ESPM 50 AC midterm

race

"a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies

Kat Anderson's argument conclusion

"by keeping ecosystems in a modest or intermediate level of disturbance, in many sense Indians lived in ecological harmony with nature

Marshall

"domestic dependentation" > "in a state of pupilage. Their relation to the US resembles that of a ward to his guardian ... they look to our government for protection; rely upon its kindness and its power; appeal to it for relief to their wants; and address the president as their great father. They and their country are considered by foreign nations, as well as by ourselves as being completely under the sovereignty and dominion of the US

kelman: the moral of his story

"it is impossible to separate social and environmental issues in New Orleans bc it is a network of humans and non-human intermingled, straddling the nature/ culture divide

racial projects

"racial formation is a process of historically situated projects in which human bodies and social structures are represented and organized " -ways thru which racial formation forms -any sort (constellations) of ideas, institutions, practices and outcomes that give meaning to race and situate it within social structures -a process of reorganizing and distributing resources along racial lines -an interpretation, and explanation of racial identities -not necessarily intentional and not everyone who is engaged within a racial project and reinforcing it is conscious of what is going on with that racial project and has the intent of furthering that project (does not need to be intentional to be a racial project) -can take many forms and can rly be somewhat confusing (ex: in faubourg treme= a broad set of racial projects intersecting and contesting one another (explains the broad systemic nature of racial projects) -white supremacy and domination (whiteness = sets the stage and defines the institutions and social structures by which race gets defined ) history of New Orleans= an expression of white supremacy bc whites were in charge during slavery and thru Jim Crow and continue to do this through other means (urban renewal, white flight, Jim Crow) -broad racial project of black identity formation and resistance (evident in the early work of the 1st black newspaper calling for emancipation, plays out thru the efforts to desegregate street cars (plessy v. Ferguson), leads to the "cauldron of racial formation" where after the defeat in plessy v Ferguson the black community turned inward a bit but through that generated the tools of resistance (jazz and performance of cultural identity in the streets of New Orleans thru public performance) -the film itself is a racial project, an assertion of the significance of that place for a reconstitution of black identity in that place, -the jazz musician was arrested for playing music in the streets after Katrina there was an effort to curb ppl playing music on the street

racial projects

"racial formation is a process of historically situated projects in which human bodies and social structures are represented and organized " -white supremacy and black resistance= large scale racial projects (how they manifest in smaller forms: jazz, red lining, black lives matter) -broader scale racial projects with smaller scale racial projects situated inside of them

social construction and incorporation: defeat, dependency, universality assimilation

"the Indian may now become free man; free from the thralldom of the tribe; freed from the domination of the reservation system; free to enter into the body of our citizens. This bill may therefore be considered as the Magna Carta of the Indians of our country" -Alice Fletcher -gets baked into the general allotment act of 1907 -Alice fletcher = a leading protestant church figure of the bureau of Indian affairs -Magna Carta= a social charter for organization: historically came from England, Dawes act will be a new Magna Carta

significance of race today

"the concept of race continues to play a fundamental role in structuring and representing the social world " -we cannot get rid of race even though it is so nebulous

racial formation

"the socio historical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed and destroyed" -comprises ideas about race, internalized meanings of race and social positions in terms of the othering and belonging, privilege, exclusion, rights access to health care and educational opportunities

race as a colonial social construct

"there is no biological basis for distinguishing among human groups along lines of race" -sellection of particular features for the determination of race is always and necessarily a social and historical process -distinctions created out of social and historical events -not an essential quality but how we identify and give meaning through race is always contested politically (there is always conflicting interests) -race emerged from a history of colonialism in which race was used to classify and give meaning to certain ppl (that system is associated with the assumed social position of society) -more biological variation within social concepts of racial categories than across the whole spectrum -historical on drop of blood rule (rule that a person was black if they had 1/32 percent black genes) -in Brazil there are more subtly distinctions between races (dozens for mixed ppl)

race as a colonial social construct

"there is no biological basis for distinguishing among human groups along lines of race" -there is a certain arbitrariness between who is white, black etc - a set of ideas that emerged from colonialism -observable traits or phenotypes that are often associated with racial difference, but that is not the basis of why someone is called a certain race, it is entirely socially constructed

westward expansion

-those who migrate west come into confrontations with natives competing for their land etc

tanoak sprouts,

- more light -more acorns -grows well after a fire

senator Thomas hart benton of Missouri (1846)

-" it would seem that the whit race alone received the divine command, to subdue and replenish the earth! for it is the only race that has obeyed it -- the only one that hunts out new and distant lands, and even a New World to subdue and replenish" -expressing the white supremisist dimension of manifest destiny

good deal of sensationalism around Katrina

-"Katrina's body count could reach 10,000" -creates a sense of gullibility and desire for more sensational stories and someone to blame -brings us to the image of ppl being gathered at the super dome, represents the need to control and corral ppl stuck behind a fence, very squished almost as if the military is necessary to control the black community as they might swarm out but in fact they are only there bc they need to be -chaos and order being managed, rly came across from media imagery, the storm is gone but now there just needs to be help keeping order in the streets w/ the ppl there (who are black)

looters and finders

-"black ppl loot" "white ppl find" -2 images both taken on aug 30th 2005 -speaks a lot about how today's media is framed as we can see through the black lives matter movement, black ppl are being blamed for destruction instead of seen as standing up for themselves particularly on right wing news -often times they use images that speak a lot or short captions that may serve the same purposes today -there is a basis of American identity as white -also describe the whites as residents and the black man as simply a "young man" -the likelihood of violence being enacted by the "forces of order" (police) are far more likely to be directed toward the black man -may not be an expression of overt racism coming from the individual but a subconscious expression of those commonsense racist stereotypes -media plays a role in structuring an unequal society and there are certainly some who are conscious of this and others who would see themselves on the left and not very conscious of it (very scary)

mayor's office plan: resilient New Orleans (2015)

-"city resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no mater what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience "

characterizing "harmony"

-"help nature along" : to sustain ecosystems and substance economies -"caring about" species vs. species management as a form of control -based on establishing a deeply experiential and reciprocal relationship with these species -generated by and generated TEK

Indian new deal, social construction and incorporation

-"if the Indian ppl want to have dances, dance all night all week that is their business" -John Collier -"stop wronging the Indians and ... rewrite the cruel and stupid laws that rob them and crush their family lives ... [indian tribes should be ] surrounded by the protective guardianship of the federal government and clothed with the authority of the federal government" -John Collier (1933) -still within that notion of warship but maybe there is sovereignty there too, maybe guardianship can take the form of advancing their sovereignty

governor William Gilipin of Colorado (1873)

-"the destiny of the american ppl is to subdue the continent - to rush over this vast field to the pacific ocean ... to change darkness into light and confirm the destiny of the human race (in this) divine task! immortal mission! -the american realizes that "progress is god": manifest destiny is grounded in protestant ideology but it is also a very secular ideology, sometimes taking a religious form, sometimes taking a secular form -"the pioneer army perpetually strikes to the front. Empire plants itself upon the trials": linking of the pioneer and the military , this is an obsfucation of the role of the military, the pioneer is not the military

state, capital, and labor (mercantilism)

-1 watershed is depopulated and then you move on -this involves the mobility of capital and labor -captial (money is easily movable -labor is mobile bc it is exchanged for capital which is mobil -French borradors (French men interacting with natives -for the British it is more about effecting trade with the natives (often the tribes have been fragmented to 1 small family group moving watershed to watershed trapping beavers and exchanging them for $ or the things that $ can buy -on the periphery of a global system, natives labor is being incorporated thru this process and being sold for consumer items manufactured -the state is a military power (forts established by the French): lots of military battles, beyond this laws insititutions -nexus of state capital and labor on which the fur trapping industry was built

historical development of New Orleans (1803-1865)

-1718-1803: colonial spanish and French sovereignty (canals and some transport drainage, this is the French quarter, built along the natural levees) -1803-1865: antebellum period of American sovereignty (acquired by US from louisiana purchase, by 1840 =wealthest per capita and 3rd most populated city in the US

W.H. Childs -execution at Mankato, December 26, 1862

-38 Dakota soul hanged for killing whites -representaiton of order being restored symbolically with the lines -lineariy of western control -military order and authority, control over nature, control over ppl -contorl over nature, control over ppl expressing the power of reason, public spectacle asserting the superiority of whites

kat Anderson's argument: does the statement "Indians lived in "harmony with nature " bear any truth?"

-California natives developed "a sophisticated understanding of the inner workings of nature and acted deliberately to sustain, not degrade, ecological systems"

termination historical context

-Cold War politics/ ideology -republican congress and House of Representatives in 1948 -election of ike Eisenhower in 1952

Albert bierstadt -Indian Canoe (1868)

-German borne and trained painter (drew on the Hudson River school) -an indian in a canoe on a body of water with a globing light -shows nature as sublime, awesome, inviting, plentiful (creates a sense of vastness and humility in the individual -shows the Indian as in harmony with nature, there isn't a strong sense of separation between the native's identity and culture and nature -romantic vision of natives -if nature is seen as sublime (humanism) reflected in how we can see the Indian (he is a sublime being but not civilized) -the arches represent roman arches and the ideal and nobility associated with Ancient Rome as the starting point for western civilization -somewhat of a nostalgic image, u don't see much of these images by 1868, it starts to become what is being lost here

the beaver (biological characteristics)

-North American beaver, the world's 2nd largest rodent -in some way they are akin to squirrels in that they are prolific reproducers - in 1600 North American beaver population is estimated at 30-90 mil beaver -why beavers and hats, beavers were available

