ESHE 201 quiz 1

force

- the push or pull acting on a body -two possible outcomes: athletes can apply force, athletes can absorb force

Severity depends on depth and tissue affected

-1st degree = little or no ROM restriction; slight discoloration, pain w/ movement, pt tender -2nd degree = moderate ROM restriction; S/S increase -3rd degree = severe ROM restriction; S/S increase

Categories of strains

-1st degree: some pain, microtears of collagen, mild symptoms: pn, point tenderness, swelling, ROM decreased -2nd degree: More tissue destruction, moderate symptoms, joint laxity/instability, muscle weakness, increased ROM loss, ecchymosis (tissue discoloration). -3rd degree: Severe tissue destruction, severe symptoms, complete instability, loss of ROM, palpable defect (early), ecchymosis

Repair and Regeneration Phase

-3 days- 6-8 weeks -begins when hematoma is diminished to allow for growth of new tissue -key events: scar tissue formation begins, improved vascularization, collagen is laid down(tissue is first laid down weak which can be broke by matrix if you put too much force on it)

Remodeling Phase

-3 weeks after injury -mobilization vs immobilization(trainers have moved more towards mobilization due to not losing muscle strength when moving, but sometimes things have to be immobilized) -Key events: maturation of tissue-increases strength, collagen fibers oriented along lines of stress, decreased flexibility, return to normal chemical activity within the body

The emergency action plan

-A process for activating EMS -Should be written for each activity site -Individual responsibilities and protocols should be reviewed -should meet annually with EMS to review procedures -should be practiced regularly -EAP members should be certified in first aid and CPR -Emergency medical supplies and equipment should be easily accessible- ATC's responsibility -the most medically qualified on-site individual should assume responsibility

Sports medicine Organizations-

-Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD) -American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) -American Academy of Family Physicians -American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) -American Dietetic Association -American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) -American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine (AOSSM) -American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine (AOASM) -Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) -Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI) -Hockey Equipment Certification Council, Inc. (HECC) -Joint Commission on Sports Medicine and Science -National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) -National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) - Secondary Schools Setting -National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) -NCAA Health and Safety -Sports and Fitness Industry Association (SFIA) -Youth Sports of the Americas

Requirements of sports medicine team

-All parties must work to develop solid working relationship -Each member will have to gain trust and confidence in the skills and abilities of each other -Imperative that the athlete is kept well-informed -Coach and ATC must make a point of educating the student athlete

treatment to closed tissue injuries

-Apply Ice with a compression wrap immediately for at least 20 minutes; check for a distal pulse -If no fracture suspected elevate body part -Repeat the process every 1-2 hours -NSAIDS if able(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) -Supply Crutches if necessary -Continue Ice Application up to 72 hours -Keep body part wrap with compression -Refer to physician if necessary

Features of a synovial joint

-Articular Cartilage-protects the ends of your bones -Joint Cavity- Space between bones which is filled w/ synovial fluid -Articular Capsule-Surrounds the joint cavity -Synovial Fluid-Lubricates the joint and articular cartilage(less are you get older -Reinforcing Ligaments-ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL

Standards of reasonable care

-Assumes that a person is of ordinary and reasonable prudence -Bring commonsense approach to the situation -Must operate within the appropriate limitations of ones educational background

Assumption of Risk

-Athlete is made aware of inherent risks involved in sport and voluntary decides to continue participating -Expressed in written waiver or implied from conduct of athlete once participation begins -Can be used as defense against an athlete's negligence suit -Does not excuse individuals (coaches, ATC) from exhibiting reasonable care and prudence in regards to conduct of activities or precautionary measures -Many and varied interpretations (particularly with minors) -Often a waiver will stand in court except in incidents of fraud, misrepresentation or duress

Three kinds of skretching

-Ballistic (bouncing) Want to avoid this type -Dynamic - moving while stretching T&F, BSB -Static -Hold in a position for at least 20 secs -PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) stretch, Contract, Stretch

Fractures

-C/S-direct contact, fall, dynamic overload -Signs: swelling, bruising, deformity, shortening of the limb, crepitus, disability -Types-open (c),closed (s), transverse, epiphyseal, avulsion -Four ways of recognizing fracture: Palpation Percussion Compression (be careful) Distraction (be careful)

Unconscious athlete

-Call 911 for all unconscious athletes -Head injuries are #1 cause for loss of consciousness -See guidelines to help an unconscious athlete-p.145 steps 1-9 (Handout on D2L).

