EPSY 3300 TEST 2 REVIEW (summer 18)

What mechanism helps transfer information from the sensory register to short-term memory?

Attention

What is required to carry out the first step in problem solving, which is realizing that a problem exists?

Being dissatisfied with the current status of a situation.

Which of the following statements best reflects the last 30 years of research findings on the effect of computer-based instruction (CBI)?

CBI is best used with certain types of students, with certain materials, and for certain types of outcomes.

According to the humanistic view, your motivation for studying educational psychology should stem primarily from

Your need to become a competent and effective teacher

A teacher who checks a student's progress on math homework every 5 minutes is using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval

As you read this question, you will choose an answer that you decide is correct by relating the question to information already stored in your long-term memory. The mental process taking place as you do this can best be explained by which of the following concepts?

recognition

The sensory register

registers stimuli very briefly while we decide if they will be processed further.

Memory-directed tactics include

rehearsal and mnemonic devices.

The information-processing approach to analyzing cognitive functioning stresses all but which one of the following?

reinforcement

Students who believe that they are capable of successfully performing a task are more likely than students who have doubts about their capabilities to

use self-regulating learning skills.

Self regulation is

using thoughts, feelings, and actions in various settings to attain one's goals.

Identifying which car gets the best gas mileage is an example of a(n)

well structured

The task of solving an algebra problem can best be described as a(n)

well-structured problem.

All of the following factors have been shown to affect self-efficacy EXCEPT

year in school

After becoming proficient at chess, Karl decides to learn how to play poker. Which type of transfer is most likely to occur in this situation?

zero transfer

How long does information generally stay in the sensory register?

1 to 3 seconds

Which of the following best reflects a self-efficacy statement?

"I have little doubt that I will win the upcoming golf tournament."

Which of the following statements by a student best illustrates a possible result of excessive extrinsic motivation stressed in the text?

"Now that I've passed the course, I can hardly wait to sell the textbook."

Which of the following teaching situations is likely to produce the highest level of positive transfer?

A business education teacher arranges the classroom as an office and uses machines and practices common to most offices.

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

A child listens quietly during story time after being praised for that same behavior.

Which of the following represents positive reinforcement?

A child who has a tendency to be boisterous in class responds to praise for good behavior from his teacher by continuing to sit quietly.

Teachers who force students to compete with one another for a limited supply of rewards (as when they practice grading on the curve), are most likely to see which of the following outcomes?

A decline in students' intrinsic motivation.

Margot gets so involved in her reading and homework assignments that she is often unaware of how much time has gone by since she sat down to work. This situation can best be characterized as

A flow state

In which of the following examples is a teacher helping students improve memory through the use of a mnemonic device?

A music teacher has students learn the lines of the staff—EGBDF—with the phrase "Every good boy does fine."

Which of the following best reflects the focus of critical constructivism?

A teacher strives to minimize his or her expectations about what students can accomplish based on their racial, ethnic, or SES background.

Which of the following best illustrates the idea of Type I punishment?

A young child who is caught playing with her mother's makeup is scolded by her grandmother.

According to the constructivist viewpoint, which of the following factors influences the construction of new ideas?

All of the above.

Self-efficacy has been shown to affect which of the following?

All of the above.

If you wanted students to learn how to construct a meaningful knowledge base, which of the following instructional activities would be most appropriate?

All of these activities.

Self-regulation is an important skill for students to acquire because

All of these answers.

If, as psychologists claim, long-term memory is a permanent storehouse, which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for why we forget things?

All of these are possible explanations of forgetting.

A teacher who believes that the social and cultural environments of some students make it more difficult for them to actively construct meaningful new ideas, but who refuses to adopt simpler materials or methods to teach these students, reflects which of the following theoretical frameworks?

Critical constructivism.

Though you are a novice instructor you are certain that you would prefer to use the social cognitive theory approach to motivation in your classroom. Which of the following activities would best fit with this approach?

Demonstrate the types of behaviors you expect students to exhibit and point out haw capably they imitate your behavior.

Which of the following best characterizes a learning strategy?

Developing a plan for passing the tests in a history course.

According to the constructivist viewpoint, which of the following actions is likely to be the strongest influence on the formation of new ideas?

Discussing ideas with people who have different points of view.

Students who are motivated more by the need to avoid failure than by the need to achieve success are more likely to choose

Either very easy or very difficult tasks

Creating visual images that represent the ideas from a section of text is an example of which of the following processes?