Krech's argument conclusions

-Indian ways of managing Natural resources are rational based on their beliefs -ex: buffalos didn't come back bc they hadn't left their lake=bottom praries -according to the TEK that served as the rational for their actions the buffalo hadn't left their lake bottom praises and eventually others would come -not always based on systematic understanding of ecosystem dynamics -not always oriented to achieving modern conservation goals -particularly true under conditions of dependency on markets -ways of thinking of nature are radically different than western science, arguing that there are 2 fundamental problems, below that level that they are not ecologists/ conservationists -it is an essentialist argument and an anachronistic argument -essentialist= things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, and the task of science is to understand these things and reveal their deep structure -groups of ppl have intrinsic characteristics and therefore if they are to be understood or told stories about the assumption that they are an expression of that essential quality (PROBLEMATIC) -anachronistic= in historical writting the most common type of anachronism is understanding the past in terms of the present, or understanding present day in terms of the past (the ecological Indian Myth does this -oral histories from today doesn't do the job, are not reliable sources of the past -fails to recognize a lot of the value of TEK -TEK may not be ecology, conservation and science all roles into one but they still have a lot of value

US vs Kagama (1886)

-Issue: Indian murder case raided the issue of tribal vs. federal jurisdiction -2 native Americans indited for the murder of another Indian -quesiton of who has the jurisdiction to prosecute ppl who commit crimes on tribal land against other tribal ppl -decision: feds have jurisdiction over crimes committed on tribal lands -implications: wardship is the essence of relationship of feds and tribes and tribal sovereignty is limited -basically writes the tribes out as tribal governments -interpret the trust doctrine as wardship -fits with this notion of the defeated or conquered tribes (saw almost a romantic image of this with ferny's 1907 ) -if a group of ppl is defeated they need to be acculturated and then assimilated (Carlisle boarding school to give children the language practice and habits of white culture so that they can become good citizens -there is a dependency that rly needs to be dealt with (wardship assumes dependency )

the brutal savage

-Jackson passed the Indian removal act, saw assimilation as far in the distance, didn't see acculturation as a viable process -indians belong in nature, force them west -this fits with the notion of Indians as victimizers as ppl move west they encounter native ppls and there is violent conflict and this rly starts to accelerate that much more after the civil war

the frontier as America's future (early 19th century)

-Louisiana purchase (1803): frontier as part of America's future -Thomas Jefferson put forward this ideas -1820s-30s: economic and demographic expansion into the ohio river valley and cotton south (this is often written out ) -emergence of the agrarian myth (sweat mixed with soil provides the basis of american democracy) and the yeoman farmer -policy: federal land disposal (fed gov claims control of vast areas of the american west and at least in theory starts parcelling it out in small parcels) -about being settled in a place and cultivating that place, some sort of connection with the land, story not rly about conquest (there was conquest tho, but not rly in the story) -Andrew Jackson= indian killer, proponent of western migration taking on this populist agrarian myth ultimately leads to the displacement of the 5 civilized tribes from the south, and rly a much more aggressive movement to the west, crude backwoodsmen becomes the pioneer

comparing New England colonists and Native American tribes: social organization

-MoP: subsistence agriculture/ hunter-gatherer (natives) vs. market agriculture (colonists) -divsion of labor: gender/ age (natives) vs. gender/ age/ market position (colonists) -technologies: local supply and production (natives) vs. global manufacturing (colonists) (colonists used metal smelting as the basic materials for guns, plows etc) -property rights: usufruct/ limited private (natives) vs private lockean (colonists)

radical democratization

-Thomas pain +roussou argued for the notion that everyone (at least whites) should be citizens

Lucy thompson

-a Yurok woman who wrote about life in the cal moth in the 20th century -she wrote that wen pppl got here there was a lot fo grass land and prairie and no matter how much burning they did the trees came back -talks about burning as a away to balance the dark forest and grasslands -what we think of a forest has changed a lot

Thomas Cole: the Oxbow (1836)

-a leading figure in the Hudson River school of artists who is painting an image of sublime wilderness meeting domestic nature -struggle between civilization and wilderness -storm clouds represent the disorderedness but also the sublime -looking west you see a landscape that is cultivated -artists parasol/ umbrella pointing west -fortifying to the soul -by early to mid 19th century we get the sense that maybe we are losing wilderness (something sublime a place of moral redemption a sanctuary from the corruption and society

perspectives on New Orleans

-a new geography of structural inequality and racially differentiated risk -the protected areas are becoming gentrified

post 1865 migration

-a series of wars and violence as groups that were unwilling to be put on reservations fought -suax, apache, modak, lots of others -federal gov used brute force in a campaign of genocide -the tribes were actually effective but can only last so long -in CA there was a dif approach bc u had a higher number of settlers, infrastructure etc so they put bounties on native heads (and reservation of some tribes) -overtime land is lost, the last resistance was at wounded knee, (were flare ups in the south west until the 1930s) -in the 1830s the reservation system starts to be developed but after the civil war this policy is fully adopted -notion that all federally recognized tribes needed to be put on reservations u had to open up land for railroads and settlers -pushed ppl into a situation where there was a great bit of dependency, poverty, failure in terms of the reservation system other than providing the barest forms of food assistance -defeated ppl and a sense of uncertainty about what to do in terms of acculturation

-struggles between the great powers (France and England) and as the colonists from the eastern seaboard, great Britain out off most of the ohio river valley to western expansion

-after the american revolution there was a great deal of expansion into this area -expansion of cotton farming from the Carolinas, west moving into Alabama into the Mississippi River valley -pioneers coming into the walament river valley (Washington, Oregon, Idaho states, which became american territory) -ppl coming into CA in 1848 from all over the world -mormons coming into the great salt lake area -historical period of migration of ppl coming from Mexico to New Mexico in the 1800s (Texas and all this land became part of the US in the Mexican american war) -dif groups with dif goals coming into dif areas -dif econo opportunities in dif areas -farming pushing west into the planes until the 98th parallel bc west of this u rly need irrigated agriculture (not enough rain) -california had minerals -very diverse landscape, getting more arid as u go west until u get to the pacific north west + CA

the market based approach describes a center right project that draws on hegemonic narratives to shape racial formation

-allow ppl to pull themselves up by their bootstraps -will generate enough opportunities for equity to emerge (equity should come out of the surplus) -functions as a hegemonic narrative bc it denies structural racism and reinforces the commonsense assumptions about who deserves to play a role in decision making and who should capture the benefits and suffer the risks in a new more resilient city

-historical context of federal Indian policy

-american society (legacy of) economic expansion and territorial conquest (legacy of the conquest plays out throughout the 20th century) -indian societies: demography, dislocation (from their historical territories), dependency cultural loss, resistance: gentile way of referring to genocide

Lynn Hunsinger's talk

-an ecologist who had a contract from the Yurok Tribe to do a history of them -took a lawsuit, Lynn's report, and lots of other ppl's to get the tribal lands back

fixing MR. Go: flood wall etc (see map)

-any single infrastructure feature that needs to be addressed is Mr Go and the hurricane funnel more broadly -large flood wall to protect from the kinds of flooding before -gate that opens still for transportation

manifestations and formations of racial projects

-anything can be a manifestation of a racial project -can be thought about in terms of disparities in access to tech that are evident along racial lines within the community of ESPM 50 (manifestations of historical processes were some folks are more likely to have nice computers and some are prob still struggling with the different types fo tech -can see expressions of racial projects on policing outcomes, media representations, stereotypes, music arts etc -come to define popular and internalized understanding of racial differences -racial projects do the work of representing and organizing ppl in relation to each other -can think about this in the city of New Orleans with the history of water management

Katrina exposed the vulnerability of New Orleans' racial enclaves

-ari kelman ... "segration- envi, socioéconomiques, race- resulted in "segregated suffering"" -for kelman: the moral of his story is " it is impossible to separate social and environmental issues in New Orleans bc it is a network of human and non-human intermingled, straddling the nature/ culture divide

cotton in historical New Orleans (1803-1865)

-around Chesapeake bay

federal indian policy: social incorporation

-assimilation, acculturation -separation voluntary or involuntary -ppl being acculturated (being incorporated into the culture and practices of mainstream life) -ex: English lang acquisition -historically up until the 1890s this was very much a white anglo Saxon dominated culture -after that transitioned to the melting pot -going from the inclusionist everyone must be part of the white anglo saxonness (acculturation leading to assimilation) after then ppl can be acculturated to the unique american style (part of turner's frontier process) -moving forward in the 20th century there is a cultural pluralism initially in the 20th century was more oriented toward a means of recognizing that ppl immigrating from southern and Eastern Europe were not acculturating that fast but can be assimilated into the econ etc -multiculturalism= celebration of other cultures -cultural pluralism can be extended from just southern and Eastern Europe

Hurricane Katrina

-aug 2005 -was stronger storm than betsy -storm lingered over the gulf coast and the storm surge and rising sea levels associated with the storm breached the levees -on aug 30th New Orleans filled up like a teacup -the images present on television spoke to an environmental disaster: challenged the assumptions many had about humans ability to control nature (especially on the cheap), gov unprepared -many days after the original storm television showed minoritiy communities struggling more

levees separate culture and nature

-based on an instrumentalist way of relating to nature -objective= make nature a passive object of human control -used to facilitate economic growth by creating space for residential and commercial development and mitigating the risks of flood and disease associated with the back swamps -only went so far bc planners, engineers and politicians didn't take a complementary intersubjective approach (active human agent, active nature) would have involved conserving wetlands to serve as a buffer -following the flood control act of 1958 = no regeneration of levees: petrochemical act -most vulnerable were subjected to the greatert risk -city much more vulnerable to catastrophic events

prey adaptation of beaver

-beaver live lodges wth little tunnels that start underwater and go above water level -very successful at evading predators but quite vulnerable to humans -you can track down a beaver pond fairly easily and find the lodge quite easily -humans are adapt to shoot them or set traps outside their lodge -their prey adaptation that makes them not vulnerable to the wolf makes them very vulnerable to the trap -beavers= very good engineers, profoundly transform any given ecosystem, beaver damns flood the area upriver

activists and community members offer a counter hegemonic view

-been effective but limited -making claims to a right to a turn -engaging in academics, politicians -advocate for access to decision making and benefits of policies thru capital investment in local businesses, seeking a healthy and safe enviro, ultimately use funding for the good of the community -culture used as a weapon, a tool of resistance