May be guilty of Negligence if...

-Care giver does something a reasonably prudent individual would not. -Causes Harm -Athletic trainer has a duty to provide coverage to athletes (obligation)

Personal information cards

-Contains contact information for family, personal physician, and insurance information

soft tissue injury classifications

-Contusions- bruises -Muscle cramps/spasm -Myositis/ fasciitis-inflaamation of muscles/facia

Statues of limitation

-Definition- how long a person has to sue for any type of conduct -Varies by state but generally ranges from 1-3 years -Clock begins at the time the negligent act results in suit or from the time injury is discovered following negligent act -Minors generally have an extension

treatment for bleeding

-Direct pressure -Elevation (if no fracture) -If continues - Pressure points (femoral/brachial arteries)

Two major layers of skin

-Epidermis-superficial layer- multi-layed contains skin pigment, hair, nails and sweat glands -dermis-deep layer- contains hair follicles, blood vessels, nerve endings -Resist compression, tension, and shear type force

Types of heat illness p. 129-121

-Exercise associated muscle cramps (heat cramps)- Muscle spasms caused by electrolyte loss; early in season -Heat exhaustion-core body temps up 104F, More common early in season ,S/Sx (signs and symptoms): dizziness, headache, profuse sweating, rapid breathing, gray skin, rapid weak pulse, uncoordinated gait, elevated temp, nausea -Heat stroke- core body temps above 104F, Body's temp control mechanisms have shut down, MEDICAL EMERGENCY-CALL 911, S/Sx: unconscious, sweating has stopped, shallow breathing, hot dry red skin, rapid strong pulse ("bounding"), high body temp, convulsions, seizures, comma

Specifc treatments for heat illness

-Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps - (Heat Cramps) : stretch, ice, drink cool fluids -Heat exhaustion : call EMS (if necessary), rest in cool room; utilize cool/wet towels -Heat Stroke: call EMS, RAPID COOLING, COOL FIRST TRANSPORT SECOND

Tips for muscle stretching

-Figure out muscle and its action(s) -Stretch in opposite direction- stabilize body, hot stretch at least 20s

Bone injuries

-Fracture = Disruption in continuity of a bone = break -Simple = skin remains intact -Compound = skin integrity compromised

History part of HOPT

-History-gather subjective information via a series of questions -Type of pain, Location of Pain, Mechanism of injury, Nauseous or sick to stomach, any ringing in the ears, abnormal vision and sensations -Questions should be open ended -A person who is not fully responsive may have a head or neck injury -Diplopia - double vision

Sports medicine is an umbrella term with two categories

-Human performance: exercise physiology, biomechanics, sports psychology, sports nutrition, and sports message, strength and conditioning coaches -Injury Management: practice of medicine, sports physical therapy, athletic training, occupational therapy, D.O, -athletic trainers and physical therapist can be on both sides of the umbrella

Preventing Heat Illness

-Identify at risk individuals-children; pre-season athletes -Acclimatize athletes - 7-10 days; 2-4 hours/days (building up tolerance) -Wear appropriate clothing-light weight, light-colored, porous -Fluid hydration should be often and unlimited; 8-12 cups 24 hrs before; 5-10oz during every 15 mins; 24 oz after for every lb lost -Hydration Pic of Urine -Weight Charts -Temperature/ humidity guide workouts - Heat Stress Index - also Fig 7-1-Humidity/Temp Calculator -Allow humidity and temperature to guide workouts -Practice schedules -Beware of hyponatremia-(water toxicity from drinking too much water which affects sodium levels) may have a normal body temp or slighly elevated-S/S-

Injury Evaluation and Progress Notes

-Injured athlete should be evaluated by an athletic trainer or physician -Record of the evaluation should be kept -If not available, a coach should encourage athlete and parents to set appointment with a local physician for injury assessment, diagnosis and documentation.

