis, etc.

Use of the Big 5 as hiring predictor

Conscientiousness is the best predictor of job performance.

Sibling relationships in late adulthood

Considerable variation. Siblings who had close relationships in childhood report increased closeness; those with problematic childhood relationships are likely to say they're more distant, hostile, and competitive.

areas of the temporal lobe

Contains the primary auditory cortex and, in the dominant hemisphere, Wernicke's area. Certain areas are essential in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term declarative memories (damage to these areas, especially in addition to amygdala and hippocampus) produces anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Electrical stimulation of certain areas elicits complex, vivid memories that had been previously forgotten.

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Controls the body's circadian rhythms including sleep/wake cycles, normal fluctuations in body temperature, blood pressure, and hormone levels. One way it does this is by controlling the release of melatonin by the pineal gland.

Autonomic nervous system

Controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs. Made up of sympathetic (activity, fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).

Guilford's Convergent and Divergent Thinking

Convergent: relies on rational, logical reasoning and involves the use of logical judgment and consideration of facts (what most intelligence tests focus on). Divergent: involves nonlogical processes and requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions

Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary motor movements, is responsible for balance and posture, plays a role in the acquisition of motor skills. Abnormalities linked to autism, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Damage caused by alcoholism, stroke, or tumor can produce ataxia.

Aversion Therapy

Counterconditioning to eliminate an undesirable self-reinforcing behavior such as drug use or a paraphilia. The stimulus associated with the undesirable behavior is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits pain or other unpleasant reaction (e.g. pairing shoes and electric shock to eliminate shoe fetish). Called covert sensitization when conducted in imagination. High relapse rates, often paired with CBT to increase long-term effectiveness.

Healthy cultural paranoia

Cultural mistrust; adaptive survival mechanism to protect against physical & psychological harm.

Cultural Encapsulation (Wrenn)

Culturally encapsulated counselors interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes and disregard cultural differences and their own cultural biases.

personal fable (Elkind)

David Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to believe that their lives are special and heroic, they are not subject to rules and consequences others are; a manifestation of adolescent egocentrism

imaginary audience (Elkind)

David Elkind's term from the tendency of young teenagers to feel that everyone is watching their every action; a manifestation of adolescent egocentrism

Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale identifies which life change as the most stressful?

Death of a spouse

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Deletion on chromosome 15. Delayed motor and mental abilities, under developed sex organs, obesity, intense food cravings.

maternal malnutrition

Depend on severity but may include prematurity, low birth weight, cognitive deficits, weak immune system. During 3rd trimester (especially protein deficiency) is particularly detrimental for the developing brain.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Derived from research requiring participants to judge a moral dilemma and explain their reasoning. Concluded that stages of moral development are universal and invariant and closely tied to both cognitive development and social perspective taking. 3 levels that each include 2 stages.

Slosson Tests

Designed to be fast ways of estimating intelligence in order to identify children at risk of educational failure.

Primary preventions

Designed to prevent the development of mental health problems by providing interventions to groups of people NOT already experiencing problems.

Secondary prevention

Designed to reduce the prevalence of mental health problems and are aimed at people at high risk.

Mann-Whitney U test

Determines whether two uncorrelated means differ significantly; nonparametric alternative to t-test; 2 groups, 1 IV, 1 rank-ordered DV

Horn and Cattell: Fluid Intelligence

Distinguished between crystalized (Gc) and fluid (Gf) intelligence. - crystalized: acquired knowledge and skills; affected by educational and cultural experiences; includes reading, numerical skills, factual knowledge. - fluid: does not depend on specific instruction; relatively culture-free; enables individuals to solve problems and perceive relations and similarities.

Vroom, Yetton, and Jago's Normative Model

Distinguishes between 5 decision-making styles that fall into either autocratic, consultative, and group.

Racial/cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten, & Sue)

Distinguishes between five stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures. The five stages are: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness.

A graduate student's dissertation chair, Dr. X, turns out to be of little help, and the student ends up obtaining advice and assistance from an associate professor, Dr. Z. Dr. X does review the dissertation when it is completed, and she is listed as the dissertation chair. Several months later, the student decides to write an article for a professional journal that is based on his dissertation research. In terms of publication credit:

Dr. Z should be listed as second author if her contribution warrants it.

contralateral representation

Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from the opposite side of the body. The exception is olfactory - information from the right nostril is processed in the right hemisphere.

Agonist

Effects are similar to those produced by an endogenous neurotransmitter; 2 types: - direct: mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter at the receptor site (e.g. apomorphine binds to dopamine receptors, causing the same effects as if dopamine was released) - indirect: facilitate the action of a neurotransmitter by attaching to a binding site other than the one used by the neurotransmitter (barbiturates enhance GABA activity)

structural family therapy (Minuchin)

Emphasized boundary issues that can create issues ranging from disengagement (rigid and inflexible boundaries) to enmeshment (permeable and blurred boundaries) which can reduce ability to cope with stress in healthy ways. Posted that action precedes understanding and uses techniques to alter structure and unbalanced system.

Margaret Mahler

Emphasized the importance of the separation-individuation process for separate identity development beginning around 4-5mo due to increasing awareness of environment and others.

Holland's Theory of Choice

Emphasizes matching personal characteristics to job characteristics. 6 themes represented by the acronym RIASEC to relay their positions with one another. - realistic - investigative -artistic -social -enterprising - conventional

Montessori method

Emphasizes sensory perception and discrimination as essential for cognitive development, adapts instruction to match developmental level, uses multi-age classrooms, and emphasizes self-directed learning.

Marlatt and Gordon's (1985) model of relapse prevention

Emphasizes the impact of cognitive and situational factors of relapse. They describe addiction as an "overlearned habit pattern" and propose relapse risk is reduced when a person views relapse as the result of specific, external, and controllable factors.

Age-related declines in long-term memory are due to the use of less effective ______.

Encoding strategies

Hyperglycemia

Endocrine disorder of pancreas; diabetes mellitus; lower-than-normal insulin which produces excessive blood sugar, increased thirst and urination, excessive hunger with weight loss, increased susceptibility to infection, and apathy and confusion.

Hypoglycemia

Endocrine disorder or pancreas; higher-than-normal levels of insulin which produce abnormally low blood sugar; characterized by hunger, headaches, blurred vision, anxiety, depression, and confusion.

Hypothyroidism

Endocrine disorder; involves lower-than-normal levels of thyroid hormones, bradycardia, cold intolerance, muscle aches, depression, impaired memory and concentration, and decreased appetite with weight gain.

Goals of ethics code

Ensuring the welfare and protection of individuals and groups with whom psychologists work and the education of members, students, and the public regarding ethical standards of the discipline.

Etic versus Emic

Etic: universalistic, they believe the same behavioral principles apply equally to all cultures. Emic: culture-specific, recognizing that the same behaviors may have different meanings in different cultures.

Teratogenic effects of alcohol

Exposure during first trimester causes most severe defects. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: delays in physical devel, organ defects, body malformations, CNS dysfunction, sleep disturbances, motor impairments, learning disabilities. Most likely when mother drinks heavily everyday or binge drinks. Leading cause of IDD. Also causes micro and holoprosencephaly. Most symptoms persist into adulthood. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol and affects multiple areas of development. The severity of the symptoms of FASD depends on the degree of prenatal exposure to alcohol. However, regardless of their severity, most symptoms are irreversible.

General Systems Theory

Family system consists of interrelated components. A change in one component affects the whole family. Family members may resist change due to the need to maintain equilibrium/homeostasis.

According to the American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, is "fee splitting" between a psychologist and other professionals okay and, if so, when?

Fee splitting is permissible if it is based on services provided.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

First neurotransmitter discovered, controls the actions of the skeletal muscles and, in the autonomic nervous system, controls the internal organs and glands. In the brain, plays and important role in memory and learning; nicotine is a type of ACh receptor; Alzheimer's disease related to the deterioration of neurons that secrete ACh, especially in the hippocampus.

Worker-Oriented Job Analysis Techniques

Focus on KSAOs (knowledge, skills, attitudes, and other characteristics required by the job.

Total Quality Mgmt (TQM)

Focus on improvement of quality of org's goods and services and employee quality of work life. Achieved by top-level commitment to quality, making elimination of defects a top priority, training employees, and empowering employees by having teams perform functions traditionally performed by a manager or supervisor.

Transactional Leaders

Focus on maintaining status quo using rewards and punishments to motivate. "Management by exception," based on the assumption that it's not necessary to take action unless there's a problem, is also used.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory

Focuses on social influences, 8 stages extend throughout lifespan. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Superiority 5. Identity vs. Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair

Formative vs. Summative Evaluation

Formative: evaluation that is conducted DURING the planning and implementing processes to improve the program. Summative: evaluation that is conducted after a program has been implemented to assess its impact.

Which disorder has historically had the lowest level of diagnostic interrater reliability? 1. PTSD 2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 3. Borderline Personality Disorder 4. ADHD

GAD

Huntington's disease

Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells; caused by a dominant allele; symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30; affective sx (depression, irritability, apathy) usually occur first; cognitive deterioration begins with forgetfulness and impaired attn and progress to dementia; early motor sx are fidgeting and clumsiness, followed by chorea (facial grimaces and piano-playing of the fingers) and athetosis; no treatment but complications can be minimized to buffer impact on QoL.

Personal Construct Therapy

George Kelly is the founder and developed this as both a theory of personality and an approach to therapy. This constructivist therapy focuses on how people "construe" events and proposes that construing involves reliance on personal constructs. His approach was very influential in the development of narrative-constructivist approaches to therapy.

Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's moral development

Gilligan points out that Kohlberg's original research participants were limited to males. Based on her research, Gilligan concludes that the moral judgments of females are often distinguished by concerns related to caring, compassion, and responsibility to others.

________ plays a role in learning, memory, and long-term potentiation (LTP) which forms long term memories

Glutamate

Quality-of-Worklife (QWL) Programs

Goal of humanizing work and work environment. Emphasizes employee empowerment by having employees participate in decision-making that affects their jobs. Often includes quality circles, which are voluntary employee groups who generate possible solutions and present recommendations to management.

Cattell's 16 personality factor questionnaire

Goal to measure individual differences on each dimension and provide a comprehensive personality description; one method of interpretation is to compare profile with those of specific groups (delinquents, neurotics, workers in various occupations, etc.).

Super's 5 Stages of Career Development and Career Maturity

Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Disengagement. Career maturity is the extent to which a person successfully completes the developmental tasks of his/her current life stage.

