Era of Egyptian Embalming review - pages 1-10

Duamutef, the ______________ head, protected the _____________.

Jackal's, stomach

4. The term Sarcophagus refers to what?

Massive rectangular coffins

One of the earliest types of Egyptian tombs is the _____________________.

Mastaba

The first funeral establishments developed in Europe during what period?

Medieval Period (600 A.D. to 1850)

Osiris was generally represented in:

Mummy Wrappings

3. In Egyptian history, the walled suburb of a major city where embalming was performed was referred to as __________.

Necropolis

The development of standards of living occurred in what Era?

Neolithic Era (30,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C.)

Neo refers to:

New

1. _________ is known as God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead.

Osiris

Osiris was the head of a trinity or triangle of family as gods including:

Osiris Isis - wife Horus- Son

The first records of any attempts at burial was in which Era?

Paleolithic Era

19. The priest was referred to as ________.

Physician - Kerhab

Embalmers belonged to what class?

Priestly Class

9. The person who marked the length of the incision with a charcoal pencil was ___________ .

Scribe / Lawyer

When the tomb had been reached, how was the coffin set up?

Set up on end and turned so as to face the south.

Comparable to ones "guardian angel" was:

Shadow

Name the two cults of worship in Egypt

Sun Worshipers Cult of Osiris

For the very well to do, this individual actually performed the embalming operation as well as the wrapping process .

Surgeon or "Chief Embalmer"

6. The most expensive method of Egyptian embalming consisted of five steps, the last of which was?

The bandaging process

What would the wrapped bandages be soaked with to give a pleasing odor?

Wine, oils and various spirits

13. The personality of the individual, the "shining one" is called?

Yakhu

"pharmacist" also known as

apothecary

The Mastaba consisted of what 3 parts?

chamber, serdab and pit

"painter" also known as

designer

"anatomist" also known as

dissector

Most Egyptians utilized _____________ burial in common grave pits

earth

apothecary servants also known as

pollinctors

"chief embalmer" also known as

surgeon

The face of the dead on anthropoid coffins was first reproduced by ________________________, and later by _____________________ painted in lifelike resemblance.

wood carving, cartoonage

On Portrait Coffins, the face was painted on a _____________________ held in place by _____________________.

wooden panel, bandaging

What was the size (width) of the bandaging material?

3 & 1/4 inch

7. According to ancient Egyptian history, the approximate number of years required to complete the Circle of Necessity is?

3,000 years

What is a Mastaba?

A massive building of rectangular shape

What Era was known as the "Era of Egyptian Embalming"?

Ancient Period (6,000 B.C. to 600 A.D.)

Between the XIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties, the shape of the coffic was changed and the ______________ coffin came into use.

Anthopoid

Hapy, the ______________ head, protected the _____________.

Ape's, lungs

_________________________ burned their dead and placed the ashes in urns built in the shape of huts called "round barrows"

Aryan Tribes

The soul of the individual was?

Ba

_______________________ chopped and potted their dead and then ground the bones to be mixed with food and eaten

Balearians

___________________ practiced "Cannibalism"

Calatians

2. What is the name of the jars that were filled with organs of the deceased durning the process of embalming?

Canopic Jars

The Egyptians believed that the soul of the deceased had to make a journey to the sun and back called the ________________.

Circle of Necessity

The "God of Wine and Fertility" was:

Dionysos

18. The individual designed to eviscerate and wash the Egyptian remains was called __________.

Dissector or "anatomist"

The earliest assumed state of man was in which Era?

Eolithic Era

Qebeh-Snewef, the ______________ head, protected the _____________.

Hawk's, intestines

12. Religion was the main reason for embalming in Egypt, the secondary purpose of embalming was? What are the two reasons lists for the secondary purpose for embalming?

Sanitation: overflow of the Nile river & frequency of the plague and diseases

15. Egyptian burial receptacles which were large, massive, and rectangular in shape describe the _______ casket.

Sarcophagus

In later Tombs, the ___________________________ chamber in which the mummy was placed was often skillfully secreted, in an attempt to thwart tomb robbers.