Elaborative rehearsal

Giving a student a sticker for every 10 questions he answers correctly is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed ratio

Which of the following is an illustration of intrinsic motivation?

Gilbert runs 2 miles each day after school because he enjoys the feeling of well-being that he experiences

Which of the following techniques best illustrates the behavioral learning view of motivation?

Giving students the opportunity to engage in an activity of their choice once they have completed an assignment.

A person's self-efficacy beliefs have been shown to affect all but which one of the following?

IQ scores

You call the post office for a ZIP code that you need, just after you looked up the phone number. Unfortunately, you dial the wrong number. You attempt to dial again, only to discover that you've forgotten the phone number. From an information-processing standpoint, how can this be explained?

Information in working memory began to disappear after twenty seconds or so.

Mr. April was so impressed with Nancy's report on the effects of acid rain that he graded it A+ and posted it on the classroom bulletin board. Mr. April's action best illustrates which of the following operant conditioning principles?

Insufficient information to determine

Cameron believes that her performance in school depends largely on intellectual skills that she can refine and use more effectively over time. Her classmate, Yolanda, believes that her performance is a function of an innate ability that cannot change. Cameron is likely to have ________ goals, whereas Yolanda is likely to have ________ goals.

Mastery; Performance

In his high school physics class, Mr. Alvarez is relating the properties subatomic particles (neutrons, electrons, and protons) to the behavior of teens in a social group. From an information processing perspective, which of the following goals is Mr. Alvarez trying to accomplish?

Mr. Alvarez is trying to accomplish all of these goals.

Which of the following teachers is using a discovery learning approach?

Ms. Lee frequently requires students to figure out how certain science concepts do or do not relate to one another.

A man stopped kissing his wife on arriving home each day. Soon after, his wife greeted him with an angry look. As a result, the husband resumed kissing his wife each day when he returned home. Which of the following has occurred?

Negative reinforcement

Lyle enjoys learning algebra a great deal even though he struggles to master some of the concepts. As a teacher, which approach should you take in providing rewards for this student?

Reward the student sparingly and only when his level of competence increases.

A teacher who believes that learning is most likely to be meaningful when tasks are embedded in realistic contexts is following which learning theory concept?

Observational learning.

Research has shown that time-out works best with which type of child?

One who is aggressive.

A teacher who is trying to enhance memory through elaborative rehearsal should place greatest stress on which of the following techniques?

Organizing and discussing the meaning of what is being covered.

Self-efficacy primarily affects motivation by having an impact on an individual's choice of learning goals, attributions, and

Outcome Expectations

Which of the following situations best illustrates the social cognitive view of motivation?

Praising students whose behavior may be imitated by classmates

Mr. Martinez praises Antwan in front of the rest of the class for answering 90% of the questions correctly on the last exam. Antwan then spends less time studying for the next exam. This is an example of

Punishment

Which of the following scenarios would most likely give rise to negative feelings about being able to handle a given task successfully?

Samantha has to take a chemistry class, but she has always been frightened by the formulas involved. She enrolls in a chemistry class taught by a well-liked, humorous teacher, but later finds out that her best friend failed the class the semester before.

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is considered a growth need?

Self Actualization

When 14-year-old Ramone says, "I enjoy playing football because I'm good at it," he is providing information regarding his

Self concept

Shelly states that she can run a mile in under five minutes even though she hasn't tried it before. This statement provides us with information about Shelly's

Self-efficacy

As part of her lesson plan for an environmental science unit, Ms. April decides to takes her class to nearby ponds and streams to collect water samples and have them analyzed for pollutants. What learning theory concept does this activity best reflect?

Situated learning.

Will's high school basketball team has made the state playoffs for the first time in 20 years. Will, who could best be described as a casual fan of the team, finds himself engaged in animated discussions with his classmates about how successful the team is likely to be in the tournament. Will's interest in the team's playoff prospects could best be described as

Situational

If you wanted to design a school setting that would foster a strong sense of academic self-concept among its students, you would

Stress teaching techniques aimed at increasing self-regulated learning

Which of the following factors would students who have experienced a great deal of academic success for a long period of time likely cite to explain current successes and failures?

Success is due to ability and effort, failure to lack of effort.

The behavioral approach to motivation has been criticized for which of the following reasons?

The behavioral approach has been criticized for all of these reasons.