Premise of Haley's Strategic Family Therapy

Haley's strategic family therapy was influenced by the communication/interaction school of family therapy and focuses on communication and other interactions between family members. For strategic family therapists, a symptom is an interpersonal phenomenon that represents an attempt to control a relationship.

On-the-job training

Has obvious relevance and maximizes transfer-of-training. Includes cross training and job rotation.

Scales of measurement: interval

Has the property of order and equal intervals, but there is no true zero; mean is measure of central tendency (or median if data is skewed) Ex. Farenheit, scores on standardized tests, etc.

Characteristics of models that make modeling more effective

High in status or expertise, perceived to be similar to the observer, and has been observed being reinforced for the behavior. Coping models (show some fear but overcome through coping) are more effective than mastery models (no fear before performing behavior).

MMPI F (Frequency) Scale

High suggests "faking bad," deliberate malingering, gross eccentricity, significant pathology, random responding, or responding to all as either true or false. Low may indicate "faking good," social conformity, denial of problems, or absence of significant psychopathology. Invalid at 100+

Howard et al's Research into psychotherapy outcomes

Howard et al. (1986) found that the positive relationship between therapy duration and therapy outcome "levels off" at about the 26th therapy session. These investigators report that about 75% of therapy clients show "measurable improvement" by 26 sessions; and, at 52 sessions, this number increases to only about 85%.

Risk factors for Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder

Hypertension, diabetes, heart diseas, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking

Areas of subcortical forebrain region

Hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system

Factors that influence DV

IV (experimental variance) Systematic error (due to extraneous variables) Random error (due to random fluctuations in subjects, conditions, methods of measurement, etc.)

Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model (Cross)

Identity development is directly related to racial oppression. Pre-encounter stage: race has a low salience. Encounter stage: more aware of racism. Immersion-emersion stage: increasing race salience, becoming more immersed in Black culture Internalization stage: pro-Black identity, non-racist orientation, or a biculturist/multiculturist orientation.

Marcia's Four Identity Statuses

Identity diffusion - not committed to a particular identity, have not experienced an identity crises. Identity foreclosure - committed to an identity (imposed by others) but no identity crisis. Identity moratorium - identity crisis but are not yet committed to an identity. Identity achievement - resolves crisis, committed to identity.

Areas under the normal curve

In a normal distribution, about 68% of observations fall between the scores that are 1+/- standard deviation from the mean, about 95% between the scores that are 2+/- standard deviations from the mean, and about 99% between the scores that are 3+/- standard deviations from the mean

Teratogenic effects of cocaine

Increased risk for miscarriage and premature birth. Babies exposed during prenatal development are excessively irritable, difficult to soothe, highly reactive. Often have smaller head, heart, urinary tract and other physical defects, and abnormal motor development. Higher than normal rates of LDs, behavioral problems, and peer difficulties (may be due to environmental factors rather than exposure).

Bowlby's attachment theory

Infant's exposure to his/her mother during a critical period following birth produces a bond between them. 4 stages within the first two years of life during which children develop an internal working model of relationships with others. 1. preattachment 2. attachment-in-the-making 3. clearcut attachment 4. formation of reciprocal relationships

open head injury

Injury to the head often caused by a penetrating object in which there may be bleeding and exposed brain tissue. Consequences depend on the location and extent.

Thalamus

Integrates info from all senses except olfaction and relays info to the cerebral cortex. Also plays a role in declarative memory; linked to Korsakoff's syndrome

Gestalt introjection

Introjection occurs when a person incorporates aspects of another person into him/herself. The boundary is located inside one, thereby allowing others to be incorporated into the self.

People in which of the following stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model begin to question their rejection of all aspects of the dominant culture and absolute loyalty to their own culture?

Introspection

In Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Testimony was presented based on innovative psychological tests using dolls to identify harm inflicted on the plaintiff children due to segregation. Who conducted these tests?

Kenneth Clark

House's Path-Goal Theory

Leader behaviors are effective when employees believe the leader is helping them achieve their own personal goals. One of 4 styles: - Instrumental: specific guidelines and establish clear rules and procedures. - Supportive: good relationships with workers and satisfying their needs. - Participative: include subordinates in decision-making - Achievement-oriented: challenging goals for workers and encourage high levels of performance

3 tiers for psychological assessment examiner qualifications

Level A: may be administered and interpreted by nonpsychologists. Level B: require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and should be administered by someone with some psychological and educational training. Level C: should be administered only by those with at least a master's in psych and at least 1 year supervised experience under a psychologist.

Damage to the temporal lobe is most likely to affect which type of memory function? (short-term explicit, long-term explicit, short-term implicit, long-term implicit)

Long-term explicit memory

MMPI scoring and interpretation

M = 50 ; SD = 10 65+ = sig Check Validity Scales first: if elevated, either interpret with caution or test is invalid, depending on the degree of elevation. If valid, move on to clinical scales.

Glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter; plays a role in long-term potentiation (LTP) believed to be responsible for the formation of long-term memories; excessive levels can produce excitotoxicity which damages or destroys nerve cells (linked to stroke damage, TBI, Huntington's, and Alz).

A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST TELLS HIS MALE AND FEMALE SUBJECTS THE FOLLOWING STORY ABOUT JACK AND JANE: ON SATURDAY, JACK FIXES HIS CAR'S TRANSMISSION AND JANE SEWS. BOTH COMPLETE THEIR TASKS SUCCESSFULLY. ON SUNDAY, JACK DECORATES HIS APARTMENT AND JANE CUTS DOWN A TREE IN HER FRONT YARD. AGAIN, BOTH COMPLETE THEIR TASKS SUCCESSFULLY. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BEST DESCRIBES THE LIKELY RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH?

Males and females will both attribute Jack's success in both tasks and Jane's success in sewing to ability, but will attribute Jane's success in cutting down a tree to luck.

Malpractice

Malpractice is a civil tort involving a negligent breach of duty that results in harm to the client. A claim of malpractice requires that four conditions be met: a duty to the client; a breach of that duty; harm to the patient; and a causal relationship between the breach of duty and harm to the patient.

Stanford-Binet V

Mean: 10 SD: 3 Combined to give SS in Full-scale IQ, Verbal and Nonverbal IQ, and 5 Factor Indexes. Each standard score has a mean of 100 and SD of 15. Also has an abbreviated battery IQ score based on 2 routing subtests, 1 verbal and 1 nonverbal.

Criterion Measures

Measures of job performance or productivity that attempt to capture individual differences among employees; these performance measures, such as supervisory ratings or absenteeism rates are used in establishing the validity of screening or selection instruments. These are used to help make decisions about salary increases, bonuses, training needs, promotions, and termination.

Effects of divorce on child outcomes

Mediated by: - Parental conflict - Child's age (immediate negative effects for preschool age; long-term consequences worse for those in elementary school) - Gender (boys may experience more obvious immediate negative outcomes; girls experience more low self-esteem, negative consequences in adolescence or early adulthood)

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Mediated primarily by adrenal and pituitary glands, involves 3 stages. 1. alarm: hypothalamus responds by activating the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline, which increases glucose levels and heart and respiration rates. 2. resistance: hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which activates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. 3. exhaustion: when stress is chronic, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex lose the ability to maintain elevated hormone levels.

DNA and RNA have long been associated with genetic coding. Research has also supported the finding that DNA and RNA have an effect on: (social behavior, consciousness, emotions, memory)

Memory

Age-related hearing changes

More common than visual. Significant hearing loss doesn't usually occur until after age 75. The first sign is a decrease in hearing for high frequencies, which is first evident around age 50.

Equity Theory of Motivation

Motivation is affected by the perceived ration between one's own inputs and outcomes and the ratios of comparable others. -overpayment: worker thinks they're putting in less and getting more than others. -underpayment: worker thinks they're putting in more and getting less than others. Has the most negative and longer lasting consequences.

GABA

Neurotransmitter that is always inhibitory; low levels linked to anxiety, benzos reduce anxiety by enhancing effects of GABA; abnormal levels linked to Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and sleep disorders.

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter that mediates temperature, hunger and thirst, sexual behavior, aggression, arousal, and sleep; key role in depression, mania, OCD, social anxiety, schizophrenia, and eating disorders; low levels linked to bulimia, SSRIs useful; anorexia associated with excess serotonin, causing nervousness and anxiety, SSRIs not useful while underweight but may be helpful for relapse prevention.

Effects of high pain levels in infancy

Newborns not given anesthesia during circumcision have a more adverse reaction to a routine vaccination 4-6 months later. Research by Taddio and Katz (2005) suggests that this may be true only for full-term infants.

Gender impact on leadership

No differences in terms of initiating structure or consideration, however women are more likely to rely on a democratic or participative decision-making style, while men tend to be more autocratic and directive.

According to Hays (2001), would a 25-year-old person be considered privileged?

No, the age group identified as privileged is between 30 and 60 years of age.

Recessive Gene Disorders

Occur due to the inheritance of a pair of recessive genes (one from each parent) - e.g. PKU, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle-cell disease

Dominant Gene Disorders

Occur due to the inheritance of a single dominant gene from one parent. - e.g. Huntington's Disease

partial seizure

Occur in 1 side of brain and only affect 1 side of body; symptoms depend on which part of the brain is affected (temporal lobe include hallucinations, emotion alteration, sense of deja vu, automatisms) - simple partial: no loss of consciousness -complex partial: alteration in consciousness

Data from a study in which there are three levels of the independent variable and one continuous dependent variable should be analyzed using which of the following statistical methods? (One-way ANOVA, factorial ANOVA, Chi square, MANOVA)

One-way ANOVA

Effects of Head Start and other similar programs

Only temporary effects on test scores. Well-run programs lead to higher self-esteem, better attitudes toward school, later more likely to graduate hs, own a home, have steady income, and less likely to have legal trouble. Benefits are maximized when teachers receive adequate training and parents are involved in their children's education.

ANOVA

Parametric (interval or ratio data) used to compare two or more means—decreases experimentwise error (probability of making Type I error). Can be one way (2+ groups, 1 IV, 1 DV), factorial (2+ groups, 2+ IVs, 1 DV), or repeated measures (2+ groups).

Prefrontal cortex

Part of frontal lobe that plays a role in emotion, memory, self-awareness, and higher-order cognitive functions. Impairments depend on the area damaged.

Broca's area

Part of frontal lobe, major language area, damage produces Broca's aphasia, which produces deficits in the production of language while comprehension remains relatively intact, often exhibit anomia, agrammatism, articulation difficulties, and difficulty repeating phrases spoken by another person.