key stone species

-benefits of the key stone species: enhances habitats (creates habitats in the case of the beaver) -regulates animal populations (beavers habitat regulates animal populations) -particularly the riveting bottom lands have been shaped by beavers -recycle nutrients wastes, -removes genetic weakness -pollunations -key stone= the stone that all the others rest on if it were removed the arc would collapse -key stone species = essential to the ecosystem -other keystone species = honeybee, wolf, crocodile, octopus, birch -w/o beaver, the ecosystem will collapse (riparian ecosystem succession cycle is shaped by beavers: stream comes in flows thru the area and the beaver damns the stream creating a wetland lake area and overtime things start to fill in, sediment is cared down into the stream and fills the pond, resulting in a seasonal wetland, eventually the beaver damn rots away and the wetland area results in a grazing area, along the stream there is birch, willow etc (good beaver food and building material) new beavers come and build a damn -these ecosystems are particularly biodiversity, salmon nurseries, trout habitat, important places for migrator birds -serve to regulate down stream floods and stream flow -beaver trapping is grounded in traditional ecological knowledge that allowed for long term reproduction (not over hunting until the introduction of the fur trade)

market based recovery and community based resistance

-bi-partisan ideology of "profits over ppl" -center right, further right, center left -both democrats and republicans bought into this notion but there is resistance from community members -they used the disaster as a way of cleansing the neighborhood- Endesha Juakali -reproduce inequities and geographically displace social relations and risk -forms of culture resistance, empowerment, and resilience

krech on fire and hunting

-bold critic of everything Andersen talks about, rly a critic of a lot of the things embodied in Andersen's work -indians used fire for: subsistence/ aggression/ communication/ travel/ and also hunting, doesn't fit with our visions of natives as harmonious with nature -other chapters: Pleistocene extinction of megafauna-mastodon, deer, buffalo, disappearance of tribes in southwest

Cronon and merchant readings

-both are groundbreaking works in the field of environmental history -both written in the 80s -cronan takes a fine tooth comb to a lot of things about how landscape changes -merchant= ecological revolutions (talks about production and reproduciton)

rebuilding a resilient city and state

-building a more sustainable landscape at regional and local scales using resilience -coastline and wetland restoration: state master plan (2012): MLOD -based on multiple lines of defense, 50 yr plan -key goals are flood mitigation but also recharging wetlands with sediment (reclaiming wetlands from open ocean and open water) -quite dif from the levees only approach (includes sediment diversion) -spillways, levees along the Mississippi can be open up and water can flood into wetlands allows for flood mitigation and wetland recharging -flood control -coastal and wetland restoration -urban infrastructure (resilient New Orleans 2015) -city and regional planning (lewis: resilience, scale, justice)

Bonnet Carre's spillway

-built in 1930s as part of the flood control act -had been used 6 times to divert floods to lake ponchatrain -they are going to be regularly doing this now, diverting waters and sediments from the Mississippi -changes the ecology of lake Ponchetrain and lake borgne (which has developed in the last 100 yrs as it is more saline) -the lively hoods of fishermen, shrimp farmers and oyster farmers relies on this

slave trade in New Orleans (1803-1865)

-by 1808 law passed that no new slaves could be brought into US -surplus of slave labor as a result of agricultural changes (they were sold through the port of New Orleans) -commodity export economy hinging on slave labor and the exploitation of nature -instramentalist approach extending to the exploitation of humans for labor

decline of the beaver trade: change in markets/ tastes

-by the mid to late 19th century the beaver trade ended -they hunted a lot of beaver out but it was also a matter of timing with the development of the silk economy and they were now able to cheaply produce silk hats and the fashion of beaver hats wanned -price of beaver hats dramatically decreases

annual climatology

-california has lots of micro climates -on the east coast, everywhere east of the 98th parallel it is pretty similar -in the north it is drier, rains more in the south but in a macro scale view of the region there are some real similarities between ecosystems -greater diversity of soils in the southern part of New England, there are mountains that were is 1 or 2 types of soils (podsil soil, relatively infertile) -the highland areas= not great for agriculture -the Connecticut river valley has alluvial soils, somewhat like what we say in New Orleans provides fertile ground for agriculture

geography of commodity exchange

-can think of mining beavers as starting int he east and moving west, down the St. Louis watershed -process of mining beavers and then moving on to a new place to mine beavers -reflect the interplay of the state, capital, labor and natural resources

1887 general allotment act

-can't farm small steep timber areas -not resilient -ppl often got a little allotment in the village and then a large allotment out on the reservation -over time these allotments were confiscated or stole bc after 25 yrs they had to pay property taxes (often ppl borrowed against it bc they were poor)

key goals of market based development

-capital investment, asset appreciation and growth -attracting capital to the city of New Orleans done through the possibility of asset appreciation -think of the water front of New Orleans and how the city attracts an enormous amount of tourism and the place that has the potential to generate a lot of revenue

Katrina hurricane classification

-category 5 inc elf of Mexico/ category 3 upon landfall/ 2 in NO -storm surge 18-22" in Louisiana/ 26-28" in Miss.

George Clermont cheif of the osage (1834)/ Clermont's wife (1836)

-catlin painted lots fo ppl in their native lands and after this championed the cause of native ppl in Washington -these showcase the individual (contrasts the collective pictures we saw earlier) -european conventions of portraiture (individual against an abstract natural background, almost an interior background) -focusing on individualism and materiality -sense of vanity represented (the garb with the things Clermont is wearing) -also something that much more savage, lack of western garb in any way except the metal which can be read as a sign of subjugation (a step toward acculturation and capture) -sexualization of the woman, a tension there building on western representation of women -she is captured in a dif way -has oddly stressed pose -her with her child= symbolizes Mary and Jesus -the clothes seem westernized and her relationship with her child is very respembalnt of the nuclear family -sexualization, revealing fo the breast, building tension

territorial expansion and settlement myth

-charter for social action (the myth of America, the land of the free, the home of the brave, american as described in the Declaration of Independence) -rationalize social order -make sense of and give meaning to experience -ordering of elements: who's good? Who's bad? who is doing what? who's us? who is them? -narrative trajectory: ascension of progress, how are the places conquered associated in the narrative trajectory -hard to sustain a genocide without an ideological perspective from the state -the ideology is expressed in myth and this frames social action thru narrative -myths change over time and we can challenge myths: creates a tremendous amount of social anxiety -frontier as a mythical concept is an ancient concept going back to European history with the idea of the medeterranian and the frontier of northern africa (Rome stands for civilization against them or Greece, greek civilization is threatened by barbaric Persians -often lines drawn between a nice orderly place of progress, economic prosperity and this uncivilized barbaric going to drag us down -plays out today with the southern boarder -the notion of progress, movement forward in terms of democracy, racial superior, racial coded story of progress (also a very christian story) -frontier= timelessness no movements forward in need of conquest

education in New Orleans

-charter schools replacing public schools -laboratory for neoliberal ideas about charter schools= bussing kids to charter schools -the public schools that remain are in rly rly poor areas

individualist protestantism

-church doesn't serve as the medially but the individual conscience can develop a personal relationship with god -identification with the godly community -goal= to create a godly society on earth, says that those who will go to heaven are elect -those who don't are the damned -a more clearly bounded community many of whom were engaged in the market economy -the morality guiding behavior was no longer the community but the pursuit of godliness and the pursuit of wealth -the morally bound community of the godly serves as a prototype for Locke in terms of exclusion and inclusion

self determination social/ political context

-civil rights movement -multiculturalism -Indian activism -tribal government

social contest of expansionist ideology

-commerical intersests -territorial expansion -cheap land: farming/ speculation -social/ political safety valve (sectional conflict between north and south, immigration of Irish people (harder to assimilate into the white anglo Saxon protestant inclusionist form of social incorporation) -american romanticism -post-civil war expansion/ mobility

Charles bird king -young Omahaw, war eagle, little Missouri and pawnees (1882)

-commissioned by the government of Indian affairs when the Indians came to the federal gov about Indian treatment policy -noses seem somewhat roman -nobility n the gaze, something beyond or apart from the western mind which is constantly worried with the complex things of modern life -these gazes seem more pure and essentially human. -non western clothing, the rest of this painting is more native looking and exotic -red white and blue represented in their beads -the metal is a gift of a government official, represents a certain sort of reprosity, native tribes were militarily equal to Americans on the frontier, they were traded with -ceremonial tomahawk (shows the weakness of their military tech, yet it still looks like it could do some damage and it is pointed inward at the neck, symbolic sort of gesture of peace, the ceremonial tomahawk would be given as a gift to the gov official -wild and wise at the same time -cultural capture, red white and blue beads, potentially assemble

key goals for community based development

-community empowerment and development (a sense of sovereignty over their own destiny)

common property

-community member right to not be excluded from access -the community has a large degree of control over resources -not very common in our common sense way of thinking of property -very common in the history of how resources have been allocated -the community has rights, and the community can say as a whole there are only certain things that can be done here -the community doesn't have the right to do what ever they want but they do have a right to not be excluded from what is possible to do

liberalism

-competitive individualism in market economy -liberty: freedom of conscience, markets and political democracy -John locke is associated with this concept some of his ideas are expressed in this -the social contract= a vehicle for expressing liberalism -society should be organized based on individual self interest in the market place and also in the political sphere -private property is rly important to this bc the basis of the social contract bc the moral value and labor that leads to one having rights in property particularly in land -colongial space in North America provides the perfect place for the playing out of liberalism and the essence of it being built in property -rationalizes the use of natural resources for the accumulation of wealth (mining natural resources is just part of this liberal market place, based on the commodification of nature for individual goals in the market place) -the individual is free to exercise their liberty and that liberty ensures that there is a sort of equality of opportunity -liberty: freedom of conscience, markets and political democracy

kat Andersons argument (recent scholarship)