Special Tests- T of HOPT

-Limited in an emergency situation; main job is to determine if possible spinal cord injury -Avoid any unnecessary movement -Motor test - muscle test-ask to wiggle fingers and toes, then compare bilateral grip and foot strength -If athlete is unconscious, try painful stimulation- pinching the soft tissue in the armpit may make their eyelid flutter or involuntary movement away from the stimulus -If no response, do not move, wait for EMS, and monitor ABC

Directional terms- how one body part is in relation to another

-Medial - Toward the midline of the body -Lateral - Away from the midline of the body -Proximal - Toward a reference point (extremity) -Distal - Away from a reference point (extremity) -Inferior - Lower or below -Superior - Upper or above -Anterior - Toward the front -Posterior - Toward the back -Dorsal Posterior- back side -Ventral Anterior- front side

Joints

-Meeting of two bones -Various types of joints -fibrous, cartilaginous, and SYNOVIAL -Synovial- most common; freely moveable; all joints of the limbs fall into this class

Frostbite (could get with hypothermia)

-Most common in fingertips, toes, earlobes, tip of nose -Occurs when soft tissue freezes -Superficial: Involves skin and superficial tissue -Deep: Involves subcutaneous layers, tissue destruction -S/Sx: red swollen skin diffuse numbness, skin turns yellow-white/ blue with waxy look -Treatment: remove wet clothing re-warm area immediately; cover with sterile dressing; transport to hospital

frostbite

-Most common in fingertips, toes, earlobes, tip of nose -Occurs when soft tissue freezes -Superficial: Involves skin and superficial tissue -Deep: Involves subcutaneous layers, tissue destruction -S/Sx: red swollen skin diffuse numbness, skin turns yellow-white/ blue with waxy look -Treatment: remove wet clothing re-warm area immediately; cover with sterile dressing; transport to hospital

Treating heat illness

-Move person to cool place -Remove equipment/unnecessary clothes -Lie person on back, with feet elevated -Give cool fluids (unless unconscious)

Legal concerns of being a part of the sports medicine team

-Negligence suits involving coaches, athletic trainers, school officials and physicians have increased in frequency and amount of damages awarded -Liability- being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person; Must be certain you are aware of all rules and regulations relative to healthcare in a given state

Healing of soft tissue

-Phase 1: acute inflammatory (0-6 days) -Phase 2: repair and regeneration (3-21 days) (proliferation) -Phase 3: Remodeling (up to +1 year) (maturation)

Emergency situations

-Primary survey- assess life threatening conditions, A,B,C's, triage-essessomg a;; injuries quickly and then returning to the more serious injuries immediately (MASH) -Secondary survey- detailed head to toe assessment, signs (measurable objective findings-bleedings, fluid), symptoms (subjective info provided by mash)

Hiring a Certified athletic trainer in secondary schools

-Problems occurring later from improperly managed injuries could be avoided with proper management from an athletic trainer -According to the NATA "...all secondary schools should provide the services of a full-time, on-site, certified athletic trainer (ATC) to student athletes." -American Academy of Pediatrics (1998) adopted a policy recommending employment of ATC's in the high school setting

FERPA regulations (family educational rights and privacy act)

-Protects privacy of student educational records -Provides parents certain rights with respect to inspection of child's educational records -Can request corrections if inaccurate or misleading -Rights transfer to child -Age 18 or upon entering school beyond high school (become "eligible student") -School must have written permission to release information