Amygdala

Part of limbic system. Integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities and attaches emotion to memories. Lesions in this amygdala and temporal lobe produce Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

Personalismo vs Formalismo

Personalismo - communication that fosters warmth, rapport, and a personal connection. Although formalismo (a formal communication style) is generally preferred by Latino/Hispanic clients during initial therapy sessions, personalismo is preferred once the therapeutic alliance has been established.

Withdrawal from which substance is most likely to cause hallucinations? (LSD, Amphetamines, Heroin, Phenobarbital)

Phenobarbital

Piaget's theory of moral development

Piaget proposed that as children's thinking becomes more advanced their understanding of moral problems deepens. 3 stages - - Premoral (-7): little concern for rules - Heteronomous (7-10): consider rules to be absolute and unchangeable, begin to intentionally lie around 7-8 - Autonomous stage (11+): recognize that rules can be changed by mutual agreement, recognize intentions

WAIS WMI

Primarily assess short-term memory; also assesses auditory acuity, attention, and discrimination, mental processing speed, expressive language, math skills, executive functions applied to initial registration and working memory. Core Subtests: digit span, arithmetic Supplemental: letter-number sequencing

Privilege

Privilege is a legal term and refers to "privileged communications" that arise in legally designated relationships (e.g., the therapist-client relationship).

A bystander is more likely to intervene when ____

alone (than when in the presence of others, be they, strangers or friends.)

Antagonists (receptor blockers)

Produce no activity on their own but reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter or agonist. - direct: bind at receptor site - indirect: interfere with action of a neurotransmitter by preventing their production or release

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Produced by lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobe. Causes emotional blunting, excessive hunger, inappropriate sexual behaviors, and an inability to recognize familiar objects or people.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Proposes that bodily and emotional reactions to external stimuli occur simultaneously. Thalamus stimulates both peripheral nervous system and the cortex after receiving info from the sensory system. Stimulation of peripheral is responsible for bodily reactions to the stimulus, while the cortex is responsible for our experience of an emotion. Research supports that physio reactions are similar for all emotions.

Kolberg's gender identity development

Proposes that cognitive understanding of gender precedes the adoption of gender-role behaviors. 3 stages. 1. age 2-3 children have acquired a gender identity of either boy or girl. 2. Exhibit gender stability, recognize that gender is stable over time. 3. age 6-7 children exhibit gender constancy and understand that gender is constant across situations.

James-Lange Theory

Proposes that emotions represent bodily reactions to external stimuli, especially of autonomic nervous system. Physiological responses occur before we experience an emotion. E.g. When faced with a fear-inducing stimulus, you'll conclude you're afraid only after you've noticed your knees are shaking and your heart is racing.

Ethological theories of attachment

Proposes that people and other animals have an innate predisposition to form attachments.

Freud's stages of psychosexual development

Proposes that the id's libido centers on a different part of the body during each developmental stage. Stages are oral stage (birth to 1y/o), anal stage (18mo - 3y/o), phallic stage (3 - 6y/o), latency stage (6y/o - puberty), genital stage (puberty - death)

Super's Life-Space, Life-Span Theory

Proposes that the ideal situation is for a person to choose an occupation that is consistent with his or her self-concept (values, beliefs, interests, personality, etc.).

N. Boyd-Franklin's Black Families in Therapy

Proposes that to successfully treat African-American families, a therapist must be willing to consider and, when feasible, to intervene at multiple levels and in multiple systems. Even if you are unfamiliar with the multisystems approach, its name implies that it involves addressing multiple systems such as the extended family, the church, schools, and social service agencies.

Off-the-job training

Provides opportunities to practice specific aspects of the job and can tolerate training errors and accidents. Includes behavioral modeling, in which trainees observe a skilled worker perform the job and practice what they've observed, and vestibule training, with makes use of a physical replication or simulation and is useful when on-the-job training would be too costly or dangerous.

Kirkpatrick's model of summative evaluation

Reaction criteria evaluate trainees' satisfaction with the program. (e.g. post-training surveys or interviews) Learning criteria assess how much trainees learned from the program. (e.g. comparing test scores before and after training) Behavioral criteria evaluate transfer-of-training, or the extent to which training improved performance. (e.g. observing trainees' performance after training) Results criteria provide information on the extent to which the program contributed to achievement of organizational goals. (e.g. quality ratings, measures of sales and profit, attrition data. Usually the most important but rarely used due to costliness and time-consumption)

Transformational Leaders

Recognize the need for change, communicate a vision for change, and effectively accomplish change. Motivational strategies include being sensitive to employee needs, developing close relationships, and empowering employees. "Framing" is used to appeal to employees' ideals and moral values, which involves describing organizational goals in ways that enhance their value.

Alzheimer's etiology

Reduced acetylcholine in the hippocampus linked to memory loss. Abnormally large number of neurotic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, in medial temporal structures which include the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala causing impaired communication between cells and cell death.

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task, weakening internal motivation.

A psychological intern leaves a case conference confused because the clinical director, the intern's supervisor, and another staff psychologist all disagree about how she should handle a case. The intern decides to follow the suggestion of the staff psychologist because they share the same theoretical orientation. Her decision is based on what type of power?

Referent

Statistical power

Refers to the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis. Power cannot be directly controlled but is increased by having a large sample, maximizing the effects of the IV, using one-tailed test (when appropriate), using a parametric test, increasing the size of Alpha, and reducing error

Intelligence impact on leadership

Relatively low correlations between performance and intellectual ability. - Possibly due to a restriction in range of scores on intelligence measures - Possibly due to the effects of moderators (experience, stress level, style, etc.)

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

Relatively rare but potentially fatal side effect of conventional antipsychotics; muscle rigidity, tachycardia, high fever, altered state of consciousness, urinary incontinence, and severe diarrhea

Parenting characteristics associated with high aggressiveness in children

Reliance on assertive discipline, permissiveness, rejection, and a lack of warmth. A combination of poor parental monitoring and coercive family interactions (Patterson et al.).

Directives issued for ethics complaints

Required to cease and desist an activity, obtain supervision or additional training and edu, be evaluated for tx or receive tx, or agree to probationary monitoring.

A high level of expressed emotion by family members has been found to be predictive of relapse for what disorder(s)?

Schizophrenia, eating disorders, and mood disorders

Age-related visual changes

Signs begin at age 40 and include loss of near vision (presbyopia), decreased ability to see in dim light, increased sensitivity to glare, and reduced depth perception.

Who would likely be a proponent of tipping the waiter after each course? (Skinner, Watson, Ellis, Bandura)

Skinner

2 types of test bias

Slope bias: the validity coefficients for a predictor differ for different groups and is therefore more accurate for one group than for another. Intercept bias (unfairness): when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ. As a result, the predictor consistently over- or underpredicts performance on the criterion for members of one group.

bradykinesia

Slowness of movement; a classic symptom of Parkinson's disease.

Kohlberg preconventional morality level

Social conventions are not internalized. - punishment and obedience stage: obey rules to avoid punishment - instrumental hedonism stage: obey rules to obtain concrete rewards

Cuento therapy involves incorporation of:

Spanish-language folktales in which positive models are presented to children and adolescents to help them address problem areas such as anxiety, low self-esteem, acculturative stress, and acting out.

Raven's Progressive Matrices is thought to be one of the best tests of:

Spearman's "g" factor.

Non-REM sleep

Stage 1: alpha waves replaced by theta waves; easily awakened Stage 2: slightly deeper but can still be awakened relatively easily; dominated by theta waves periodically interrupted by sleep spindles and k complexes Stage 3: theta replaced by delta Stage 4: delta waves dominate; deep sleep stage, very difficult to awaken, will be groggy and confused

Sue et al's (1991) findings

Sue et al. (1991) found that the effects of therapist-client matching in terms of race/ethnicity were more consistent for premature termination than for other therapy outcomes but that the effects varied from group to group. Therefore, this is the best answer of those given.

Injury below __ in the spinal cord may result in paraplegia, while injury above this area may cause quadriplegia.

T1 (uppermost thoracic segment)

interpersonal therapy

Targets role disputes, role transitions, unresolved grief, and/or interpersonal deficits. Based on a medical model and encourages client to regard themselves as having an illness.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

Teaching is optimal when it occurs in the area between what the child can currently do on their own and what they can do with assistance from older others (with scaffolding).

Procedural memory is processed by which area of the brain?

The cerebellum plays a role in the learning of procedural memory and motor learning.

Vulnerability to poor physical health based on gender

The greater vulnerability of males is fairly consistent throughout the lifespan. For example, more males are stillborn or spontaneously aborted and are subsequently more vulnerable to physical and mental disorders that have been linked to biological factors.

Work Group Heterogeneity vs Homogeneity

The impact of group heterogeneity versus homogeneity with regard to skills, personality, etc. depends on the outcome measure - i.e., for some outcomes, heterogeneity is preferable but, for others, homogeneity is best. Much of the research on group heterogeneity has focused on its effects on creativity and decision-making and has found a positive effect of heterogeneity on both measures.

Hypnosis

The mechanism underlying hypnosis continues to elude researchers although more recent findings link hypnosis to a disruption in communication between certain areas of the brain. Orne and Dinges, for example, conclude that the unusual behaviors exhibited by hypnotized people reflect alterations in memory, perception, and mood that occur in response to suggestion.

surface structure of language

The organization of words and phrases in a sentence.

Which area of the brain keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world?

The posterior parietal cortex is one of the first areas of the brain to become active when planning a movement. People with damage to this area have trouble finding objects in space, even after describing their appearance accurately.

Inoculation in Persuasion

The purpose of inoculation is to reduce a listener's susceptibility to a persuasive message. It involves three steps: warning the listener of the impending persuasive message making a weak attack against the listener's position having the listener actively defend his/her position

Temperament

The quality and intensity of a child's reactions to unusual events, emotional stimuli, and his/her own impulses. Has a strong genetic component and may contribute to adult personality. - behavioral inhibition: fairly stable, good predictor of social relationships.

Halo Bias

The rater judges all aspects of an employee's performance on the basis of a single aspect of performance.

brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization

The right and left hemispheres are dominant for different functions. In about 90-99% of right-handed people and 50-60% of left-handed people, the left hemisphere is dominant for written and spoken language.

Self-in-relation theory

The self-in-relation theory is a feminist approach that combines feminist theory with object relations theory. Consistent with object relations theory, it focuses on the relationship between the mother (caregiver) and the child.