-complexity of TEK/ extent of Indian woodland management/ ecosystem change (grounded in a long history of intergenerational dissemination of knowledge by women) -harvest, till, burn, prune, sow, weed, transplant (CA + Bay Area isn't a natural landscape it has been created by native management, which is long term and there are evolutionary impacts at multiple scales -landscape biogeography (where species are on the landscape) have been influenced by native resource management -opening up to create oak woodlands and grass lands as a result of burning and other practices -selecting certain seeds to plant changes species composition

John Locke (1632-1704) second treatise on government (1689)

-contract theory -context: social and institutional change -end of the 17th century, emerging market economy and a rising middle class pushing for land to no longer be monopolized by the aristocracy -in 1688 this culminates in the glorious revolution (a largely bloodless revolution) lower aristocracy stepping up, the beginning of a constitutional monarchy with the emergence of the middle class coming together (said sovereignty lies with the ppl not with the monarch ) -demise of a semi feudal social structure in rural areas and the emergence of what becomes the foundation of a global empire and an urban population

culture (north eastern woodland tribes)

-corn mother myth -traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)

the agrarian myth and the corn mother myth

-corn mother myth based on traditional ecological knowledge (seeds, growing conditions) -agrarain myth: based on political theory

traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)

-cosmolgoy (a way of understanding the universe of things, can be physical, spiritual, space, the sky ) 1. factual observations 2.managment systems (create and reproduce ecosystems and social systems) 3. past and current uses (lead to a collective memory about resource management) 4. ethics and values (intersubjective set of values grounded in a close up with nature ) 5. culture and identity (particularly in terms of the mythology) -the cultural beliefs and narratives rationalized forms of behavior that served to allow for the sustained reproduction of social and ecological systems -belief in an animate nature, an intrasubjective cosmology, nature and society as one -forms of acting in this relationship with nature that would suggest one acts not disturb nature to much, acts in adaptively with nature -ofc some modification of nature is necessary but generally these practices are adapted to the natural systems themselves, simplifying and concentrating forests become less diverse and also accelerating the natural cycle -set of ideas that give rise to this cosmology that are grounded with a long term connection with nature by specific ppl in specific nature (traditional ecological knowledge is very place specific and group specific) -place and identity based, local and embedded in particular communities, intergenerational over thousands of yrs of groups living in 1 place or a region it becomes deeper -can potentially be very changeable with new conditions, to a certain point then there are limits and the extent to which traditional ecological knowledge is adaptable as whites transform these places

social and cultural mixing in historical new orleans (1803-1865)

-creole plantations, intermarrying with native Americans, africans etc -not lots of ppl living in the low lying areas so there was a mixing of creole, black, spanish, white and native

disaster capitalism

-critical analysis of this by Naomi cline which says that following disasters and perhaps in periods of planning that in some way incorporated anticipation of disasters there are strategies that play out around the privatization of assets and services that are being systematically planned by center right, and right wing think tanks -become a central way of organizing disaster recover-disaster capitalism policies based on reducing public spending and capitalizing high value assets -Paul teller just waiting to implement all the reforms in that email we read

tribal migration

-cultural and religious shift that sort of parallels the Calvinist, rural catholicism -catholics in a village community having a moral obligation to each other -engraving depiction of huron feast of the dead (every 100 yrs or so, a major feast which reasserts the bonds that tie the kinship group and the extended kinship group together (celebrating a collective identity) -as the fur trade tore apart a kinship, collective based society there was the emergence of the widewiwin religious cult (this notion of the celebration of collective is replaced by the individual and the power of certain individual resulting from the supernatural, new understanding of spirituality, status doesn't come from the connection to your kin it comes from how many horses u have, how many wives u have etc. -breaks down the matrilineal structure -native ppl get drawn into a crisis of reproduction as they trap out watersheds

Indian new deal historical context

-cutlural pluralism (1920s>) -ppl from southern and Eastern Europe get assimilated but not necessarily acculturated and there is this notion of tolerance of cultural difference -a more progressive vison that emerges and says that we can extend this to all ppl not just southern and Eastern Europe -great depression (1929-41) -new deal -some more progressive ppl rly began advocating for the end of the Dawes act and something new

ecosystem function (corn bean squash horticulture )

-cycling of energy, water, and nutrients through this structure -corn= hard on the soil, depletes potassium and nitrogen : other components of the system compensate for that, squash take up potassium and phosphates from the soil and when the squash is harvested the leaves die off and go back into the soil, also plants burned at the end so nutrients go back, beans are nitrogen fixing, a bacteria that converts an unusable form of nitrogen into a usable form of nitrogen for the bans an the corn

fire as a management tool

-decrease detritus (leaf buildup, the fuel load for fires that creates catastrophic fires)/ recycle nutrients/ control insects and pathogens/ manage wildlife/ modify stand structure/ maintain habitat for shade-intolerant plants

mercantilism policy

-depends on controlling territory (where the military conflict in North America comes into play and alliances with native ppl (proxy armies) and as labor in the extraction of raw materials are essential in a global system of trade of beaver pelts -granting monopolies by the state, England guaranteed monopolies around the Hudson Bay to the Hudson Bay company (guaranteed no competition to the Hudson Bay company if they brought the natural resource back to England -tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods -colonial trade policy based on the idea of the colonies as a way to import raw materials to the home country and as markets for the manufactured goods of the home country -

racial dictatorship

-differences of racial identity organized through institutions of the state (census, military, immigration policy, schools etc) -yet segregation and inequality remain despite political field opening up -the fight is now no longer of ideology but of moving past segregation and inequality

cycle of social- cultural -ecological change

-different impact on ppls -change in ecology > opportunities for europeans/ limit Indian reproduction

Abenaki

-discussed in the Caroline merchant reading -horticulturalists, hunter gather mode of production -initially along the coast of main -wabinakke confederacy = Abenaki displaced from their coast of Maine to upper areas far less fertile, as they were displaced, they took guns, metal traps, and tools white men brought and exchanged them for food, pelts etc -they turned to the hunt full time (whole social order changed, women no longer had a central place in the social and cultural order, and were largely focused on gathering and supporting the hunt) -affected by small pox (by 1611 there was 3,000 ppl not 10,000 before) -in the end they encounter alguankin ppl and are not able to move further north and they are stuck out in the middle of the forest and realize their best bet is to turn to missionaries -the missionaries convert them to catholicisim= step decline/ end of their cultural traditions and very much a dependency on missionaries for their subsistence -old ecological knowledge, myths don't rly apply any more bc they are in a new place

post Katrina demography and geography

-displacement and diaspora: show how higher income areas are expanding, lower income folks pushed into the north near to the old areas of tourism and business (want to think about gentrification) -demograhic recovery: great exodus of New Orleans following the storm, Houston became New Orleans west, lots came to California and the bay, change in population density right after the storm, areas of historical African American residency and poverty had less ppl come back (lake view, gentile areas were ppl able to make insurance claims and act on the resources to come back, an uneven demography of recovery, reflecting the segregated racial geography of prekatrina New Orleans , transformed but also reproduced the segregation, less of a loss of the white population, way less black ppl, lots of areas ppl didn't return to that became gentrified -influx in hispanic population (likely bc construction jobs) -geography of race and class (wealthier areas in the historical areas but these areas are also expanding, greater inequity bc of all this greater polarization

turner's thesis- american character

-displays a restless nervous energy "exuberance that comes with freedom, an expansive character in which mobility has been the dominant factor -this culture is forged on the frontier and can serve as a model to integrate all these ppl thru the melting pot

general allotment (Dawes) act (1887)

-division of tribal holdings into private allotments: modeled on the homestead act of 1862, need to make good farmers out of the Indians, ppl could pay 1.25 per acre or cultivate the land for 5 yrs and get it for free, allotments of 160 acres of private land -property rights: tribal community > private trust patent> private fee patent -surplus land are held in trust (managed by the fed gov according to their fiduciary duty ) -old tribal land was not allowed -there may be rosureces on that land that can be sold to outsiders that can generate revenue that can support the tribe (they are bing sold by the federal gov to non-tribal members) -parts of the lands controlled by the community become private land -transformation of property right s -tribal community property gets parceled off to private trust patent allotments (and are later converted to private fee patent) -private trust patent = the federal gov holds a lot of the sticks in that bundle: gov reserves the right to buy and sell that property, Indians can't sell or rent the land without the fed's approval, the land is not held in the way we think of private property today, the idea is that after 25 yrs the indians will have learned how to farm that land and at that point they will have been acculturated an the land will be converted to private fee patent (more like what we think of private property today) -incorporation: acculturation> assimilaiton= path to citizenship: indians can engage in the cash economy and contribute to the economy, be good responsible citizens

ideology of conquest

-dualities: civilization vs barbaric wilderness -inclusion/ exclusion: race, class and ecology

colonial settlement

-east coast of North America was not settled until James town 1607, Quebec 1609, new amseterdamn, new Sweden (Delaware) -became a focal point for settlement after the defeat of the Spanish Armada opening up the North Atlantic to competition -before it was dominated by the spanish fleet, so now lots of countries start to seek territory

self determination social construction and incorporation

-ecological Indian -Independent Indian

demography change (2005-16)

-econ/racial polarization -geographic polarization: new geography of race and class built on the old one