Sepulchral

What were the two forces of fertility on Egypt?

Sun Nile River

10. Who were the individuals involved in the Egyptian funeral procession of influential Egyptians?

The Deceased, Religious Rep., Family of the deceased, Professional mourners, Personal slaves of the deceased, Slaves, Friends & distant kin

What was the principle purpose of the rites at the tomb?

To bring about a restoration of all bodily functions of the mummy so that it would be prepared for its long journey in the next world

Imset, the ____________ head, protected the ____________.

human, liver

After death, a judgement by _________________ was held before the right to burial was granted

legal tribunal

Cartoonage was a mixture of:

linen and stucco

Early materials to protect the body were:

mats and skins of lower animals reeds wooden and earthenware baskets

"priest" also known as

physician

The earliest graves in the Nile Valley consisted of _____________________________ which were dug in ______________________________ ground.

shallow hollows, sandy and shingly

The transportation of the mummy was on a _____________ pulled by __________________.

sledge, oxen or men

The desire of Egyptian coffins in early periods of Egyptian history was to keep bodies from

touching the earth

What was the tomb known as?

"Eternal House"

Evisceration through an abdominal incision was made with an instrument known as an ______________ in the expensive method of embalming.

"Ethiopian Stone" or Sacred stone

After the abdominal incision was properly closed and sealed with wax, an engraved plate with what was believed to be the ___________________________________ was placed in the center of the waxed incision.

"Eye of Osiris"

The sun was believed to be:

"The Center of the Universe"

11. Name the five steps of embalming.

1) removal of the brain. 2) evisceration through an abdominal incision. 3) covering with natron. 4) the drying process. 5) the bandaging process.

How many yards of bandaging material did the bandaging process generally require?

1,200

17. The individual whose function was to anoint the body with the necessary oils, spices, and ointments was the __________.

Apothecary servants or "pollinctors"

In the Modern Era (1850 to Present), embalming was introduced into the United states at the time of the ____________________.

Civil War

This aspect of life and existence in Egypt played a great part in the success of the Egyptian mummification process

Climate

The "seat of intellect / emotion" was

Heart

What organs were generally left in the cavity?

Heart and Kidneys

The ___________ believed anyone who touched a corpse was unclean for a certain period of time.

Hebrews

What was the reason for the hieroglyphic inscriptions on the coffin?

Help the restoration of the body and reconstitution of the person. Aid and give power to the dead in the afterlife.

20. Who was the Greek historian known as the "father of history"?

Herodotus

__________________________ inscriptions which covered the exterior coffins, were devoted to prayers, genealogies, religious and magical text.

Hieroglyphic

_____________________ practiced "Wife Burning"

Hindustanies

16. What is not a part of the expensive Egyptian embalming method that is part of the inexpensive process?

Immersion in a molten asphalt substance which coated the body to provide protection

5. According to ancient Egyptian death beliefs, the elements of the body which remains with the body in the grave and which demands attention from the living are?

KA (self or double of the individual)

____________________ would throw their dead to hordes of dogs that inhabited barren spots just outside their cities.

Mongolians

14. The elements of the body include identity of the individual, which is called ___________.

Name

____________________ would open windows to allow evil spirits to escape.

Orthodox Jews

8. Who is the most prominent individual in the Egyptian embalming process?

Physician / Priest

The _____________________ was in total charge of the arrangements for the procession.

Physician or "Priest"

According to Herodotus, the three most important individuals to the embalming process were:

Physician or "Priest" Surgeon or "Chief Embalmer" Apothecary or "Pharmacist"

The ____________________ were the ultimate tombs and were designed by the _______________________ as their ____________________.

Pyramids, Pharaohs, "Eternal Home"

The final development of Portrait coffins is credited to:

Roman invention

The ___________ and _____________ buried their dead by night so as not to pollute the sunlight.

Roman, Greeks