The non-dominant hemisphere

The side of the brain (right side in the majority of people) associated with sensitivity to the emotional tone of language, intuition, creativity, music, visual-spatial skills, and the mediation of anger and other negative emotions.

Phonemes

The smallest unit of sound understood in a language. There are 45 of these in the English language. e.g. b, p, t, and ch

Morphemes

The smallest units of sound that convey meaning, made up of one or more phonemes. e.g. me, get, pre, ing

IF AN UNCONDITIONAL STIMULUS IS REPEATEDLY PRESENTED JUST PRIOR TO A CONDITIONED STIMULUS IN ORDER TO REPLACE AN UNDESIRABLE RESPONSE WITH A MORE DESIRABLE ONE, WHAT WOULD BE MOSTLY LIKELY TO OCCUR?

The target behavior will not change in frequency. Backwards conditioning rarely works.

Diagnostic Overshadowing

The tendency of health professionals to attribute all behavioral, emotional, and social problems of individuals with a certain dx to that dx.

Barnum effect

The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.

actor-observer bias

The tendency to make different attributions about our own behaviors and the behaviors of others

Social inhibition

The tendency to perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others

Zeigarnik effect

The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones due to the greater "psychic tension" produced by incomplete tasks.

Historical Trauma

The term historical trauma was coined by Maria Yellow Horse Braveheart in the 1980s. It is defined as "cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations, emanating from massive group trauma experiences" (Braveheart, 2003).

A person with agnosia is unable to identify a familiar object by sight but does identify it when it is placed in her hand. This is most likely due to:

The type of visual agnosia described in this question is referred to as apperceptive agnosia and involves an inability to recognize familiar objects, especially in low-light conditions, when there are many shadows, when objects overlap, etc.

Organizational development

The use of org-wide interventions that rely on behavioral science principles to facilitate planned change. The primary goal is to improve org effectiveness and efficiency by enhancing the functioning of individuals, teams, and the organization as a whole.

Theme interference

Theme interference involves the consultee's difficulties with specific clients or types of clients who evoke the consultee's unresolved conflicts. I/O psych term.

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

Theory of both satisfaction and motivation. Predicts that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are independent characteristics. -Hygiene (job context) factors: produce dissatisfaction when insufficient, include pay, safe environment, pleasant relations with coworkers. -Motivator (job context) factors: produce satisfaction and motivation when present, include opportunities for decision-making, responsibility, recognition, and advancement.

Fiedler's Contingency Theory

Theory stating that leadership effectiveness is dependent on the characteristics of the leader and the characteristics of the situation. Believes that leaders cannot change their leadership style. Favorableness is determined by: - nature of leader's relationships with subordinates - the degree of task structure - the leader's power 2 leadership styles: - low LPC leaders are task-oriented and do best in very favorable and very unfavorable situations. -High LPC leaders are person-oriented and do best in moderately favorable situations.

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal

Theory suggesting that when arousal or stress increases, performance and learning go up to a point, after which performance declines. Moderate levels of arousal are best for learning and performance.

Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory

Theory that considers a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

To determine two rater's level of agreement on a test you would use:

There are a number of ways to estimate the interscorer reliability, but the most common involves calculating a correlation coefficient between the scores of two different raters. The Kappa coefficient is a measure of the agreement between two judges who each rate a set of objects using the nominal scales.

Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)

To chart normal progress from birth to 6 yrs. Direct observation of responses in 4 domains: personal-social, fine motor adaptive, language, and gross motor. To identify children who are NOT developing normally

Troiden's Model of Homosexual Identity Development

Troiden's (1988) Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model distinguishes between four age-related stages: sensitization, self-recognition, identity assumption, and commitment. The sensitization stage usually occurs in middle childhood. During this stage, the individual feels different from and experiences less opposite-sex interest than his/her peers and begins to experience same-sex attraction without understanding the implications of those feelings for self-identity.

Interval recording

Type of behavioral sampling technique. Observing a behavior for a distinct period of time, divided into equal intervals, and recording how often the behavior occurs within each interval. Best for complex behavior with no clear beginning or end.

Event sampling

Type of behavioral sampling technique. Record the number of times a behavior occurs. Best for behaviors that are infrequent, have a long duration, or leave a permanent record or product.

Hyperthyroidism

Type of endocrine disorder; involves higher-than-normal levels of hormones, tachycardia, tremors, heat intolerance, nervousness, reduced attn span, increased appetite with weight loss.

Simultaneous conditioning

Type of forward conditioning in which CS and US are presented at the same time.

Trace conditioning

Type of forward conditioning that involves presenting and terminating the CS before presenting the US.

Purpose of job evaluation

Used to determine the relative value of jobs in order to set wages and salaries. Also used to establish comparable worth (salary should be based on the inherent value of the job, rather than the title or the gender who commonly performs it).

I/O needs assessment

Used to identify objective, content, and format of training programs. Consists of 3 components: - Organization analysis: used to clarify organizational goals and determine if training is needed to meet those goals - Job analysis: to identify what knowledge and skills are needed to perform the job successfully - Person analysis: to determine which employees would benefit from training

contralateral/unilateral neglect

Usually the result of damage to the right parietal lobe and involves neglect of the left side of the body and environment (e.g. may not eat food on the left side of the plate, may fail to groom left side of body, etc.)

Assessment of ADHD

Utilizes various measures including: BASC or CBCL, ADHD Rating Scale or and Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scales, Stroop, CPT-3.

Prompts

Verbal or physical cues that signal what behavior is expected or that a particular behavior will or will not be reinforced.

WAIS PSI

Verbal, motor, and visual-motor processing speed; also visual attn, perception, and discrimination, graphomotor and organizational skills, executive functions applied to visual processing speed resources. Core subtests: symbol search, coding Supplemental: cancellation

Kohlberg's postconventional morality level

Views laws and rules as useful but changeable. - social contract/individual rights stage: judgments are based on democratically determined laws and the welfare of the majority - individual principles of conscience stage: judgments based on abstract, universal principles such as justice, fairness, and equality

Assessment of Intellectual Disability

Vineland (ages 0-90) and AAMR for personal and social skills in addition to IQ and achievement.

When using _______________, a leader uses a decision tree to identify the most effective leadership style for a specific situation.

Vroom, Yetton, and Jago's normative model

Research on persuasion has found that people who argue against their own self-interest are:

Walster, Aronson, and Abrahams (1966) found that communicators are usually considered credible when they are arguing against their own self-interests, which apparently causes them to be seen as more trustworthy.

George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory

We perceive the world according to what we expect to see. According to Kelly, these expectations are based on our past experiences. As our experiences change, we revise our expectations.

Lewin's Forced-Field Model of Planned Change

When driving forces become stronger than restraining forces, change is likely to occur. Change involves 3 stages. 1. Unfreezing: need for change is recognized and steps are taken to make members receptive to change. 2. Changing: moving org in the new direction by helping employees acquire new behaviors, values, and attitudes. 3. Refreezing: supporting changes that have been made.

Forced-choice job evaluations

When using the forced-choice technique, the rater chooses the behavior from two or more behaviors that best describe the employee, with behaviors being paired or grouped so that they are similar in terms of social desirability. This technique was developed specifically to reduce rater biases, and there is some evidence that it accomplishes this goal.

compressed workweek

Work schedule that allows an employee to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days. Four 9- or 10-hour days or three 12-hour days. - Positive effects on overall job and work schedule satisfaction, but no consistent effects on absenteeism or objective measures of job performance. - Disadvantage of increased risk for fatigue, which can have a negative impact on productivity and safety.

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Worker motivation is a function of 3 types of beliefs: - Expectancy: worker's beliefs about the relationship between between effort and performance. - Instrumentality: beliefs about the relationship between performance and outcomes. - Valence: the value the worker places on the available outcomes.

Flextime

Workers are required to be at work during core hours but allows them to pick their own starting and stopping times. - Positive effects on overall job and work schedule satisfaction, productivity, and absenteeism. - Primary disadvantages are communication, work scheduling, and work flow issues.

Ebbinghaus

among the first to conduct empirical studies on human memory. He was the participant in his own research, which involved memorizing lists of nonsense syllables and subsequently recalling the words to evaluate retention. His research led to the identification of learning and forgetting curves.

Paresthesia

an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause; side effect of tricyclic medications

Inflicting pain or stress on animals is acceptable in research only when...

an alternative (nonpainful) procedure is unavailable and the use of the procedure is justified by the potential value of the study.

precentral gyrus

called the somatomotor cortex because it controls volitional movements of the contralateral side of the body.

The optimal combination of communicator credibility and communication discrepancy for attitude change is:

a highly credible communicator and a moderate level of discrepancy between the listener's initial position and the position advocated by the communicator.

Cohen's D

a measure of effect size that assesses the difference between two means in terms of standard deviation, not standard error. (small: 0.2 / med: 0.5 / large: 0.8)

Hyperventilation

a rapid deep-breathing attack that produces a drop in carbon dioxide, leading to respiratory alkalosis and cerebral hypoxia. It can be triggered by anxiety and its symptoms include rapid breathing, cerebral hypoxia, chest pain, dizziness, and impaired concentration.

early indicators of job burnout

a sudden increase in work effort that is not accompanied by an increase in productivity, a sense of low personal accomplishment, cynicism, and exhaustion.

Ataxia

a symptom of several disorders including multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and stroke. Ataxia involves a loss of balance and coordination that is caused by damage to the cerebellum, dorsal spinal cord, or vestibular system.

Edgar Schein's career model

a theory of Career Anchors according to which a person's self-concept acts as an anchor, or stabilizing force, determining what future occupational decisions will be made. His research showed that people's self-concepts or "career anchors" revolved around one of eight categories: autonomy/independence, security/stability, technical/functional competence, general managerial competence, entrepreneurial creativity, service/dedication to a cause, pure challenge, and lifestyle.

"Gain-loss theory" (Aronson and Linder, 1965)

a theory of personal attraction. Gain-loss theory predicts that an evaluation sequence involving a change from a negative to a positive evaluation will result in greater liking for the evaluator than will a consistent positive evaluation sequence. Conversely, an evaluation sequence involving a change from a positive to a negative evaluation will result in greater dislike for the evaluator than will a consistent negative evaluation sequence.

Jacksonian Seizure

a type of simple partial seizure where there is a brief alteration in movement, sensation or nerve function that starts in one part of the body, then spreads to another, oftentimes beginning in an extremity and "marching" up the limb.

As a job redesign strategy, job enrichment is appropriate for what types of jobs?

a wide range of lower- and higher-level jobs

corpus callosum

a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication.