1945-2005

-economy -infrastructure (navigation channels (mr. go) designed to get to the gulf faster from the Mississippi, major change of the landscape -segregation (no more restricted deed covenant but housing projects=concentrated areas of black, overlap of low income, racially segregated areas in the lowlands that flooded -spacial segregation reflected land development

surplus production for markets

-goal of realizing profit thru the exchange of commodities in the market place -fitting with the emerging market revolution that played out thru the 17th 18th and 19th centuries and was tied to a set of innovations in agriculture

the noble savage

-emerges out of the engagement of western ppl and europeans starting with the first contact -this notion that native ppls while they may be savages (in terms that they are not making progress) that perhaps there is something noble about them, they exist in nature and are independent from the moral decay of Europe -wilderness as a place of redemption -something inherently morally connected to nature and morals ? of assimilation - Thomas Jefferson 1802: We shall with great pleasure see ur ppl become disposed to cultivate the earth, to raise herds of useful animals and to spin and weave, for their food and clothing. We will with pleasure furnish u with implements for the most necessary arts and with persons who may instruct u on how to make and use them -first acculturating them to farming and then they can be part of broader society and be fully assimilated -indians in nature, separate from culture

nature: indian landscape with few Indians

-encountered an indigenous landscape with few native ppl but the forest understory was clear (created by histories of burnings) -but the ppl who were doing that weren't there, didn't display markers of labor or a locker style view of labor where the landscape is transformed -morally empty space without claims (virgin land on to which to realize god's will) -lots of commodities and opportunities and land -while native saw nature as a whole with a society, colonists saw nature as an object for the exercise of human endeavor -intrasubjective vs. instrumentalist view that was rationalized by protestant belief -a dual system resulted (on the periphery u have something that looks not far from Native American subsistence hunter gathering, but in the cores of settlement (ex: the Connecticut river valley) you have a market based mode of production, that has a dynamic that expands over time

indian reorganization act (1934) (aka Indian new deal)

-end allotment/ extend trust period indefinently (no more allowing of land, and extends the trust fee period indefinently ) -reality is that ppl recognized that the conversion of trust to fee patent led to loss of land and they had to pay taxes on the land that their ancestors had occupied for many yrs -end of surplus land sales -self government provisions : trying to support economic self determination, funds that go to the establishment of formal tribal government often based on western forms of government -federal $: services, education, jobs, land -gov is gonna play a role in stimualting the economy, providing a social safety net etc -bit of money put to buy ing land back -money went to training toward things that can actually bring money toward the tribes, -federal services (health care) -something of a safety net put in place in these very impoverished area

house concurrent resolution 108 (1953)

-end of federal trust responsibilities -end of federal recognition and reservations -new version of allotment (all the reservation lands will be divided up) -terminated tribes (1953-62):Menomonee, Klamath and 59 other small tribes (on rancherias)/ bands without reservation land -menomonee and klamath both had large tracks of timber so there was lobbying by timber companies behind this (lot of that that land gets sold off) -menomonee was able to get redesigned as tribal entities -only occurs with certain tribes that are ready for it -ends all the trust responsibilities, seen as a way of escaping the trust doctrine

levees only water management as a racial project

-engineers weren't planning on promoting white supremacy but the outcomes and rly the entire decision making process in which African American communities were excluded from decision making and the outcomes of the levees only approach creating the landscape of racially differentiated risk all comes together and the infrastructure development of the levees only approach is integrated and the resources and opportunities are distributed in that landscape of racially differentiated risk

New Orleans city planning

-environment: adapt to thrive (moving toward the intersubjective relationship with nature): advance coastal protection and restoration/ invest in comprehensive and innovative urban water management, incentivize property owners to invest in risk reduction, create a culture of environmental awareness at every stage of life, commit to mitigating our climate impact -equity: connected to opportunity -infrastructure: transform cities (redesign our regional transit systems to connect ppl to employment and essential services, promote sustainability as a growth strategy

why was Hurricane Katrina a human disaster

-environmental conditions and change (southern Louisiana has wetlands and is very vulnerable and subject to climate change -historical amnesia (after a storm hits, it is easier for poiticians and everyone to just move on and not plan for the future -social relations and geography -neoliberal governance(favoring free market capitalism) (louisiana= state conservative but municipal gov in New Orleans is liberal -technocratic resource management (technocratic hubris) : essential to understanding the decision making of the army corp engineers, emerged as a response to the politically contested manner of resource management, progressive at the same time, they thought the best way to make decisions about things like providing water for cities and managing large scale infrastructure projects these needed to be undertaken by experts (the ideas was that the influence of powerful groups might undermine public safety) technically sound on the basis of misguided management who not understand the interest and implications of local communities -separation of nature and culture : grounded in a sense of dualism in western culture, the levees only approach ignored wetland conservation and other forms of adaptive management -as nature is transformed it becomes less resilient and therefore you have a pressure to continue to build levees and expand -creation of new nature and this is much more vulnerable -there is a hard boundary between humans and nature and while this might mitigate the risk in the short term if levees are breached it is devastating -trying to reconcile site. and situation by manipulating the nature in New Orleans (denies the power of nature, instrumentalist needs)

-european american management began to be imposed around the 20th century

-especially during world war 1 and world war 2 they saw forests resource management as maximize timber

tenure patterns on reservations

-even on reservations not all the land is owned by the tribe -crow tribe in montanna owns 20 % of the land that is part of the reservations -the conolt tribe owns 5.7% of the land (there has been a lot land sales to timber extractors) -there is tribal land but also allowed land and other public land etc

racial projects as social processes: micro level

-everyday interaction, internalized meaning, "common sense" -might seem more insidious -deeper ideologies about racial difference are situated within our everyday experience -racial projects link signification and structure through "racial commonsense" -racial commonsense= internalized set of ideas held in common by a culture -not something that simply makes senses but is commonly held by those in the culture -comes into play both through everyday interactions and through internalized meaning (evident with encounters with ppl in any race, depends on our preconceived notions of social structure, racial stereotypes linking ideas about race often held subconsciously, internalized and may be held by ppl of a wide range of personal identification

redwood sprout fire resistant bark

-evidence of a fire every 7 yrs in Yurok territory -the bark doesn't rly burn -yurok didn't rly manage the redwood forest beyond understory burning -occassional tan oaks throughout the redwood forest that provided acorns

Native American societies and the fur trade: dependency

-exchange relations and reproduction -question of tribal capacity for reproduction -natives and others around the world became dependent on europeans -raw materials are traded from the periphery to the core (goods manufactured in the core, re-exported goods, results in a situation in which those on the periphery become dependent on those in the core and the weakest are denied the capacity for social, cultural economic and ecologic reproduction -according to wolf this is driven by the commodititization of natural resources from the landscape of north America with native Americans as labor

exclusion/ non exclusion property rights

-excusion rights = the right to exclude on private or state property -can try to exclude other's actions that impact ur private property -nonexclusion rights = the right to not be excluded

constitutional bases of policy and federal powers

-executive: great father, treaty making and war power (senate and president), agencies: BIA (bureau of Indian affairs) etc, symbolic and real sovereign (vested by the ppl of the US) -legislature: legislation and appropriations, interstate commerce clause of the constitution -judiciary: courts interpret legislation and exuctive exercise fo power -decsions: law, precedent, theory, reason, context, ideology etc -interpreting laws and the executive administration of laws under the constitution -laws of judicial construction typically favor the tribes, believe they should no harm to the tribes besides what the legislature and executive does -policyis derived from the interaction between these powers -states retain certain aspects of sovereignty (not stated in the constitution) even though they are under the federal government -have to think about how the tribes fit into this -fed gov has a way of legislating across states with the interstate commerce clause of the constitution (anything involving trade across state lines can be governed by the federal gov, the premise in which the federal gov can assert primacy over the tribes and the states relations with the tribes -generally in all 3 branches of gov the guardianship theory is incorporated

commodity chain

-extraction of beaver pelt from the ecosystem, initial exchange of that pelt by the producer of it (labor not he ground) to a middle man (trader) who purchases it at a whole sale price and will transport it at and sell it in maybe NY, Quebec Paris etc for a much higher whole sale prices. A manufacture purchases the belt who puts in the labor to make the hat and then the hat is sold maybe at a whole sale price, but eventually the hat is sold at a retail price and then worn until it is discarded

empirical data undermining idea of Indian harmony with nature (a meta analysis looking at other ppl's research)

-fire got out of control/ not extinguished (especially in grasslands) -often burning changed ecosystem to fit human needs in ways that were often damaging to animals (evidence of undermining and limiting biodiversity and changing ecosystems in ways that were not intended -burning changed ecosystems to suit human needs in ways were not necessarily sustainable, damaged populations, limited biodiversity -degradation was limited by small population and low-impact technologies (with new tech there was whole scale production of beaver era) -over-hunting and non-use of prey was common when possible (just choice pieces of meat and hide taken from buffalos

long term grain monocultures

-fodder crops allowed for this -resulted in the development of the market and a change in property rights that can be summarized with enclosure (land that could be held in common that would be privatized and would be driven partly through a market mechanism as the value of land went up bc of new tech, in England it was driven by the innovations in manufacturing of garments, allows for increased farm size that allows agriculturists to achieve economies of scale and production -ex: wheat, oats, corn -one crop grown, turning up that soil, mining the nutrients of that soil and bringing in nutrients thru manure etc -ultimatley this has an adverse effect on soil quality, depletion of nutrients, plowing up a foot of top soil will result in erosion -roots stabilize the soil structure and these are rly grasses, so the roots don't hold the soil in place well -little organic matter returned to the soil bc animals graze and then manure isn't always collected (the form is more concentrated and eventually that system might not be sustained)

social organization of the north eastern woodland tribes

-gender based division of labor -in terms of management (tiling, weeding, burning, bringing fish for fertilizer, preventing the loss of crops to animals) -women and often children would be involved in planting in the spring, tilling, guarding initial annual burning of the field, men are involved in some of this to some degree are involved in the harvest, clearing new fields, growing tobacco, hunting and so on -as fall comes men move into forests and are forest managers burning the underscores of forests, clearing them out so that they create open hunting grounds, allows for them to travel and hunt and opens up their strategy for that place based migration area -moving up into higher country in the winter (following the limits and opportunities available in this patchwork of landscape diversity ) -during the fall women are preparing for the hunt etc

moral of the story

-get behind a simple dichotomy: white= bad, native = good

cherokee nation v Georgia (1831)