Jerald, a budding young artist of four, decides to use his mother's new white shag carpet as a canvas for his peanut butter and jelly impressionist piece. When his mother (who does not appreciate art) discovers his work, she grabs Jerald by the collar, pulls him toward her, and gives him a stern smack on the bottom. Jerald ceases smearing the carpet with peanut butter and jelly. This treatment of Jerald is a good example of

Type I punishment.

Which of the following most clearly illustrates extrinsic motivation?

an assignment worth ten bonus points

Which of the following represents the proper sequence of cognitive processes that occur as we process information?

attention, recognition, transformation, storage, retrieval

A student who is taking a course in educational psychology for the first time scans through the information-processing theory chapter and notes the word metacognition,which is unfamiliar. This student's selective focusing on the term metacognition is known as

attention.

When Chelsea was in second grade she learned that broccoli and spinach are both green because they are plants and that plants are green because they contain chlorophyll. She did not think that her green ball contained chlorophyll because she knew it was not a plant. This is an example of meaningful learning according to which of the following theories of learning?

cognitive constructivism

An approach to learning that is based on a student's ability to effectively assimilate information into existing schemes and to develop new schemes and operations in response to novel or discrepant ideas is called

cognitive constructivism.

Within social cognitive theory, the concept of self-regulation refers to

consistently using self-control skills in new situations.

A formal agreement where a teacher and a student determine a mutually-agreed on behavior and a mutually-agreed on reinforcement is an example of a

contingency contract

Which of the following behaviors is indicative of a student in the forethought phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

creating a strategy to achieve a goal

Tara has a high level of self-efficacy. Consequently, Tara will likely

credit her successes largely to effort.

To discourage students from waiting until the last minute to study for exams, teachers should schedule exams at

different intervals and not announce when each exam will be given.

Margaret enjoys rock climbing but hates algebra because it is too confusing. In an effort to help her become a better math student, her instructor asks her to put in order the steps required to get to the top of a large rock. She then asks Margaret to list some similarities between algebra and rock climbing. Soon, Margaret begins to make the connection between the logical processes involved with each activity. The form of learning that Margaret's instructor has asked her to engage in is

discovery learning.

A high school student taking a class in Japanese is faced with learning a new symbol system in order to communicate in this language. He remarks to his teacher, "I'll never be able to read Japanese because these symbols all look the same to me!" Obviously, this student's _______________ is/are not well developed at this point in the class.

discrimination skills

Engaging in a behavior that is usually disapproved of because we observe a model doing the same thing without being punished is an example of

disinhibition

To enhance both low-road transfer and high-road transfer, a teacher would

do all of these

A student who finds himself relating a lecturer's statement that molecular structure is of a crystalline nature to a recollection of looking at crystals through a microscope is engaging in

elaborative rehearsal.

Dual coding theory holds that information is more likely to be recalled if it is

encoded both verbally and visually.

If you wanted to use a social cognitive theory approach to motivation, you would

encourage students to imitate the behaviors of academically successful peers whom they admire.

A teacher who realizes that students attend to only what they have schemata for should

explain how knowledge of a subject relates to everyday life.

Ms. Broom ignores Sam who frequently yells out in class. Within a week, Sam is no longer yelling out. This is an example of

extinction

You get a cup of coffee from a vending machine each morning. Two mornings in a row, the machine accepts your coins but does not supply coffee. The next day you bring a thermos of coffee with you. Your reaction to the vending machine illustrates that ______________ has occurred.

extinction

A teacher decides not to pay attention to Robert's wild hand-waving and calls on another student. Robert always launches into long, involved stories that change the direction of the class discussion. This teaching technique is most related to

extinction.

Ian's parents have noted that he studies longer and gets better grades when they and the teacher praise his efforts and accomplishments than when they simply acknowledge his good performance. This pattern suggests that Ian is motivated primarily by

extrinsic motivation.

Richard attends the Mardi Gras festival in New Orleans for the first time. Unaccustomed to singing and dancing in public streets, he nevertheless joins the thousands of people who are participating. This incident best illustrates which of the following observational learning effects?

facilitation

A student who has just been praised for learning that the plural of goose is geese says that he saw a train that had three cabeese. Behavioral theorists would classify this as an example of

generalization

A student who has been praised for learning that the plural of goose is geese, now says that he saw a train that had three cabeese. This illustrates the learning theory principle of

generalization.

If you praise a child for learning that the plural of sheep is sheep and the plural of deer is deer and the child cries excitedly, "Look at all the goat!" on seeing a herd of goats, this illustrates the learning theory principle of

generalization.