Types of Reliability: Test-Retest

administer same test twice to same group of people coefficient of stability (from 0.0 to 1.0; aim for .80+) error: due to events that happen between each administration the shorter the time, the higher the correlation

Handedness appears to be genetically determined. Preference for handedness first expresses itself at ____ and becomes firmly established by age ____:

age 2; age 7-8

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

ages 3+; screening for neuropsych impairment; 16 stimulus cards containing geometric figures; 2 phases - copy and recall; rating from 0 (no resemblance) to 4 (nearly perfect); should be used with other measures to determine brain damage; can also assess for school readiness, predicting academic achievement, and identifying emotional and learning issues.

MMPI 29/92 clinical profile

agitated depression, bipolar disorder, psychosomatic complaints

Patients with depression typically have: (more rapid onset of REM sleep, decreased slow wave sleep, increased percentage of REM sleep, all of the above)

all of the above

Action potentials operate on the ____ ___ _____ principle and always occur to the same magnitude.

all-or-none

Flynn effect

an increase of at least three IQ points per decade; primarily due to increases in fluid intelligence; cannot be explained by genetics since it involves changes over only 1-2 generations, therefore believed to be due to environmental factors; Has stopped or reversed in some countries (Norway, Denmark); has continued in the U.S. for individuals with IQs ranging from 70-109 but reversed for those 110 and above.

When women experience a loss of sexual desire following menopause or removal of their sex organs, ________ is effective in restoring sexual arousal and orgasm.

androgen

In the DSM-5, the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder are categorized into three groups. These groups are:

angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.

Chronic pain responds well to ______ medication.

anti-depressant

Ainsworth - insecure/ambivalent attachment

anxious even with mother present, ambivalent and not easily comforted when returning; mothers are moody, inconsistent, unpredictable.

MMPI 23/32 clinical profile

apathy, depression, anxiety, psychosomatic complaints, immaturity

Field Theory

approach developed by Kurt Lewin, who proposed that various forces in the psychological environment interacted and combined to yield a final course of action

The inability to perform complex, purposeful movements, which cannot be explained by problems related to comprehension, coordination, or strength is referred to as:

apraxia

Peer evaluations

are not often used in organizations, but the research indicates that they can provide accurate and useful information. Peer evaluations have been found valid for certain purposes and appear to be particularly accurate in predicting training success and subsequent promotions.

trainability tests

are used to determine if individuals will benefit from training; work samples that incorporate a structured period of learning and evaluation

Patterns of criticism and praise by teachers...

are usually gender-related: Boys are praised more by teachers for their ability, while girls are more likely to receive praise for their effort.

Individuals with the diagnosis of Seasonal Affect Disorder are most likely to respond to light if they experience:

atypical symptoms such as carbohydrate craving and hypersomnia (whereas melancholic symptoms such as insomnia and weight loss are generally less responsive to light)

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory or memory of brief exposure to auditory information.

In a single-subject research design, which of the following is the most significant problem? (autocorrelation, multicollinearity, regression to the mean, practice effects)

autocorrelation

The frequency of sex in later life is most highly correlated with: (availability of partners, previous sex history, age, physical health)

availability of partners

Lewinsohn's (1974) behavioral model

based on operant conditioning and focuses on the consequences of behavior. attributes depression primarily to a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement and proposes that, when a person's behaviors are not reinforced, those behaviors are extinguished and the person is at increased risk for pessimism, low self-esteem, and other symptoms associated with depression.

Clinical predictions

based on the decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge; classifications, diagnoses, and predictions about behavior rely on the clinician's judgment.

representativeness heuristic

basing your judgment about the likelihood that a person, object, or event belongs to a particular category on how representative (similar) the person, object, or event is to that category while ignoring probability data.

Dr. Lopez is the only psychologist in a small town, and his son is enrolled in the town's only elementary school. Dr. Lopez receives a call from his son's teacher, who says she would like to begin therapy with Dr. Lopez. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Lopez should:

begin therapy with her but seek consultation if any problems arise.

Overjustification occurs when people are reinforced for:

behaviors they would normally do without reinforcement.

In people who are described as "Type A," which characteristics are strongly associated with health problems?

being cynical or hostile is associated with health problems, especially coronary heart disease in males.

A physician would be likely to take the greatest care in prescribing a tricyclic antidepressant to someone with: (schizophrenia, panic disorder, chronic pain, bipolar disorder)

bipolar disorder (can trigger manic episode)

Research on sex biases has found that, when asked to rate the quality of an essay:

both male and female judges will rate male writers more favorably.

Structural family therapists view family dysfunction as being related to ____.

boundaries (either too enmeshed or disengaged)

Overall, _____(boys or girls) appear more vulnerable to risk factors from the prenatal period to about age ten, while _____(boys or girls) grow more vulnerable to risk factors during their teens

boys; girls

K. R. Brousseau and M. J. Driver's career concept

career concept refers to an individual's career decisions and motives, which vary in terms of three dimensions - frequency of job change; direction of change; and type of change in job content. Status on these dimensions produces four career concepts: steady-state, linear, spiral, and transitory.

The belief that watching someone else act aggressively will serve to reduce one's own aggressiveness is most consistent with the notion of:

catharsis

The symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can be alleviated through cognitive-behavioral treatments and medication interventions that reduce activity in what brain region?

caudate nucleus

Damage to dorsolateral area of prefrontal cortex

causes impaired judgment, planning, insight, and organization as well as inflexible, perseverative responses; has issues learning from experience and will repeat the same actions regardless of consequences; neglect of hygiene and reduced sexual interest.

damage to orbitofrontal cortex of prefrontal cortex

causes pseudopsychopathy, which involves emotional lability, distractibility, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight; might also exhibit explosive aggressive outbursts or inappropriate jocularity, engage in unusual sexual behavior and engage in inappropriate social behaviors.

The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion predicts that:

central route processing produces attitude change that is more persistent over time than does peripheral route processing.

According to House's (1971) path-goal theory, the optimal leadership style depends primarily on:

certain characteristics of the worker and the work situation

mixed transcortical aphasia

characterized by ability to talk but having nothing to say, inability to understand written and spoken language, and inability to produce automatic responses (e.g. singing familiar songs, repeating phrases, etc.); occurs when Broca's and Wernicke's areas are both damaged.

DURING THE COURSE OF A MENTAL STATUS EXAM, A 36-YEAR OLD MAN TAKES A GREAT DEAL OF TIME TO ANSWER THE EXAMINER'S QUESTIONS BECAUSE HE OFTEN FOCUSES ON UNNECESSARY DETAILS AND MAKES PARENTHETICAL REMARKS. WHEN HE IS NOT INTERRUPTED, THE MAN USUALLY DOES GET AROUND TO ANSWERING THE EXAMINER'S QUESTION. THE MAN'S SPEECH ILLUSTRATES WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

circumstantiality

Dividing the population into groups based on California counties and then randomly selecting samples from randomly selected counties is an example of what type of sampling?

cluster sampling

French and Raven 6 types of power

coercive - influencing agent has control over punishments. reward - has control over rewards and resources. expert - believed to have superior ability, skills, or knowledge referent - target is attracted to, likes, or identifies with influencing agent. informational - agent possesses specific info that is needed by the target person. legitimate - individual emphasizes his/her position of power or authority and the other person's obligation to comply.

What is most essential in Beck's Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? (hypothesis testing, modifying behavioral contingencies, collaborative empiricism, the ABC model)

collaborative empiricism

Gerstmann's Syndrome

combination of finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia; d/t parietal lobe damage

AN ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST WITH A PH.D. WANTS TO BECOME A CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST. ACCORDING TO APA GUIDELINES, HE MUST:

complete appropriate coursework and clinical supervision.

According to Kelman (1961), the possible responses to social influence are:

compliance, identification, and internalization

According to the Ohio State University studies from the 1950s, what are the two dimensions of leadership?

consideration and initiating structure

A group member accumulates "idiosyncrasy credits" by:

consistently adhering to group norms

CRITERION _________ REFERS TO THE DEGREE TO WHICH A SUPERVISOR'S EVALUATION OF AN EMPLOYEE'S JOB PERFORMANCE IS BIASED BY THE SUPERVISOR'S KNOWLEDGE OF THE EMPLOYEE'S SCORE ON THE SELECTION TEST USED TO HIRE THE EMPLOYEE.

contamination

Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change (transtheoretical) model (1982) predicts that a person in the ____________ stage plans to take action within the next six months that will alter their problematic behavior.

contemplation

The classic aging profile involves maintained or enhanced _____ intelligence with diminished _____ intelligence.

crystallized; fluid

Rosita R., age 32, maintains systematized paranoid delusions despite a lack of evidence for her beliefs. However, she shows almost no impairment in daily functioning other than some problems that are directly related to her delusions. The symptoms began six months ago shortly after she was fired from her job. The most likely DSM-5 diagnosis for Rosita is:

delusional disorder

MMPI 12/21 clinical profile

depression, worry, pessimism, hypochondriasis

Parents categorized as "dismissing..."

describe their relations with parents in positive terms but are unable to recall specific examples that support their descriptions. They most often have children who exhibit avoidant attachment in the Strange Situation.

Empirical criterion-keying is a means for:

developing a scoring key in terms of external standards

Extreme social neglect or deprivation is a characteristic of: (disinhibited social engagement disorder, autism spectrum disorder, separation anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder)

disinhibited social engagement disorder

The elaboration likelihood model (Petty and Cacioppo, 1980)

distinguishes between central and peripheral cognitive processing routes. The central route involves active, effortful cognitive processing (cognitive elaboration), while the peripheral route involves reliance on simple decision-making rules. A listener is more likely to use the peripheral route (i.e., rely on peripheral cues) when the person delivering the message is attractive or well-liked.

Sherif and Hovland's (1961) "social judgment theory"

distinguishes between three "categories of judgment" that determine our susceptibility to persuasion—the latitude of acceptance, the latitude of non-commitment, and the latitude of rejection. The theory predicts that we are most likely to be persuaded (to change our attitude) when the position advocated by a message is within our latitude of acceptance. The theory predicts that the size of these latitudes are affected by the individual's level of ego-involvement (i.e., the extent to which the person is personally involved with the topic addressed by the persuasive message). When the individual's ego-involvement is high, his/her latitude of rejection is wide.

within-subjects design (repeated measures)

each subject receives, at different times, each level of the IV (or combinations of the IVs) so that comparisons on the DV are made within subjects rather than between groups; the single-group time-series design is a type of within-subjects design; susceptible to carryover (unless counterbalancing occurred) and autocorrelation (which increases probability of Type 1 error)

Culturally sensitive approaches to psychotherapy vary from traditional approaches in that these approaches attempt to understand a client's experience of an illness within the client's cultural context. Thus, culturally sensitive approaches are rooted in an ____________ perspective.

emic

A DSM-5 diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder requires the presence of one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or cause significant disruption in daily life plus:

excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms.