-gold discovered in cherokee territory and Georgia gov supported vigilante military and put the state militia to use in removing the native Americans -cherokee resisted by fighting in the courts of the federal gov, sought to keep the state of Georgia out of indian territory -cherokee sought to prevent the execution of a tribal leader (corn tassel ) who was convicted of a murder of another indian on cherokee territory an they fought to try corn tassel in the courts of the tribe (not absolve him) -issue: ? of "standing" -cherokee sought standing as a foreign sovereign nation, as if they were Canada or Belgium -court wouldn't have this bc they said the tribes were not sovereign they don't govern themselves fully and are not actors in their international affairs -cheif justice marshal gives his opinion (not decision bc he refuses to hear it) in which he says the tribes are "dependent, domestic nations" "they are in a state of pupillage their relation to the US ... they are completely under the sovereignty of the US" -no decision favors the state of Georgia -"domestic dependent nations": limited sovereignty and federal wardship

sugar in historical New Orleans (1803-1865)

-grown around louisiana -was essential for the economy of this area -sugar plantations were built around the rivers bc it allows for easy transportation -natural levees needed to be reinforced so the natural floods of the Mississippi could not be deposited

Yurok wood peckers

-harvest of the woodpeckers for ceremonial purposes

Yurok forest program

-has a very active forest program now, active doing burnings

image of bush looking out at flooded New Orleans

-has the facial expression of "oh shit" this is bad for the Republican Party and myself -when combined with the perspective failure of FIMA, that these failures all fit together but there is a sense of indifference structured in the ideology and it results in a failure to deliver

dualism: wilderness and society

-hierarchy between civilization and wilderness -wilderness is a noun that functions as an adjective, it connotes feeling -wilderness= a term to describe some type of place we have in mind "my garage is a wilderness" -seen as a lost paradise that humans need to address and transform and conquest -went well with dominating and controlling forest lands -fear and domestication -romantic vision -dualism in christianity, god and satan, satan fell but can potentially be redeemed/ others can potentially be redeemed

stake holder based process

-how democratic will this implementation be -there are structures in place to have community comments etc (there are some issues with the is, Laura Flanders film) -resilience= systems that require resilience will be sustained (can style transform city systems but the basic principle of resilience means that the systems will be maintained

manifest destiny (John O' Sullivan-1845)

-idea caught fire

impacts of and subdivision: fragmentation

-idea of colonial ppl was to remake Yurok life as it it was a yeoman farmer -the Yurok reservation was established 1 mile from the river on each side (lots of valuable resources outside of this area) -the reservation was established by treaties

myth of Indian moral superiority

-ideal types= general patterns that can be discerned that allow for comparisons between other -this approach misses subtle things like differences between tribes and colonist regions -in the late 20th century and 21st century series of colonization have been told along 2 primary lines: 1. a story of white progress, a white supremisisit story that goes back many centuries and takes a strong form in the 19th century when whites drew on the concept of progress -progress central to american exceptionalism -story of progress= focused on whites, they come, take advantage of the situation, found a country and throughout the 19th century, tech and the civil war free up capacities of the nation -around 1970 there is some start to see of the moral condition not improving: what is America rly about, kiahoga river in ohio catches fire for the 3rd time in a decade, economic stagnation, -moment of crisis: is tech gonna save us from the horrors of climate change or is there another crisis ahead 2. natives have a declencionist narrative following a process of geneocide and ecocide -mid to late 20th century, there is a sense of bottoming, we have problems and some ppl at least are talking about the knowledge and values of native ppl as a basis for creating new ways for managing resources -also around this time there is innovations in federal Indian policy and an opportunity for tribes to move up the scale a little bit -points to the possibility of native ppl offering hope and redemption -native moral superiority, whites seeking to dominate nature, natives living in harmony with nature. Results in an environmental crisis, suggests a broader notion of indigiounous good, white bad, this is something that needs to be wrestled with, the popular imagination in recent decades has drawn on the notion of the "ecological Indian" to describe a fall from grace with whites dominating nature resulting in environmental catastrophe -the moral might be: tech might save us or maybe we weren't so great after all or the need to look to native ppl as a model `

removal reservation and war

-if they are dependent it is the fed gov and judiciary obligation to operate within guardianship theory -the best way to do that is? -one way to do that is to recognize that while they are dependent and domestic they are nations and they contain the right to occupancy but may also contain more rights (sends a message that they will not be getting anywhere coming to the Supreme Court as independent nations but they might get somewhere if they come in as domestic dependent nations, maybe they could have impaired sovereignty (a way of referring to a very limited notion of sovereignty) -implications: clarified federal relationship to tribes in terms of the "trust doctrine"

hegemonic and counter hegemonic representation and racial projects

-important in challenging forms of race -ex: black lives matter, faubourg Treme, politicized forms of hip-hop, American cultures program, omi and Winant's theories -can be through about as racial projects and social projects more broadly -what distinguishes political opposition is its insistence of identifiying itself and speaking for itself refusal of the commonsense notions

agricultural revolution

-lot of this premised on scientific discoveries of agronomy (mixing econ+ agriculture) -new tech -goal= to increase yields per acre -fodder crop= replace rotational crops (turn ups are good in the winter, bring minerals to the top and the duff of their leaves is returned to the soil, clover= a nitrogen fixing crop and can be grazed by animals and converted to manure

Native American society and the fur trade: cultural loss and acculturation

-traditional knowledge/ myth

commodification of land and other resources

-improvements in agricultural productivity drove increased land value and created an incentive for the diffusion of the adoption of these new tech and practices and underpinned an active land market -mining fish from the rivers -mining the soil -ever expanding scale that leads to deforestation on the periphery of settlement -sometimes large farms would get portioned off and sold -domesticated animals= the linchpin that made it possible to transform these landscapes: pigs, cowes, goats and sheep= sent into the forest to graze, allowed for a vast increase in the numbers of acres tilled, brought in fertilizer (literally hauling it ) also thru digestion, brought disease, animals were seen as instruments for human use that natives didn't think of it like that -key to the market orientation -commodification = transforming a thing into a marketable commodity -land and resource management viewed from a lease that abstracts its use in nature and instead is about its value and use in the market place -decision making shifted from the community to the individual with few obligations (the logic of decision making was based around the logic of the market place, there implications in terms of what the landscapes look like and what happens to the ppl on those landscapes -landscape divided into a grid pattern that doesn't take into account the watershed (survey is used to divide into grid pattern long lots going out from rivers, ignores complex ecosystem patterns and instead lays property rights) -an expansion of scale pushed by the market the orientation around surplus for the market + soil depletion (an opportunity bc natives aren't there, ever increasing expansion of territorial control and transformation, as some of those areas are less productive over time, ppl look for new areas )

Winant and omi: racial formation theory

-in 1986 Omi and winat were responding to synthesizing arguments in which identity politics came to the floor in academia and the national context -race: "a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies"

resource tenure system: sovereignty

-in practice native villages have sovereignty while not written in law -there are stories and traditions that describe the areas that there is sovereignty over -based on village tribe kinship -it is possible that if this is a lowland village they may have sovereign rights for miles upland but these may be contested

assimilationist

-inclusionist: everyone has to more or less act as good white anglo Saxon protestants -universalist (melting pot): later in the 19th century, everybody is going to come in and create something that is uniquely american

removal treaties

-indian removal act+ in other places there are removal treaties -avoidance of military conflict but there is a failure of the federal gov to prevent encroachment and settlement on native land from squatters in the new indian territories -implies that they are failing at the trust doctrine and not looking after tribes best interest -fed gov promoted settlement and made the settlement of old native lands by whites

private property

-individual right to exclude others from use -includes corporate bodies, individuals and groups of ppl -comes from the notion of privary (to deprive) -depriving those who are excluded from rights to things that are private -notes the separation of the private from the social whole -if public lands in this country were privatized ppl would be upset bc the community is being deprived of use and it can be managed in such a way that can have costs and risks for others -at the heart of McPhersons description of property as a social process

social contract as hegemonic narrative

-inequity -systemic exclusion -none political minorities= have never had equal rights, we must force open the definitions of the social contract: civil rights act but also social security w/ Obama care -breaksdown some of the ignorance in this country

environmental history

-interconnectedness of nature and culture -nature provides limits and opportunities in differentiated spatial patterns -provide context but do not determine inequities

trust doctrine (land allotment)

-interpreted in terms of temporary wardship asa means of encouraging indian independence and ending trust doctrine obligations -as the tribes become independent trust doctrine obligations will end -doesn't focus on sovereignty

George Henry boughton (1867) Pilgrams going to church

-intersting representation of colonial life -nature is being represented as something evil, out to get these ppl -boundary between civilization and that untamed space -men on the outside, women on the inside -stumps (field has been cleared) -guns= new tech

resource management (north eastern woodland tribes)

-intrasubjective (human and nature are one) relationship with animals -goal of reproduction

schimmel and inventie the Indian: social construction

-inventing the Indian = a trendy term in the 1980s and 1990s -popular term to discuss within the broad realm of identity politics -the notion of the Indian is invented by ppl (particularly in this case whites) -white anglo Saxon protestantism= the cultural norm against which all other cultures are compared -about the dominant culture inventing some other, they are doing that in a way that uses hegemonic stereotypes, symbols and ideas (in this way the popular imagination is filled with a concept of the other

separatist

-involuntary -voluntary

social construction of the other: brutal savage/ civilized tribes

-ironic bc of the 5 civilized tribes in the south (had taken significant steps to acculturation and assimilation) -cherokee had adopted English as the language of gov farming looked more and more western, had a tribal government largely modeled on the US system

josh lewis

-josh lewis's point about the regional distribution of transformation (no defect sacrifice zones) -increased the safety and assets of New Orleans but this might not play out so well for everyone on a regional scale or New Orleans itself

shifting agriculture (slash and burn/ widen systems )