Good Samaritan Law

-Provides limited protection to someone who voluntarily chooses to provide first aid -Assumes the individual would provide reasonable care consistent with their level of training

hypothermia treatment

-Reduced core body temperature -S/Sx: intense shivering, inability to perform tasks, speaking difficult, incoordination, in severe cases: unconscious -Treatment: Maintain ABCs, Activate EMS, remove wet clothing, jewelry, give warm fluids, re-warm person gradually

Signs and symtoms and treatment of shock

-S/S- blood pressure is low, systolic pressure is usually below 90 mm Hg, Pulse is rapid and very weak,athlete may be drowsy and sluggish, respiration is shallow and extremely rapid, athlete's skin is pale, cool, and clammy -Treatment- dial 911, maintain normal body temperature, elevate legs and feet 8-12 inches

Shock

-Shock can occur with any injury involving pain, bleeding, internal trauma, fracture, or spinal injury -occurs when the heart is unable to exert adequate pressure you circulate enough oxygenated blood to the vital organs -

Treatment log

-Sign-in to keep track of services -Daily treatments can be recorded -Can be used as legal documentation in instances of litigation -Subject to HIPAA and FERPA regulations

Treating Fractures

-Splint before moving-Follow 1st Aid/Safety Rules; Apply Ice -Types of splints: Anatomic Stiff/rigid Soft Vacuum/Air -Check skin color, temp, and capillary refill before and after splinting

Soft tissue injury classification

-Strain = injury to muscle or tendon -Tendonitis/Tendonosis -degeneration of the tendon -Tenosynovitis- inflammation fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that surrounds a tendon -Myositis ossificans- bone tissue forms inside muscle or other soft tissue after an injury. -Bursitis (bursae)- swelling in a bursa (flat sacs that swell in cause pain)

Observation part of HOPT

-Survey the scene as you come on to it -Look don't touch; What to look for: -Bleeding, discoloration, swelling, obvious deformity, fluid from ears/nose, state of athlete (alert, lethargic, restless), pupil size, tracking, and reaction to light -Observe bilaterally- right vs left

release of medical records

-The release of medical records can not occur without written consent -If the athlete wants records released to colleges/universities, professional organizations, insurance companies or news media, he/she and the parents/guardians must provide written consent -Waiver must specify information to be released

anatomical position

-To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Palpation- P of HOPT

-Using your hands to feel for abnormalities in bone or soft tissue -Palpate bilaterally- good (uninjured) then bad (injured); palpate for: -Local heat, swelling, deformity, crepitus, point tenderness, muscle spasm, pain, sensations or lack of at site of injury and below -Start away from the injury and move toward; start with light touches and increase pressure

Environmental conditions (127-135)

-Ways of cooling body: -evaporation (sweat) -conduction (coming in contact with cool object) -convection (air/water flow) -Dehydration increases chances for heat illness

Wound cleansing

-Wear gloves -Clean wound with saline, mild soap -Don't use alcohol or concentrated peroxide (water it down) -Soak wounds (if appropriate) in betadine solution -Apply ointments (neosporine etc) -Apply dressing -Apply Occlusive dressings -Second skin -Duoderm -Covering wound to return to game -Use telfa pad/ ointment/prewrap/tape -Allow the wound to "breath" at night in a controlled environment-cover before sleeping in the beginning

Questions to ask- History of HOPT

-What happened? -Are you able to move it? -Did you feel anything unusual? -have you hurt it before? -where is the pain?

types of injury

-acute- macrotrauma-facture, sprained ankle; definitive moment of onset and single force -chronic- microtrauma-stress fractures, arthritis; repeated chronic loading over a period of time, can persist for months or even yeats, acute injuries can turn into chromic injuries

tendons

-assist in movement in body part -connect muscle to bone -collagen os tissue is in parallel pattern -high resistance to unidirectional forces -popular tendons: patella. Achilles, biceps