Which stage of the sexual response cycle is the technique of sensate focus designed to affect?

excitement

A child is diagnosed with Type I Diabetes. As an adolescent, he is most likely to:

exhibit increased self-reliance and decreased compliance with the prescribed diabetic regimen.

Expectancy theory predicts that employee motivation is a function of three factors:

expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

Rosenthal effect

experimenter belief about the individual may cause the individual to be treated in a special way so the individual begins to fulfill the expectancy (AKA self-fulfilling prophecy)

Moscovici (1985) found that individuals with a minority opinion are most likely to change the minds of those holding the majority opinion when those with the minority opinion:

express their opinion as consistently as possible.

Communication/interaction family therapy

focuses on communication processes. It differentiates between: symmetrical interaction (mirroring each other with possibility of escalating into a game of one-upsmanship), complementary communication (one's behavior complements the other's); and double-bind communication, which refers to contradictory or conflicting negative injunctions - with one often verbally expressed and the other nonverbally- in which the recipient is unable to comment or get assistance from someone else. This therapeutic approach is associated with the finding of a link between double-bind communication and the development of Schizophrenia.

Heider's (1958) balance theory

focuses on the relationships between three entities (the person, a second person, and a third person, object, or event). It proposes that the relations between these entities can be balanced or unbalanced. When the relationships between these entities are unbalanced, the person experiences a state of disequilibrium (inconsistency) and is motivated to change his/her attitude toward one of the entities.

Thermal biofeedback

has been found to be an effective treatment for a number of circulatory disorders, including Raynaud's disease

Researchers interested in evaluating the outcomes of psychotherapy distinguish between effectiveness and efficacy research. In contrast to effectiveness research, efficacy research:

has better internal validity but limited external validity.

A doctoral student gets business cards and includes on his cards that he is a Ph.D. candidate and that he accepts patients on a sliding scale. According to the APA Ethics Code:

he can advertise his fee schedule, but listing his candidate status is unethical.

serial position effect

identified a "recency-primacy shift." Specifically, the research has shown that, as the delay between study and recall increases, memory for the last item in a list decreases but memory for the first item increases -- i.e., there is a shift from a recency effect to a primacy effect.

interoceptive conditioning

identified as an effective component of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of panic disorder. This intervention involves activity that generates physical sensations associated with panic attacks. Some examples of these activities include breathing through a thin straw, spinning in a swivel chair, and running in place.

Werner (1993) resilience in infancy

identified several factors that contribute to resilience in high-risk infants, including: (1) fewer stressors following birth, (2) stable support from a parent or other caregiver, and (3) an easy temperament.

overjustification hypothesis

if external rewards or incentives are offered for activities that had previously been intrinsically motivated, there is subsequently a decrease in interest in the rewarded activity. For example, if children who enjoy reading receive rewards for reading, their interest in reading will actually decrease.

A practitioner billed her client's insurance company for a completed appointment. The provider did not report that the client cancelled her session with less than 24 hours until the appointment start time. This practice is:

illegal and unethical.

Postconcussional Disorder

impaired cognitive functioning and certain neurobehavioral symptoms following a severe head trauma; the majority fully recover within 1-3 months; for those whose sx persist for more than 1 year, sx may become permanent. Criteria include: - loss of consciousness - period of amnesia or seizures - persisting deficits in attn or memory - 3+ characteristic symptoms (irritability, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, and anxiety)

What do Wernicke's aphasia, Broca's aphasia, and conduction aphasia have in common? (impaired fluency, impaired verbal prosody, impaired comprehension, impaired repetition of verbal tasks)

impaired repetition of verbal tasks

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

includes anxiety, depression, emotional lability, fluid retention, backache, food cravings, and headaches. Its cause is not well understood and reported estimates of prevalence range from 30-80% of women of reproductive age. 1.8-5.8% have symptoms that are severe enough to qualify for PMDD.

Afferent axons

incoming axons that bring sensory information towards the central nervous system

An avoidance-avoidance conflict produces

indecision between two courses of action

In terms of Hofstede's (1980) five cultural dimensions, the United States scores at the top of the scale on:

individualism

Endorphins

inhibitory neuromodulators that lower the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters; have analgesic properties and may be responsible for the pain relief produced by acupuncture; have also been implicated in certain pleasurable experiences (e.g., the "runner's high"), emotions, memory and learning, and sexual behavior

Traumatic Brain Injury

injury to the brain resulting from external force that produces impairments in cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and/or physical functioning; consequences depend on if the injury is open or closed.

Dynamic assessment

involves an interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized testing procedures to obtain additional info. e.g. testing the limits and graduated prompting.

rational-economic model (AKA classical decision theory)

involves exhaustively compiling all relevant information, investigating all possible solutions, and choosing the very best one. Not surprisingly, it is rarely implemented because of practical limitations of time and information-gathering.

protocol analysis

involves subjects verbalizing their thought process as they perform a task. The goal is to better understand the person's cognitive process, especially concerning problem-solving, although it is understood that the process of verbalizing may actually alter the cognitive process.

reciprocal inhibition

involves using classical conditioning to replace an undesirable response with an incompatible response. The term is often used interchangeably with counterconditioning.

According to the tenets of Alcoholics Anonymous, addiction: (is an overlearned habit, is a disease, is merely societal mislabeling, results from inadequate self-worth)

is a disease

The Primary Mental Abilities Test:

is a multifaceted test of intelligence.

The shape of a z-score distribution:

is identical to (or follows) the shape of the raw score distribution.

Research on the stability of job satisfaction suggests that it:

is relatively stable over time and across jobs. One explanation for the stability of job satisfaction is that it is strongly related to a tendency toward positive or negative affect, which is a stable characteristic: In other words, people with negative affect tend to be dissatisfied with work, while those with positive affect tend to be satisfied

Availability heuristic

judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve info about the event from long-term memory. You'll predict an event is more likely to occur if you're able to recall many examples of its occurrence than if you're able to recall only one example.

Radiation treatment for children with tumors in the cerebellum (cerebellar astrocytomas) may result in:

learning problems, fatigue, skin rashes, and decreased appetite.

Wernicke's area

located in temporal lobe, damage produces deficits in the comprehension and production of speech (Wernicke's aphasia, receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia). The speech of those with this aphasia is rapid, seems effortless but is largely devoid of content and may include anomia, problems with repetition, and paraphasia.

Auditory cortex

located in the temporal lobe, responsible for auditory sensation and perception. Damage may cause auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, or cortical deafness.

The research has found that job satisfaction is a good predictor of ______ and ______. However, the studies have consistently found low correlations between job satisfaction and _______.

longevity and mental and physical health; performance

Etiology of Parkinson's Disease

loss of neurons in substantia nigra among other dopaminergic cell groups; results in depletion of dopamine in basal nuclei

Asomatognosia

loss of recognition or awareness of part of the body; damage to the right parietal lobe; most commonly results from brain lesions and may affect one or both sides of the body

Akinesia

loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement

Bulimia Nervosa, PTSD, and OCD are associated with ___ levels of serotonin

low

Infant tests of intelligence are good predictors of performance in later years for:

low scorers

A lack of cooperation during testing is more characteristic of patients with _____ than of those with a neurocognitive disorder, who tend to be cooperative but inaccurate in their responses.

major depressive disorder

Members of self-management work teams (SMWTs):

make hiring, budget, and other decisions that were formerly made by managers

An MMPI Validity Scale profile displaying L & K scores around 50, with a slightly elevated F, and clinical scores "saw toothed" (high and low scores on alternating scales) may indicate...

malingering

SSRIs, MAOIs, and tricyclic antidepressants have the potential to cause _____ in individuals with bipolar disorder.

manic episodes

Wechsler Memory Scale

measures different memory functions in older adolescents and adults; a person's performance is reported as five Index Scores: Auditory Memory, Visual Memory, Visual Working Memory, Immediate Memory, and Delayed Memory; can be compared to WAIS GAI to determine if memory is in line with cognitive abilities; Alzheimer's, TBI, schizophrenia

Spearman's 2 factor theory of intelligence

observed that various measures of intelligence correlated with each other and proposed a general intelligence factor (g) that underlies all intellectual abilities, +/- one or more specific factors (s) unique to the task.

diagnosis of a seizure disorder includes:

obtaining a medical history, a physical exam, an EEG, and sometimes an imaging technique such as CT or MRI

avoidance conditioning (negative reinforcement)

occurs when a behavior increases because it permits avoidance of an undesirable consequence, more complex than escape conditioning and applies 2-factor learning that combines classical conditioning and negative reinforcement. e.g. a flashing light signals that electric shock is about to occur. The dog jumps to the other side of the cage when the light comes on to avoid the shock altogether.

escape conditioning (negative reinforcement)

occurs when a behavior increases because it permits escape from an undesirable consequence. e.g. a dog jumps from one side of a cage to the other to escape electric shock.

behavioral contrast

occurs when a change in the reinforcement schedule of one part of the reinforcement changes a behavior in the opposite direction in the other component of the schedule. In this situation, the behavior that is no longer reinforced will decrease while the behavior that continues to be reinforced will increase.

Threats to internal validity: maturation

occurs when a physical or psychological process or event occurs as the result of the passage of time (i.e., increasing fatigue, decreased motivation) and has a systemic effect on subjects' status on the DV; the best way to control is to include more than one group in the study and randomly assigned subjects to groups

Satiation

occurs when a reinforcer loses its reinforcing value because the individual has received too much reinforcement

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV)

occurs when a type of herpes virus is passed from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta. Most common sx: intellectual disabilities and hearing and visual impairments

Threats to external validity: pretest sensitization

occurs when pretesting affects how subjects react to the treatment; results cannot be generalized to people who have not been pretested; controlled by not administering a pre-test or by using the Soloman four-group design which allows an investigator to measure the impact of pretesting on both the external and internal validity of a research study

Threats to external validity: reactivity/demand characteristics

occurs when subjects respond differently to a treatment because they know they are participating in a research study; demand characteristics occur in the experimental setting that informs subjects of the purpose of the study or suggest what behaviors are expected of them; can be controlled by using deception, unobtrusive non-reactive measures, or a single- or double-blind technique

Threats to external validity: multiple treatment interference/counterbalancing

occurs when the subjects receive more than one level of an IV; counterbalancing can be used to control multiple treatment interference and involves administering different levels of the IV to different groups of subjects in a different order (Latin Square Design)

blocking effect in classical conditioning

occurs when two different conditioned stimuli are paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Spinal X-ray

often initial test to evaluate spinal cord; used to identify fractures, dislocations, or other injury to the bones of the spine

THE THREE COMPONENTS OF A NEEDS ASSESSMENT ARE:

organization analysis, task analysis, and person analysis.