Instead of telling students that they have to read the next chapter in their history book for tomorrow's class, Mr. Lopez assigns about 1/3 of the chapter for each of the next three days. Mr. Lopez does this because

he knows that distributed practice produces more learning than massed practice.

From an information processing perspective, the main reason for using computer-based technology tools is to

help students master some of the skills involved in reading, writing, math, science, art, and music.

Self- and peer-questioning is an effective learning tactic because it

helps students understand and relate new information to what they already know

The purpose of the sensory register is to

hold information briefly for possible processing.

According to the constructivist viewpoint, the meaningful learning of new ideas is strongly influenced by

how much a person already knows about a particular subject.

A college professor tells the students in her clinical psychology class that they are to review the records of a group of people who have been hospitalized for various emotional disorders and decide which patients are sufficiently recovered to be discharged. This is an example of what type of problem?

ill structured

Insight into one's learning processes seems to

increase with age

One claim of constructivism is that meaningful learning is the result of

individuals using their knowledge and experience to create a personal view of the world.

Information already stored in long-term memory

influences what we attend to and find meaningful.

Information held in long-term memory has the effect of

influencing what we selectively perceive and find meaningful.

Organization aids in the learning and recalling of information because it

involves all these reasons

One limitation of constructivism is that

it tends to be more time consuming for teachers and students.

One impediment to the process of problem framing is inert knowledge. Inert knowledge refers to

knowledge that can be recalled and supplied only under narrow circumstances.

Of the following, the teacher who is most likely to attract students' attention is the one who

lectures on the Civil War dressed as Abraham Lincoln.

Which of the following types of transfer lead to the automatic application of a learned skill?

low road transfer

The purpose of maintenance rehearsal is to

maintain information in short-term memory until you are ready to use it.

Repeating the punch line of a joke over and over to yourself while trying to find pencil and paper to write it down is an example of

maintenance rehearsal.

Having learned how to make repairs to his father's motorcycle engine, Cole quickly figures out how to make simple repairs to his fathers' car engine. This illustrates which type of transfer?

near transfer

Completing homework assignments in order to avoid being given an undesirable required assignment in school is an example of the operant conditioning technique of

negative reinforcement.

Removing a child's name from the detention list after late homework was completed is an example of

negative reinforcement.

Demetria says to her teacher, "You know what? I bet I have fifty mystery books at home, and I love reading them over and over again. Each time I read them, I catch some clue that I missed before. If I had more time, I bet I could read a new book every night! Wouldn't that be cool?" According to motivational theories, Demetria continues to read her books primarily because

of high intrinsic motivation.

Donte is fascinated by planes. He reads aviation magazines and stories about test pilots, watches documentaries about the people who design and test planes, and attends air shows. He thinks he may want to be an aeronautical engineer some day. His parents and teacher are quite impressed by this behavior. Donte behaves this way because

of high intrinsic motivation.

Cognitive constructivism is the construction of knowledge through

one's personal, individual experiences.

When Charlie the cat was a kitten, he just happened to be near the kitchen when his owner used an electric can opener to open a can of tuna for him to eat. Curious about this strange sound, Charlie went to the kitchen and found the tuna in his dish. Now, no matter how deep his coma-like sleep is when someone uses the electric can opener for any reason, Charlie scrambles to his feet and sprints to the kitchen. This story about Charlie is an example of

operant conditioning.

The constructivist view of learning holds that meaningful learning occurs when

people make their own interpretations of ideas and experiences..

A typically boisterous child is praised enthusiastically by his teacher for sitting quietly and attending to the day's lesson. In response to his teacher's praise, the child sits quietly during the next day as well. The teacher is changing the child's behavior by using

positive reinforcement.

"Complete these problems, and you can go out to recess." This is an example of

premack principle

Carmen feels very confident that she can put together a winning argument for the upcoming class debate on the pros and cons of preserving wilderness versus allowing it to be developed for commercial purposes. As a result, Carmen is likely to

prepare early by identifying and reading relevant articles.

A teacher who wanted to use external rewards to enhance intrinsic motivation would

provide rewards to all students who achieve a predetermined standard of excellence.

A teacher who wanted to use external rewards with students who were already highly interested in a topic would

provide students with positive feedback about their performance.

According to Jerome Bruner, discovery learning helps students become more independent problem solvers because they

relate ideas to each other and to their existing knowledge.

The process of recognition is best described as one that involves

relating stimulus information to information stored in long-term memory.