Injury is a part of athletics

-athletes have a right to expect that those who are overseeing their particular sport view their health and safety as a priority -critical to have individuals that are aware of both treatment and prevention -this is where the athletic trainer (ATC) come in who should be able to recognize injury, provide basic medical assistance and refer injured individual to appropriate medical personnel

Types of force

-axial- acting along the long axis of a structure -compressive- squeezing or crushing a structure -tension- pulling or stretching an object -shearing- parallel or tangent to a structure- spine -torque- force around an axis-elbow/ shoulder

Types of muscle contractions

-concentric contraction- muscle shortening against resistance -eccentric contraction- muscle lengthening against resistance -isometric contraction- no change in length, no joint movement -isotonic contraction- change in length (with speed), joint movement- used during rehab -isokinetic- shortens as it contracts and contains constant speed

coaches responsibilities:

-construct injury prevention conditioning programs -must provide high quality and properly fit protective equipment -apply proper first aid if necessary -be CPR and First Aid certified -posses appropriate coaching licenses and certifications -have understanding of skill techniques and environmental factors associated with sport -continuing education -function as a coach

Sports medicine refers to a broad field of medical practices related to physical activity and sport (agencies)

-defined by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) as multidisciplinary -clinical application of these areas is aimed at improving and maintaining functional capacities for physical activity- ATC, PT, OT, and strength and conditioning individuals -sports medicine generally focuses on areas of performance enhancement, injury care and prevention

Structure of bones:

-diaphysis- shaft of bone, where bone grows from -epiphysis- located at the ends of bones; larger than diaphysis; in adolescents there is cartilaginous disc where bone growth occurs, this fuses with the diaphysis and forms the epiphyseal at 18

Force and its effects

-failure- the loss of continuity of a tissue resulting in rapture of fracture -stress- distribution of force within a body -force area- fig 3-2 -force has a greater stress on a smaller area of the body -a higher amount of stress, rather than a higher amount of force usually causes injury

Skin anatomy

-first layer of defense against injury, most frequently injured body tissue -needed to protect against bleeding and infection

Acute inflammation phase

-first several days after injury -key signs(redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function) -key events: Vasoconstriction- tissue death (necrosis) last secs to 10 minutes which reduces blood loss at a tissue sit because blood tickens- blood clotting mechanism- platelet reaction-chemical mediator release- aid in the inflammation process cause pain by stimulates nerve endings

documentation hints

-follow policies/ procedures -always write in ink -never use white out -correct errors properly (initial/date)

Types of fractures

-greenstick-complete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified -Transverse- occur in a straight line, more or less right angles to the bone shaft -spiral fractures- have an S shaped separation -Comminuted fracture- consist of 3 or more broken fragments -linear- bone splits along its length -oblique- occurs when one end receives twisting and the other is stabilizes (similar to spiral)

The role of the athletic administrator in the sports medicine team

-has significant impact on the sports medicine team -responsible for hiring personnel (coaches, ATCs, strength coaches, nutritonists, team physician) -be sure that all individuals have the necessary credentia;s and are willing to work as a team -must also oversee and develop policies and procedures, risk management plan, and emergency action plans -responsible for the budget and funding all aspects of athletic healthcare program including salaries, supplies equipment, insurance -commitment of the administrator can have a tremnendos impact on the success of the athletic program

Documentation

-important defense against litigation -Includes: pre-participation physical exams, Medical data forms, accident/injury reports, rehabilitation progress charts

What athletic trainers do on a daily basis

-injury prevention- ensure appropriate training, monitor environment, nutrition, maintain and fitting equipment, appropriate use of medication -recognition, evaluation, assessment of injuries -give immediate care of injuries and illnesses -give treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning-knowledge of equipment, manual therapy, modalities -organize and administer teams: budgeting, inventory, injury records, supervision of assistants and students, dealing with insurance matters -have a professional responsibility- educating the public through seminars, research and providing good care