According to research, bullying is best thought of as a risk factor for...

other violent behaviors.

Whose behavior does the fundamental attribution error refer to?

others'

People who frequently view media violence have a tendency to:

overestimate the amount of violence in society, as well as the likelihood of being a victim of violence.

Forward conditioning

pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS. 3 types: Delay, Trace, and Simultaneous.

Damage at the thoracic level of the spinal cord causes ________.

paraplegia

Apraxia and left-right confusion indicate damage to which lobe of the brain?

parietal lobe

TACTILE SENSATION AND VISUOSPATIAL FUNCTIONS ARE MEDIATED PRIMARILY BY THE:

parietal lobe.

Visual cortex

part of occipital lobe responsible for visual sensation and perception, and damage may cause visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, cortical blindness, or disturbances in color vision (achromatopsia, color agnosia).

Primary motor cortex

part of the pyramidal motor system, different areas control muscle in different parts of the body.

The association between two variables, when each variable's association with another variable has been removed, is known as:

partial correlation.

MMPI 34/43 clinical profile

passive-aggressive, anger, poor insight, poor impulse control

Zimbardo's deindividuation study found that

people are more willing to act in antisocial ways when they can do so anonymously.

Self-handicapping

people attempt to protect their self-esteem and public image by engaging in behaviors that will provide them with an excuse for an anticipated failure

Ajzen & Fishbein's theory of reasoned action (TORA)

people consider two factors when deciding whether to behave in certain ways: their attitude toward the behavior and the subjective norms that apply to the situation.

Predictions of the Central Limit Theorem for the Sampling Distribution of the Mean

predicts that the sampling distribution of the mean will: a) approach a normal shape as the sample size increases, regardless of the shape of the population distribution of scores, b) has a mean equal to the population mean, and c) has a standard deviation equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. This standard deviation is referred to as this standard error of the mean

self-perception theory

predicts that, in ambiguous situations, a person's self-attributions are based on cues in the external environment.

According to Piaget, the ______ stage is characterized by the development of the symbolic (semiotic) function, which permits language use, symbolic play, and deferred imitation.

preoperational stage

Social facilitation

presence of others arouses people, improving performance on easy or well-learned tasks.

The most common cause of intellectual disability is: (problems in the fetal period, heredity, problems in the embryonic period, perinatal and birth problems)

problems in the embryonic period

Somatosensory cortex

processes sensations related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception.

extrapyramidal symptoms

produced by antipsychotic medications -restlessness (akathisia) -involuntary movements (dystonia and tardive dyskinesia) -muscular tension

damage to the mediofrontal area of prefrontal cortex

produces pseudodepression, which involves impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions, and diminished motor behavior and verbal output, lower extremity weakness and sensory loss; might report boredom, lack of motivation, may seem depressed but not have vegetative symptoms, negative cognitions, and dysphoria of major depression.

Alderfer's ERG (existence, relatedness, growth) theory

proposes three basic needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth (ERG). Unlike Maslow, this theory posits that all needs can influence people at the same time, and that satisfying a need may make the need even stronger.

Self-referenced scores

provided by ipsative scales, which permit intraindividual comparisons, i.e. comparisons of an examinee's scores on one scale with his scores on other scales.

Immersion (English-only) programs

providing instruction in English from the beginning. Most research suggests that children in high-quality transition programs do as well or better than those in immersion programs.

MMPI 78/87 clinical profile

psychosis, significant emotional turmoil, poor social judgment

Damage at the cervical level of the spinal cord ordinarily results in _______.

quadriplegia

The case of Larry P. v. Riles most directly dealt with:

racial and cultural biases in IQ testing for school children.

Common causes of Cerebral Palsy:

random genetic mutations, maternal infections that affect the fetus, fetal stroke, infections in infancy, and traumatic head injury after birth. Thus, the brain damage that leads to CP may occur before birth, at the time of birth, or after birth.

When MMPI F scale is very elevated and an examinee has T scores higher than 65 on most or all clinical scales, this suggests...

random responding

Replacing a "failure identity" with a "success identity" is a goal of treatment for practitioners of ____________ therapy.

reality

WAIS PRI

reasoning with nonverbal, visual stimuli; visual acuity, discrimination, and processing speed; working memory for nonverbal visual stimuli, executive functions applied to processing of nonverbal visual stimuli. Core subtests: block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles Supplemental: figure weights, picture completion

Older adults exhibit the greatest age-related decline in _______ memory, followed by ______ memory.

recent long-term (secondary); working memory

Wernicke's is to Broca's as:

reception is to expression.

An attractive 40-year-old man selects as his partner a fairly unattractive 20-year-old woman. This could be an example supporting:

reciprocity hypothesis (people tend to like people who like them)

When Rosenhan's (1973) pseudo-patients were admitted to a mental health facility after reporting that they were "hearing voices," they were:

recognized as being normal by the other patients more often than by the staff members.

Age-related declines in working memory are due to _____.

reduced processing efficiency

Identical elements in training

refer to the similarity between the learning and performance environments. Providing identical elements refers to matching the training environment to the job environment and is useful for maximizing the transfer of training.

syntactic bootstrapping

refers to a child's use of syntactical knowledge to learn the meaning of new words.

Deferred imitation

refers to copying the past behavior of someone else. Mental representation is also referred to as representational or symbolic thought and is the ability to hold an image in one's mind for a period beyond one's immediate experience. It develops at about 18 to 24 months of age and is responsible for the ability to engage in deferred imitation, use language, and participate in symbolic play.

Seriation

refers to the ability to arrange things in a series based on a particular characteristic, such as size.

semiotic function

refers to the ability to make representations of symbols, objects, or words to stand for something, which occurs in the preoperational stage and extends from ages 2 to 7.

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

refers to the greater responsivity of a postsynaptic neuron to low intensity stimulation by a presynaptic neuron for hours, days, or even weeks after the presynaptic neuron has been barraged by high frequency stimulation; mediates long-term memory by causing changes in the number and shape of the cell's dendrites, promoting the formation of new synaptic connections, and increasing the number of glutamate receptors

Most individuals who have MS are diagnosed initially with "___________ type"

relapsing-remitting, which has alternating periods of relapse and remission.

Prospective memory

remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time. Problems with prospective memory may involve failure to remember the purpose of a cue like a timer or failure to remember what one had planned to do at a particular time (e.g., take a walk at four o'clock in the afternoon).

Mechanism responsible for the effectiveness of systematic desensitization

repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus

A psychologist learns of an ethical violation by a colleague. An attempt at an informal resolution fails. The psychologist's duty is to:

report the colleague to an ethics committee or a state licensing board, unless confidentiality rights will be violated in the process.

Symbolic racism (Sears, 1988)

represents a combination of the anti-black affect and conservative values. In contrast to "old-fashioned" racism, symbolic racism is characterized by more subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination.

The defense mechanism that is thought to underlie all others is:

repression

Types of sanctions that can be imposed for ethical complaints

reprimand - when not likely to cause harm to individual or profession. censure - likely to cause harm but not substantial harm. expulsion - likely to cause substantial harm. stipulated resignation - psychologist has issued an acceptable acknowledgment of responsibility.

Factorial designs

research designs that include two or more "factors" (independent variables). They permit the analysis of main effects and interaction effects.

Sexual dimorphism

research has confirmed that there are sex-related differences in the characteristics of the brain and organs between men and women, particularly in the corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN.

A person believes that Friday the 13th is an unlucky day because she got very sick once on Friday the 13th. The best explanation for this phenomenon is: (irrational beliefs, respondent conditioning, instrumental conditioning, a psychotic process)

respondent conditioning (AKA classical conditioning)

mediating variable (mediator)

responsible for the observed relationship between two variables (IV --> (term) --> DV)

In terms of training program evaluation, Kirkpatrick (1976) contends that _______ criteria are the most important criteria to evaluate but are often the most difficult to develop and, therefore, the most infrequently used.

results

According to APA's 2007 Record Keeping Guidelines, in the absence of superseding requirements, psychologists may:

retain a full set of records for adults for seven years after the last date of service delivery, and for minors retain a full set of records for either seven years after the last date of service or three years after the minor reaches the age of majority whichever is later.

People deprived of REM sleep often show impairment in the ability to:

retain new information

Utilization review, an important component of managed health care, refers to the idea that it is useful to:

review benefits to eliminate or reduce unnecessary health care resources.

DRO (differential reinforcement of other behaviors)

rewarding the person when the inappropriate behavior does not occur during a specific amount of time. e.g. a child who repeatedly leaves his seat during dinnertime. The parent would set a timer for ten minutes. If the child does not leave his seat during this time, he is rewarded with television time following dinner.

Lesions to the ____ hemisphere produce an opposite effect (e.g., indifference, emotional lability, and atypical humor).

right

Research on __________ has found that people tend to pay more attention to information that confirms their beliefs about themselves than to information that contradicts those beliefs.

schemas

THE USE OF A SCREENING TEST TO IDENTIFY HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHO IS LIKELY TO BENEFIT FROM INTERVENTION IS AN EXAMPLE OF ______ PREVENTION.

secondary

In organizations, person-organization (P-O) fit is achieved primarily through:

selection and socialization

The high failure rate in treating addictive behaviors stems from the fact that many addictions are very powerfully

self-reinforcing

Which feature of speech (semantic, syntactic, phonemic, or acoustic) would normally be remembered best by a listener?

semantic

Greatest cell loss occurs in the ______ and _____ areas of the brain...

sensory and motor

Medications used for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder mostly target which neurotransmitter?

serotonin

Neurotransmitter imbalances have been identified in people with eating disorders. Most notably, persons with eating disorders frequently have a deficiency of:

serotonin and norepinephrine

The most costly and successful malpractice suits filed against psychologists are for:

sexual misconduct.