Which of the following best illustrates maintenance rehearsal?

repeating an address over and over while you write it on an envelope

If a student really enjoys learning French but has to struggle with pronunciation and vocabulary, you should

reward the student sparingly and only when her level of competence increases.

A critical control process that needs to take place during the sensory register stage of the information-processing model is known as

selective attention.

Aubry, a sixth-grade student, remarks, "Analyzing fictional literature is too hard. I just can't do it." According to social cognitive theory, Aubry likely has low feelings of ______________ on tasks such as this.

self-efficacy

How capable one feels to handle particular kinds of tasks is called

self-efficacy

Which of the following terms refers to how capable we feel we are, or how successful we feel we will be, when performing certain kinds of tasks?

self-efficacy

At the beginning of the school year, Randall and his classmates were told by the teacher that if they finished an in-class assignment early, they were to read quietly until everyone else in class was finished. A few weeks later, Randall finishes a math assignment before several others and opens his reading book. Randall's behavior can be said to be

self-regulated

To prepare for an exam in chemistry, Ramon decides that nothing less than a grade of B+ will be acceptable, decides how much material he will need to study each day, and chooses study skills that will help him meet the teacher's objectives for this test. Moreover, because this approach has been successful in the past, Ramon uses it for his other subjects. Ramon's behavior is an example of

self-regulation

Because teachers expect students to become more independent as learners as they get older, students have to learn increasingly larger amounts of more complex material as they move through the grades, and students will have to be self-directed learners after they leave school in order to cope with the rapid pace of change, it is imperative that students acquire the skills of

self-regulation.

After information is attended to, it moves into short-term memory, which has the capacity to hold __________ bits of __________ information for about twenty seconds.

seven; unrelated

A teacher who reinforces a child every time he correctly finishes a step in his long-division problem until he finishes the problem is demonstrating

shaping

Eighth-grade students are participating in a nationwide science learning project. Students, business professionals, and scientists from across the country communicate via the Internet. They discuss various ways to solve particular problems that are set in realistic contexts. They also have opportunities to solve real problems, like protecting their local environments. Students are exposed to a variety of viewpoints, new information, and alternate solutions. This is an example of meaningful learning according to which of the following theories?

social constructivism

Skylar, who is in eighth grade, and his class are participating in a nationwide science learning project. Students, business professionals, and scientists from across the country communicate via the Internet. They discuss various ways to solve particular problems that are set in realistic contexts. They also have opportunities to solve real problems, like protecting their local environments. Students are exposed to a variety of viewpoints, new information, and alternate solutions. This is an example of meaningful learning according to which of the following theories?

social constructivism

Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence one's feelings about whether one can successfully complete a given task?

socioeconomic level

To help her better understand the content of her reading assignment, Darlene creates concept maps of each chapter. Darlene can be said to be behaving

tactically

Research suggests that intrinsic motivation can be undermined when

teachers award the top grades only to a small percentage of students who have outscored their classmates.

If you wanted to increase the probability of a particular behavior, such as completing an assignment within a time limit, being repeated you would

tell students how pleased you are after they have completed one of your assignments on time.

An excessive use of rewards may lead to

the development of materialistic attitudes.

To help him remember the ideas of a speech he will give in class, Mason creates a visual image of each idea and then imagines placing each idea in room in his house. The techniques Mason is using is

the method of loci.

A student's ability to frame a problem properly depends on

the student's level of subject matter knowledge.

Kindergarten and first-grade children are typically very inefficient learners because

they have little metacognitive knowledge

Placing a student who disrupts the classroom to get attention in the hallway is an example of

time - out

A student on a class field trip misbehaves on the bus and is told to sit by herself for ten minutes. This technique represents an attempt at implementing

time-out

Late for an 8 a.m. homeroom meeting, Caroline runs into the classroom, disturbing all around her, and dives to her chair in an attempt to be funny. In response to this behavior her teacher arranges for Caroline to sit in the hall for the rest of the period. This response is an example of

time-out.

Mari Jo is concerned about next week's social studies test and asks her best friend, Lindsay, to show her how to use concept mapping on a chapter of their textbook. Since Mari Jo thinks she and Lindsay are very much alike, she feels confident that she can learn to use this technique to improve her reading comprehension. Mari Jo's increased self- efficacy lowers her anxiety about next week's social studies test and motivates her to use concept mapping for her other subjects. This scenario demonstrates which of the following models of learning?

triadic reciprocal causation

Social cognitive theory is based on which of the following models of learning?

triadic reciprocal causation