Injury reports

-injury reports serve as future reference -Reports can shed light on events that may be hazy following an incident -Necessary in case of litigation -All reports should be filed in the athletic training room -Filled out in triplicate depending on site -Copy to school health office, physician and one copy should be retained

Bone Classifications

-long-consist of a shaft and 2 ends; all bones of limbs fall into this category -short-cubelike-; bones of wrist and ankle -flat, thin and usually a bit curved; ribs and sternum -irregular-don't fit into any of the above categories; vertebrae and hip bones

Muscles and Tendons-

-muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium (inner) surrounded by perimysium (middle) Small amount of fibers make up fascicles surrounded by perimysium (outer) -A muscle is made up of a number of fascicles which are surrounded by epimysium (Outer)- Muscle Sheath/Fascia

To be an athletic trainers you have to be an ATC (athletic training certifiefd):

-must gradiate from an approved CAATE program(Commission on accreditation of athletic training education) -be certified by NATABOC (National Athletic trainers association board of certification), anyone in california can be an athletic trainer -licensed in most states -professional associates; NATA(National Athletic Trainers associated), MAATA(mid atlantic athletic trainers association), and VATA(virginia athletic trainers association) -1 CEU per contact hour -You have to get a CEU (continuing education units), you have to get 50 CEU's every 2 years and 10 have to be evidence based practices -you can get them by 1 CEU per contact hour, writing or publishing book, home CEU course plan, you can get them when working on masters degree if the course deals with athletic training materials, or if you present a topic you get 10 CEUs

Athletic Trainers must

-must have an extensive background in formal academic preparation and supervised practical experience (CAATE) -guidelines are set by board of certification (in both academic and clinal coursework and experiences) -Upon meeting the educational guidelines application are eligible to sit for the examination -Upon passing the certification examination BOC certification as an athletic trainer credential of ATC

The role of strength and conditioning coaches in the sports medicine team

-oversee fitness of an athlete -often employed at the collegiate level for both team and individual training sessions -Typically certified by the NSCA(National Strength and Conditioning Association)- governing body, also offers CSCS certification (certifed strength and conditioning specialist, which is one of the best ones you can get -All strength and conditioning coaches -must work with the athletic trainer when it comes to modifying a strength training programs relative to injury -strength and conditioning coaches are typically not available at the high school level -the athletic trainer or team coach typically assume this roles in these situations -will require both program development and overseeing the weight room

Family and the sports medicine team

-parents will also be involved at the high school and junior high school level -parents decision must be of a primary consideration -athletic trainer must be prepared to deal with multiple healthcare providers at parents request -may be dedicated via parents insurance plan -understand HIPPA(Health insurance portabilityt accountability act) which means that you have a right as a patient to know where you information is being released to

Membranes of bones

-periosteum-outer of bone where tendon/lig attach -endosteum- inner layer of bone

Relationship between the sports medicine team and the athlete

-primary concern should be that of the athlete -all individuals must work cooperatively in the best interest in the athlete -coach should differ to the medical staff and support decisions regarding athlete health care -close communication between all parties involved is critical

HIPPA regulations(Health Insurance probability and accountability act)

-regulates how any members of the sports medicine team can share health information concering an athlete -Provides athletes with access to their medical records and control over how their health information is used and disclosed -Athlete can provide blanket authorization for release of specified medical information on a yearly basis

The primary sports medicine team

-requires a group effort to be most effective -involves a number of individuals -each members of the team must perform specific functions relative to caring for the injured athlete-each member of the team who cares for athletes should be 1st aid/ cpr certified

Signs vs symtoms (part of secondary survey

-signs- measurable objective findings-bleedings, fluid -symptoms subjective info provided by person

Joint injuries

-sprain- injury to ligament mechanism of injury- twisting, direct contact, dynamic overload, 3 degrees -subluxation- partial displacement of the joint surface; structure damage foes occur, check distal pulse -dislocation- displacement of joint, major structure damage does occur, check a distal pulse