-keeping fields at yr one stage makes for good groups -developed forests store lots of their nutrients in the plants -if u were to girdle (stripping trees of bark and then burning them )= back to stage 1 -typical cycle in New England = 80-100 yrs and then an area would burn bc of a lightening strike -fallowing mimics natural cycles (effectively a form of biomes): -0-12 yrs= cultivate (during this time, it is done with 3 yrs on 1 yr rest) : yr 1= clearing of fields, girdling of trees, over a couple of yrs the trees die, then there was a burning, typically then you plant and have a series of 3 yrs of cultivation and then 1 rest yr -12-14 yrs = fallow (good for berries ) -24-60 yrs = fallow -60-72 yrs = burn -fallowing = more like returning that land to nature, not the fallowing of the 3 rotation system of Europe -light tilling throughout this process of cultivation, not a major reengineering of the social structure -in the mean time we rotate the plot after it has been cultivated for 12-15 yrs -annual burning +burning at the end -soil and nutrient retention: not a deep reengineering of the soil, digging a few inches and moving a bit of soil around

comparing New England colonists and native Americans: culture

-key values: long term survival of the tribe (natives) vs. short term market-based success for the individual (colonists) -ways of seeing opportunities and constraints in nature: subsistence (natives) vs. commodification (colonists) -nature - society relationships: integration (inter-subjective) vs. separation (instrumental)

Indian tribes and incorporation into the fur trade: articulating modes of production

-kin ordered vs substance agriculture/ hunter gather -hunter gatherer subsistence agriculture mode of production but he is emphasizing the importance of kinship as a means of tying individuals to one another and the land in terms of the moral obligations they have to kin -materials, labor etc are supplied by ppl who have moral responsibilities to their kin -pre-capitialist/ mercantilist: state sponsored extraction and market exchange (mercantilie system) -kin ordered hunter gatherer systems interact with the mercantile system

tribal linguistic groups of New England and maritimes -1600s

-kinship groups, tribes that identify as dif tribes but have closer relations bc of their shared linguistics -wampanag (along the coast of Maine) were displaced and pushed further north

labor theory of value

-labor as the basis of value -labor is key to realizing god's will by making nature productive, labor not nature creates value for a man in the name of god -transforming nature in very symbolically the field and agriculture labor

-distributional injustice

-lack of access to the benefits and opportunities associated with whatever set of practices

John Gast -american progress (1870)

-lady liberty holding the technology of conquest (the Telegraph) which makes room for the train -settleers coming in wagon train -natives, buffalo and bear moving out of the way, being pushed aside -lady liberty= neoclassic depiction of freedom, not bringing the bile west but bringing her technical manual (secular) -escape from New York, escape from morally decaying easter seaboard with germans and Irish Catholics coming in -story of white ascension, with natives, hispanics, and asians falling from grace and blacks only included sometimes in story in which their condition doesn't rly improve

-coastline resources (Yurok tribe)

-lagunes (shellfish) -fishing

lower klamath

-land aggregation and acquisition by wealthy investors

outcomes of the land allotment act

-land loss: taxes, private sale, surplus land auction, -Oklahoma land rush 1889-1906 -lots of dif land rushes selling the not allowed land -dawes act caused Indians to lose 65% loss of land -with the fee act ppl have to pay taxes in cash -a lot of times ppl didn't even realize they were selling their land thought they were selling timber for example -dependency: land loss, pauperization, acculturation, some acculturation but it was more like destruction of the old culture by taking children away

fur trade as an international phenomenon: Hat mania

-late 16th early 17th century -middle class want to be identified as successful and enjoy the success they had in business, did this thru hats: results in the near exterminations of beaver populations -beaver= natural resource and its biological characteristic which present hard (actually how u can use a beaver) and culturally constituted parameters (shape management strategies)

New Orleans flooding

-levee failure> inundation of business and residential areas -surrounded by lake borgne, Mississippi, and lake ponchi -protected by a water resource management system composed of levees, pumps and canals -designed to facilitate drainage of low elevation areas during storms -also designed for transportation and commerce -and to protect the city from flood (the entire city is cased in levees) -there were 53 levee breaches -canals coming into the city and the intercoastal water way (more for shipping purposes) -15-18 ft concrete walls with steel pilings, underneath the steel the composition of the soil was a function of annual and longterm floods, so it shifts easily when water-logged: levees were not overtopped, they were pushed -areas along the natural levees were not flooded, but others were flooded as much as 12-15 ft -lake borgne +intercoastal waterway= funnel into New Orleans from the gulf, known as the hurricane funnel -high ground along the Mississippi + levees built (these were not breached) -the levee along lake pontchartrain broke and NO filled up like a tea cup -toxic gumbo= nasty combo of bio contaminants, heavy metals (lead, zn, etc) oil and petroleum products, 575 oil spills in the area recognized and associated with Hurricane Katrina, 3 mil gal gas spilled from ruined vehicles, 7 mil gal of gas from the oil spills, long legacy of dumping and brownfield sites -many horrible floods: betsy:1965, Andrew: 1992

infrastructure development

-levee reinforcement : "levee armzuring" might be seen as incasing the city more effectively than the past -planning -parks and green space (green infrastructure development, there will be various ways that water is captured in New Orleans rather than being diverted out by the pump and canal system to lake ponchetrain, going to try and recharge the water table under New Orleans and counteract subsidence, lots of green spaces, and walking and biking paths -waterfront redevelopment (improved waterfront infrastructure, opportunities for businesses and tourism development etc)

why was the gulf coast and New Orleans particularly so unprepared for Katrina/ why was it such a human disaster?

-lots of bureaucratic failures with FIMA, they didn't prepare for it or have a big emphasis on how to handle a disaster (FIMA in 2001 was absorbed into the department of homeland security, much more interested in prosecuting the war on terror, by 2003 the war on terror was on iraq so the department of homeland security resources was focused on this and funds were directed towards this -long reactionary history of subordinating politics to the market (very productive in terms of creating increases in GDP and there are advocates for that who have made valuable contributions, drawing on a legacy that comes out of Milton freedom from Chicago, the free market should utilize resource to maximize the economy, should be very little quality control etc) -failure: Lima underfunded directing attention elsewhere, seen as a gov agency that is the object of systematic undermining and the army corps of engineers were as well (privatization of army corp of engineers, market approach to infrastructure development) -ideological perspective on fiscal conservatism (in some way you need to delegitimize the government in the public eye, starve the beast, undermining the regulatory power of agencies -micheal brown was the director of FIMA -louisiana is a deep red state and new Orleans sis a deep blue city so there is a competition for resources and the state is able t divert these resources (long legacy of corruption in Louisiana -historical amnesia: of course you want to forge this stuff as politicians, incentives to move on, it is a psychological need but also the way that politics works in this pluralistic society -unpreparedness, dynamics of the state= perfect set up for horrible result+ response

overtime all the land decreased, started out as 5000 acres but is now 5 acres

-lots of the land remained tribal land bc it was too difficult to survey and sell

separation of nature and society / culture

-made racial segregation possible in a physical sense -segregated racial geography paralleled a geography of vulnerability and risk -created: A LANDSCAPE OF RACIALLY DIFFERENTIATED RISK

kat Anderson's argument: harvest strategies

-maintain resiliency, diversity, ecosystem functions + productivity -rules moderating harvest levels (assures reproduction, even potentially assures reproduction of healthier genetic stalk ) -sustain population reproduction -assist organism life cycles: bear grass (a form of lily) = an important resource for many tribes in CA, the leaves/frawns/ grass sprout and are the most sought after resource bc they are used for weaving, sprouts in the spring particularly in yrs after fire (shade intolerant plants), selectively manage these plants to harvest their preferred pieces of the frawn, if they do this at a certain time of yr it will cause the plant to grow back -increase primary productivity (energy) ecosystem nutrients, soil fertility -bear grass= new shoots of leaves bring further capture of energy from the sun and are a means of ensuring that the nutrients in the ecosystem are not lost and the soil fertility is sustained (you are not "gathering" the bear grass, they are managed and in some cases planted or transplanted -biodiversity: stand structure (spatial)/ successional stages (temporal) -fire is used as a management tool: natives take the natural cycles of fire and the successional processes in forests and chose where to make that happen, often in a concentrated time period -they also consistently burned the understory for hunting (forest managers have drawn on practices of native burning, small farm owners in the south also do this, creates park like settings for hunting, many useful plants are shade intolerant, so u may want to create larger spaces of burning (prescribe burning ) that result in areas of transition between forest and grassland (berries grow here and animals like to chill here )

protestantism

-majority of colonists were protestant -the personal relation with god, compels the individual to realize god's vision on earth, one must not waste god's gifts to humans (natural resources) -way to realize god's will is to act with ur godly neighbors to build a city on a hill

underlying myths in turner's thesis

-manifest destiny -jefferson's agrarian myth -american liberty in land

structural racism is manifested in Katrina

-many blacks were systematically denied resources etc.

market based vs community based development

-many have advocated for a middle path on this and the Louisiana state master plan attempts to walk this line -characteristic of debates today about whether the state should seek equity or if it is the responsibility of the market

culture north eastern woodland tribes

-matralineal system: name and wealth are passed through the woman's family, knowledge, usufruct rights -women retain this knowledge and pass it down to their families -play an essential role in cultural knowledge -men= deeply knowledgeable hunters, involved in tobacco production, fishing +sphere of politics as clan leaders and quite often as healers -relationship between production and reproduction of that system so that that system can go on -production= for subsistence and long term reproduction for the kinship group, village or tribe + not surplus for the market -depends on the long term reproduction of ecosystems

human needs (corn bean squash horticulture)