A psychologist should not assign a diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder for the first time if the individual is younger than _____ years of age or older than _____.

six; eighteen

Newborns are ________________ to sound intensity than adults and are particularly sensitive to ______ sounds.

slightly less sensitive; speech

12 step facilitation therapy

strategy rooted in 3 key ideas - acceptance, surrender, and active involvement in 12-step meetings and related activities. Twelve-step facilitation therapy is a manualized treatment approach developed by Nowinski, Baker, and Carroll for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. The use of role-playing is emphasized throughout this treatment manual.

Blood cortisol tests are used to monitor:

stress level and to test adrenal function in suspected cases of Cushing's or Addison's diseases

Medulla

structure in the hindbrain that controls the flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain; regulates automatic responses such as breathing and heart rate; damage can be fatal. Linked to SIDS, affected by large amounts of opiates or amphetamines.

Parkinson's disease is due to loss of cells in the:

substantia nigra.

The part of the brain that is compromised in Parkinson's Disease is the:

substantia nigra.

Social comparison theory

suggests that when standards are ambiguous and subjective (e.g., "professionalism"), we compare ourselves to others (usually but not always those slightly above us)

The circadian clock is located in the hypothalamus and is responsible for sleep-wake patterns. The circadian clock is the:

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Thinning refers to the process of:

switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule

Bilingual (transition) programs

teaching children basic subjects in their native language and gradually switching to English. Most research suggests that children in high-quality transition programs do as well or better than those in immersion programs.

Vision is to hearing as occipital lobe is to:

temporal lobe

The ______ are most commonly the originating site of complex partial seizures

temporal lobes

Group polarization

tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group. More research support this vs risky shift.

High levels of stress are associated with which types of headaches?

tension and migraine

In regard to testimonials, the APA Ethics Code stipulates that:

testimonials may be used and solicited as long as they are not solicited from current patients or those vulnerable to undue influence.

Recognition memory

the ability to recall information from long-term memory on the basis of recognition when given appropriate cues.

encoding specificity principle (Tulving & Thomson, 1973)

the ability to recall information is improved when the same cues are available at encoding and retrieval. Research has consistently found that recognition memory is better than recall memory, and this has been attributed to the fact that recognition items provide more cues than do recall items (i.e., there is greater overlap between the information in the test items and the information contained in the memory trace)

Following a stroke or head trauma, what type of memory functions are most likely to be affected?

the ability to retain newly learned information is most likely to be affected. Impairment in other types of memory, such as long-term episodic memory or verbal (semantic) memory, usually indicates more severe memory damage in which impairment in learning new information is also present.

Interneurons

the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory and/or motor neurons within the central nervous system (CNS). They play vital roles in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis and are located solely in the CNS.

The person who holds privilege in court-ordered treatment is:

the client

When the IQs of adoptive children are correlated with the IQs of their biological mothers and adoptive mothers:

the correlation with biological mothers is stronger.

Validity

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

Reliability

the degree to which test scores are free from the effects of measurement error.

The Solomon Four-Group design is used to control for:

the effects of testing

Reminiscence bump

the empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from ages 10 to 30, compared to other periods of their lives.

When Total Quality Management (TQM) fails, it is often because: (there are too few managers, there is too much attention to customer demands, the employees are not given sufficient responsibility, the rewards are not distributed fairly)

the employees are not given sufficient responsibility

When a listener is exposed to both sides of an argument, a "primacy effect" is most likely to occur when:

the first side of the argument is presented immediately before the second side and the listener's attitude is measured at a later time.

The part of the brain responsible for consolidation of long-term memory is:

the hippocampus.

Important issues related to individuals diagnosed HIV+ include:

the individual's current health status as well as an understanding of common sequelae of the disorder.

Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership proposes that a worker's performance depends on

the interaction between the leader's leadership style (high LPC versus low LPC) and the favorableness of the situation, which refers to the extent to which the leader has influence, the tasks are structured, and the leader is in a position to reward employees for good performance.

An implication of Bandura's social cognitive theory is that, to maximize worker motivation, a job should be designed so that:

the job maximizes opportunities for self-regulation

Prenatal malnutrition has its most severe impact during _________ stages of prenatal development.

the later stages. The brain grows most rapidly during the final trimester, and prenatal malnutrition during this period is associated with a low brain weight and abnormalities in the organization of the brain's neurons.

Frontal lobes exhibit the greatest amount of restructuring during...

the later teen years.

Steven's Power Law

the magnitude of a sensation is equal to the physical magnitude of the stimulus producing the sensation raised to a certain power (exponent) which varies, depending on the specific sensation being measured

According to Beck, the modification of dysfunctional cognitions "can only occur if...

the patient is engaged in the problematic situation and experiences affective arousal"

According to Tiedeman and O'Hara, successful career development is based upon:

the processes of differentiation and integration

The prevalence rates of major depressive disorder are about equal for boys and girls before puberty. In adolescents and adults:

the rate for females is about 1.5 to 3 times the rate for males.

RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH HAS GENERALLY FOUND THAT:

the rates of depression and other neurotic disorders are substantially higher among the unemployed than the employed.

Indifference and euphoria suggest damage to: • 1. the frontal lobes. • 2. the temporal lobes. • 3. the right hemisphere. • 4. the left hemisphere.

the right hemisphere

psychophysics

the study of the relationship between physical stimulus magnitudes and their corresponding psychological sensations

Risky shift

the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members.

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

canalization

the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes

self-serving bias

the tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take personal credit for our successes

simulation heuristic

the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally simulate) it

Conduction

the term for the electrical process that moves messages through a neuron.

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs; most applicable to more formal relationships (e.g. business associates)

Psychological reactance

the theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive

idiosyncrasy credits

the tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, deviate from the group without retribution

The experience of REM-rebound occurs most often when: (barbiturates are used chronically, a person begins using sedatives, the use of sedatives is discontinued, alcohol is substituted for barbiturates)

the use of sedatives is discontinued

Gate control theory

there are mechanisms in the spinal cord that mediate or block the perception of pain (massaging, applying heat or cold, engaging in distracting activities)

For each A score, the variability of B scores is equal to the total variability of B scores. You can conclude that: (an error has been made, as this is quite unlikely to occur; there is a moderate positive correlation between A and B; there is a moderate negative correlation between A and B; there is no correlation between A and B.)

there is no correlation between A and B

Meninges

three membranes (meninges) - dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid and pia mater)

According to the American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2002), test data such as raw and scaled scores, may be released:

to whomever the patient requests, with an appropriate release.

The Leaderless Group Discussion is used in organizations to:

train and evaluate managerial-level employees

A Jungian would consider that part of the personal and collective unconscious that is projected out to be: (a defense, transference, a symptom, discomfort with the shadow aspect of personality)

transference

The most significant aspects of child's play is that it allows the child to...

try out new roles, and master difficult feelings and situations.

In order to extinguish a classically conditioned response, one should omit the: (conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned response)

unconditioned stimulus.

deep structure of language

underlying meaning of words and sentences

According to the Ethics Code, in-person solicitations are...

unethical when the person solicited is susceptible to undue influence.

Trend analysis

used to analyze non-linear experimental data. For example, if the dose of medication is the IV (e.g., 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg) and symptoms of depression is the DV, you might find that increasing the dose by 5 mg at small dosages decreases depressive symptoms slightly, increasing the dose by 5 mg at moderate dosages decreases depressive symptoms significantly, and increasing the dose by 5 mg at high dosages doesn't decrease depressive symptoms at all.

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

used to evaluate functional brain issues; radioactive tracer substance inject/moves to active brain cells; yields info on regional cerebral blood flow, glucose, metabolism, oxygen consumption, which correlate with level of neural activity (cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, schizophrenia, etc.)

Types of Validity: Criterion-Related

used to predict performance - predictive validity: predict future performance - concurrent validity: predict current performance coefficients: shared variability between two measures (i.e., .50 = 25%)

Process consultation

using outside consultants to assess organizational processes such as workflow, informal intra-unit relationships, and formal communication channels; focus on processes or interactions between people and how these processes interfere with the achievement of their goals; consultant may observe then meet with employees to discuss and identify methods for resolving problems.

A behavior is reinforced on average every third time it occurs. The schedule of reinforcement being used is:

variable ratio

When running an ANOVA, a pooled error term is justified when:

variance is equal.

The least developed sense at birth is...

vision. Newborn sees at 20ft what normal adults see at 200 - 400ft.

Gardener's Multiple Intelligences

visual/spatial verbal/linguistic musical/rhythmic logical/mathematical bodily/kinesthetic interpersonal interpersonal natural * proposed that everyone possesses all to some degree and they are not static but can be developed by exposure to appropriate learning experiences

Alcohol withdrawal delirium is also known as delirium tremens (DTs) and may include

vivid hallucinations, delusions, autonomic hyperactivity, and agitation. Disturbances in attention and awareness are essential features of delirium

Threats to internal validity: History

when an event that is external to the research study affects subject's performance on the DV in a systematic way; controlled by Including more than one group in the study and randomly assigning subjects to groups

Threats to internal validity: selection

when groups differ at the beginning of the study because the way subjects were assigned to groups and is a potential threat whenever subjects are not randomly assigned to groups; controlled by randomly assigning subjects to groups or, when not possible, administering a pretest to subjects to determine if the group's DV differ initially

Threats to internal validity: statistical regression

when subjects are selected to participate because of their extreme status on the DV or a measure that correlates with the DV and refers to the tendency of extreme scores to regress to the mean on retesting; avoided by not including only extreme scores in the study or by including more than one group in ensuring that all groups consist of subjects who are similarly extreme

Types of Validity: Content

whether each domain of the test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure usually determined by experts

Types of Reliability: Internal Consistency

whether test items that measure the same construct produce same results. split-half: use Spearman-Brown prophecy formula to determine correlation between two halves of the same test inter-item correlation: determine Cronbach's coefficient alpha or use Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (for dichotomous items) to determine correlation of matched items error: due to differences in the two halves of the test or in matched items

The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery

widely used to evaluate the presence of brain damage, severity, and possible location in those 15+. The battery differentiates healthy individuals from those with cortical damage and includes 10 measures of memory, abstract thought, language, sensory-motor integration, perceptions, and motor dexterity.

Increasing test length: (will affect only reliability, will affect reliability more than validity, will have an equal effect on reliability and validity, will affect neither reliability or validity)

will affect reliability more than validity

A Structural Family Therapist would be most likely to: (work on boundaries, work on issues with differentiation, prescribe the symptom, be concerned with double binds)

work on boundaries