Primary members of the sports medicine team

-team physician -ATC -Coach -Athlete

Historical development of sports medicine organizations

-the National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) has been an organization since 1950 which is before the american college of sports medicine, american orthopaedic society for sports medicine, national strength and conditioning association, sports physical therapy section of APTA, and the NCAA committee on competitive safeguards and medical aspects of sports

Severity of injury depends on

-type and angle of force, different periods of time -tissue affected-bone, muscle, tendon, ligament

Sports medicine organizations goals

-upgrade field by devising and maintaining a set of professional standards(code of ethics-don't do any harm to other people and treat people they way you want to be treated) -bring professionals together in collegial fashion for exchange of ideas, critical thinking and research for advancement of profession -provide opportunities for individuals to work together word singleness of purpose

Inflammation process continued

-vasicular permeability increases/ vadidilation of cells which allows exudate to cleanse the site of debris and infectious materials -exudate-plasma like substance that is made up of protein and WBC -hematoma(blood clot) and edema formation

Proving Negligence: 4 necessary proofs

1. Duty of care- relationship between individuals 2. Breach of duty- doing the right thing 3. Harm/ Damage- the result 4. Harm was caused by breach of duty

3 anatomical planes

1. Sagittal, AP-anterior/posterior or Median- right/left (flexion) 2. Transverse/horizontal- top/bottom- (rotating or twisting) 3. Frontal/lateral/coronal- front/back (aduction/abduction)

Guidelines for helping unconscious athlete (page 145)

1. The body position should be noted immediately, and the level of consciousness and responsiveness determined 2. Circulation, airway, and breathing (CAB) should be routinely established immediately 3. Injury to the neck is spine is always a possibility in the unconscious athlete 4. If the athlete is wearing a helmet and there are no medical personnel trained and experienced equipment removal, the equipment should not be removed unless there is a light threatening emergencies such as no breathing. if the athletic trainer is available, he or she should cautiously remove the helmet and shoulder pads prior to transporting the athlete to an emergency care facility. 5. if the athlete is Supine and not breathing, establish circulation, Airway, and breathing(CAB) immediately 6. if the athlete is supreme and breathing, do nothing until Consciousness returns 7. if the athlete is prone and not breathing, log roll him or her carefully to the supine position, and begin CPR immediately 8. If the athlete is prone and breathing, do nothing until Consciousness returns, and wait for the Rescue Squad 9. Monitor and maintain life support for the unconscious athlete until Emergency Medical Professional arrive.

"When and doubt refer out"

ATC can refer to OT, PT, and doctors in order to figure out what is wrong if you aren't sure

Elasticity

Ability to return to normal length after lengthening/ shortening

Extensibility

Ability to stretch/increase in length in muscles and tendons

Soft tissue injuries

Abrasion = scrape (shear force) (1st) Blisters = repeated shear force (1st) Skin bruises (contusions) = Compression force (1st/2nd) Incision = clean cut (1st/2nd) Laceration = jagged cut (1st/2nd) Avulsion = loss of tissue (1st/2nd) Puncture = sharp object penetrates skin (1st/2nd)

ACSM

American College of Sports Medicine

Malfeasance (act of commission)

An individual commits an act that is not legally his/hers to perform

protraction/retraction

Anterior / posterior movement along transverse plane Ex. Mandible (stick chin out / pull chin back) -protraction chin out -retraction chin in

Hemorrhage- three types of bleeding

Arterial Venous Capillary

CSCS

Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist

CAATE

Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education

Ranges of motion

Flexion/Extension- Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion- Abduction/Adduction Circumduction- Rotation - Internal/Medial and External/Lateral- Supination/Pronation- Inversion/Eversion- Protraction/Retraction Elevation/Depression- Opposition-

HOPT

H- History O- Observation P-Palpation T- Special Test

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

NATA

National Athletic Trainers Association

NATABOC

National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification

NSCA

National Strength and Conditioning Association

adduction and abduction

Opposite movements and move an extremity toward or away from medial plane -adduction- moving arms down -abduction- moving arms up

Purpose of bones

Purpose-support, protection, reservoir for minerals for the bulk of blood cells, aid in movement w/ muscles

Vital sign assessment

Respirations - Normal (N-normal) = 12(A-adult) and 20(C-child) -Skin Color Rubor = red skin Pallor = pale skin -Pupils (light reflex) and vision -Pulse (N=60-80) -Blood pressure (N) - 100-160/60-80's

Rotation (internal/medial external/lateral)

Turning a body part around its axis

Vasoconstriction example

When you sprain your ankle it increases blood flow, paper cuts, ice vasoconstricts the area which is why its important to put ice on injury

supination and pronation

When your palm or forearm faces up, it's supinated. When your palm or forearm faces down, it's pronated

Nonfeasance (act of omission)

an individual fails to perform a legal duty

ATC

athletic training certified

flexion and extension

bending and extension of a limb

arterial bleeding

bright red, spurting

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Coach

coach must be aware of the responsibilities of each individual associated with the team-If there is no athletic trainers, this becomes even more critical, coach must understand limits of their ability to function as a health care provider in the state in which they are employed, all coaches should be certified in CPR-1,2,3 and in basic first aid(rad cross, national safety council, american heart association)

Venous bleeding

dark bluish-red, steady flow

layers of muscle and tandons

deep layer-endomysium, middle layer-perimysium, outer layer-epimysium

Diagnosis

educated guess through a series of test given to the individual

Negligence

failure to use ordinary or reasonable care

Step process of athlete spraining ankle

first they have vasoconstriction, then vasodilation, then chemicals are released which causes pain on the nerve endings, white blood cell and protein substances are released to the site, blood clot, then edema formation

Secondary Survey HOPS

history, observation, palpation, special test (on exam it could just be test, HOPT)

Mechanism of injury

how the injury occurred

Treatment for bone fractures

immobilization and reduction

Torts

legal wrongs committed against a person (liability results) -may originate from nonfeasance, nonfeasance, misfeasance

"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure"

means it is easier to prevent a injury than cure one

athlete

most important because everything revolves around them

oppositon

movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

Purpose of muscles and tendons

movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat as they contract

inversion/eversion

movements of the sole of the foot medially or laterally

NSAIDs

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

At the high school level who needs to be a part of the sports medicine team

nurse should be a part of the sports medicine team

Misfeasance

occurs when an individual improperly does something he or she has the legal right to do

Other members of the sports medicine team

physicians, dentist, podiatrist, nurse, physicians assistant, sports chiropractors, PT, Massage therapist, orthotist, padrents, exercise physiologist, biochemist, nutritionist, sport psychologist, emergency medical specialists, equipment personnel, strength and conditioning coach, administration

Capillary bleeding

red, oozing (most common)

team physician

responsible for athletic trainer due to them working unfer you, direct rehab programs, diagnoses all injuries, physician and ATC must be able to work together, coordinates all aspects of care, compiles medical histories and conducts physical ecams (pre-participation screening), decides on disqualifications (physician must have the final say on when the athlete should return to activity), attending practices and games, and it is imperative that the team physician promote and maintain consistently high quality care

Blood pressure numbers

systolic/diastolic

Many national organizations have state and local associations

they serve as extensions of the larger body

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

up (dorsi) and down(plantar) movement of the foot

elevation/depression

up and down

ATC (Certified Athletic Trainer)

work with athletes from time of injury to resolution, directly responsible for all phases of health care in an athletic environment, may be employed in a variety of settings(colleges, universities, secondary schools, sports medicine clinic, corporate settings, amateur, professional athletes, militar, NASA, equipment sales, maketeting)