-nutriton: don't need to supplement corn beans squash horticulture, 90% of the protien you need, all the carbs u need -food security: w/ 3 dif crops the diversity reduces the risk of the failure of the entire crop, still likely be able to have a harvest of some of these crops -subsistence production (subsistence system of production, primarily oriented toward production of food for family or kinship group subsistence (eating), not a lot of commerce of trade for these projects, but there are some, local scale production for local scale consumption -genetic evolution and improvement: a very place specific practice, knowledge mostly held by the women, selective plant breeding, -early forming large ears (as u move further north, the growing season is shorter so u r likely to want to select seeds from ears that will germinate early (lower down the stalk), allowed for selecting for the trait of early germination, overtime= more plants with ears at the lower part of the corn stalk, a more productive genetic crop -large kernels (selecting seeds from stalk with large kernels) -typically there was only 8 rows of corn

powerful nations and middle men: Huron and Iroquois

-middle men= buy furs from other tribes and sell them to white men -huron and Iroquois were the most important groups who did this -French who settled in this area allied with the huron -iroquois traded with the dutch and the British -Huron= at a strategic place bc they were at the northern limits of the corn bean squash territory and therefore they had a history fo trading with tribes to the north and tribes to the north west, a confederation of allied tribes with an estimation of 20,000-30,000 ppl -a relatively wealthy society that began trading early -iroquois= a confederation of 5 ultimately 6 nations in upstate New York -very effective at hunting beaver that they saw their opportunities largely in terms of military -largely successful bc the British were more open to arming them than the French were to arming the Huron -in 1648 the Iroquois conquered the Huron, starting the "beaver wars" in the ohio river valley -the iroquois moved out and attacked other tribes -not just the Iroquois as they ally with other tribes, very complicated story that results in a transformation of the mode of production from horticulture and hunter gather to horticulture and hunter gathering -women with the Iroquois= less involved in warfare and are back home (a prosperous home bc of the fruits of war and trade) -men are fighting, being killed and often replaced by men who are captured (not Iroquois so they have a lower status than the Iroquois women) -Iroquois women's status was enhanced

Native American society and the fur trade: change in ecology

-migration -species demography (loss of biodiversity, the beaver is a keystone species and all the biodiversity around the wetlands is gone, becomes a forest) -culture and ecology (no longer burning/ burning far less the understory of the forest for hunting, loss of culture, some acculturation through religious indocturation, and materialist consumption (or no loss of culture, just separation as in the case of the plains tribes)

allotment and assimilation: historical context

-military surrender, territorial containment, economic dependency (defeated ppls and the federal gov saying act as we say and u will get food, relationships of economic dependency) -reservations: administration, policy and corruption (designed to keep the tribes in place, initially administered by the army but eventually protestant church groups and then the Bureau of Indian affairs (same church actors still involved) -ideas that tribes are wards of the state and whatever judiciary duties the federal government had were not carried out in good faith bc the bureau of Indian affairs was corrupt

outcomes of market based development

-more effective flood control (funding going into infrastructure development and biomimetic approach of planners) -economic growth and socioeconomic polarization -and geographic polarization and displacement

outcomes of community based development

-more effective flood control (the funding going into infrastructure development and the biomimetic approach of planners are prioritized by both -equitable (but potentially limited) economic opportunities and growth -bringing in jobs, opportunities for small scale businesses, supporting home ownership by community members, creating higher quality public education and public health -grow the human capital and develop within these communities (not wealth coming out)

oak woodlands and grasslands upriver

-most biodiverse habitat in the state

tribal-europeans american relations

-mutuality and exchange (ex: fur trade) -military cooperation and relative parity -early reservations (you do have reservations from the 17th century but this was talked about more as dividing up land than as removing Indians from their territory -social construction of the other: noble savage -underpines poltical relations and is associated with the notion that they have chosen a voluntary form of separation and there is potential for assimilation in the long term but there must be a process of acculturation first

infrastructure development in historical New Orleans (1803-1865)

-natural levees reinforced by plantations -not lots of development in the back lands swamp

courtep village

-near enough to have access to the redwoods, beaches and the oak woodlands and the grasslands up river -ppl need materials from all these places -how do u use an ecosystem sustainably for 1000s of yrs without depleting it -used a system of usufruct property rights- a resilient system -land can't be "lost" to the tribe thru sale -together with taboos and spiritual rules control use and management: managment of spatial diversity -waterman said that they inherited purchased or married into their property rights (even within a household ppl had dif property rights, ppl need to recognize their rights and other rights -have a temporal aspect (only have rights to fishing spots during fishing season, only have rights to gather acorns in the fall, can be negotiated and changed as the ecosystem changes

2016 geography of risk

-new geography that is not that dif from the old geography -lake view very well protected -gentili= black middle class neighborhood, not greatly protected -climate change and sea level rise: make this all very pressing

great loss of land on the reservations

-not a lot of reservation land on CA bc a lot of these tribes were not federally recognized but a lot of these tribes were able to establish rancharieas similar to small reservations

Krech's argument

-not ecologists: based on systematic understanding of/ prediction of ecosystem dynamics -certainty-?: operated under a great degree of uncertainty -prediction-?: often did not know how their actions might impact species and ecosystems -tradtional ecological knowledge is dif than ecological science: -modern ecology= systematic surveying of natural processes to attempt to predict them -TEK = unsystematic forms of observation that operated under a great deal of uncertainty that lead to lots of problematic decision making -not conservationists: focus on not wasting and conserving resources for future generations, killed more than they could use/ fires raged out of control/ "wasteful"/ if you just simply look at the Pleistocene extinctions, macedon, cave bear, you can't say that there wasn't wastefulness

fur and felt of beavers

-not the outer layer of beavers fur but the short thick soft wooly underlay that is used to make hats -hairs have little barbs on the end that you can only see from the microscope and when the hair is pressed together the barbs interlock and make a solid layer called felt, the process is called felting

other common sense narratives

-representaton of black communities as moral corrupt -representation of asians as a "model minority" -images of feminity and pacify around whiteness -class is important in thinking about the commonsense assumptions about opportunities

media representation as a hegemonic racial project

-obfuscate the actual structural issues that happened in Katrina -reflects the hegemonic nature of narratives of individualism and the need to engage in the protestant work ethic and the notion that the civil rights movement has succeeded in eliminating racism -therefore it is a failing of the ppl of new Orleans -easy to blame them and ignore the fundamentally structural reasons underpinning ppl's individual experiences -powell and etal rebuilding New Orleans must "create structure s in which new possibilities and interests are free for all to participate in

liberal social contract theory

-offered a new political philosophy that addressed the anxiety we see -we need to balance liberty with restraint -a way of emphasizing the importance of liberty but putting certain restraints -the key means of achieving a liberal democratic order based on freedom of action in the market economy, freedom of expression , conscious and public live -human nature starts out in a place of anarchy but this can be overcome by a group of sovereign citizens coming together -citizens extend their sovereignty to the state to ensure their rights -citizenship is defined by a stake in society (property) -property rights define who has a right to engage in politics -laws= rules to which citizens submit and it serves to glue the binds of social contract -assures that there are certain obligations go with those rights -assures justice, there is equal application of the law to all citizens, ofc if the gov fails to fulfill their applications then the citizens have sovereignty and the ability to overthrow that gov -facilitates unlimited accumulation of wealth ensured by the gov -beyond that the market should run on its own -fits very well with the idea of free trade

management of temporal diversity

-oregon white oak and hazelnut (unfortunately this grows when lots of other things can't ) -Douglas fir can invade oak woodlands and shade out oaks (Douglas firs come in and grow rly fast and shade out the oaks and then we loose the oaks and shrubs for basket materials etc (bc we have prevented Native American management of the ecosystem and now we don't do much burning -not much use for Douglas fir but valuable for timber, wood, housing -sets up a conflict, are we managing for timbre or resources we need for daily life -Douglas fir reproduces from seed: need openings to reproduce, will not grow back quickly after burning a few times

Yurok basket elements

-pattern on the outside, no pattern on the inside -made of porcupine quills, maiden grass, bear grass -they are hats that ppl wear -obsidian blade design (the polygon)

crying Indian

-played by ironized Cody, an Italian actor who made his fame playing native Americans -quintessential ecological Indian (grounded in the first category of the construction of the Indian as the noble savage, Nobels savage construction returns in the 1960s and 1970s

krech's argument: contradiction of Indian harmony with nature

-popular idea (myth) of ecological Indian: ecological knowledge and conservationist values -emperical evidence (history): Indian NR management sometimes drove ecosystem degradation -native identity and culture are so deeply in harmony with nature that their resource management practices have inevitably served to reproduce nature -this notion is based on the false premise that they acted as modern day ecologists and conservationists -a set of ideas that draws on the environmental ideas and civil rights ideas of the 1960s and remains important to identity politics today -data suggests that native management sometimes drove ecosystem degradation

Andrew Jackson

-populist agrarian, jeffersonian with a military edge -1820s shift in national mood, there was this intone that he west is opening up and we need to remove tribes form this space that is becoming available and needed by whites (the coalition looking at the west involves the yeoman farmer and the plantation owner and speculator and their target is Indian land -notion that the native ppls are brutal, savage, and they need to be separated forcefully

executive response to Worcester v Georgia

-president Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Worcester decision -Jackson said "Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it" -the court had now way of imposing their will so this set the stage for the indian removal act (de facto sovereignty, they were able to send in the militia and start o push the Cherokee out) -series of migrations rom the historical territories to the Oklahoma territory, most notable the trail of tears in which 4000/5000 of the indians died traveling

means of market based development

-private sector investment and planning -key that you have strong private property rights, the assets on the water front and made available by the destruction of public housing are in private hands, not the hands of the community members as a whole

public housing

-project demolition -section 8 vouchers

public housing in New Orleans

-project demolition (epitomized racial segregation, public health hazards, riddled with lead, absinthes and rats) -promised to fund replacements, were replaced with mixed income condos, approx 10% return rate -section 8 vouchers, neoliberal housing reform that came out of the 1980s, the idea that section 8 families are able to get a certain amount of $ from the federal government that will allow them to subsidize rent (the landlords that accept section 8 vouchers are in lower income areas bc they put a cap on the rent that can be charged, place a great deal of risk bc of transportation burden (now ppl have to take long public transportation to jobs and if they lose their jobs= eviction, feeds into a market based system that doesn't consider public housing and the value of it

struggles over access to and control of land

-property relations -trade and treaties (16th century to 1820s) -social and political relations between tribes and the gov was relatively equal -no large scale removing of tribes from territory or large scale killing of tribe (at least not in the east) yet -native tribes are key actors in France and England's struggle for territory and resources -military alliances between colonial and tribal powers

spectrum of political ideologies = racial projects

-some are nested in white supremacy -some are vehicles in which ideas about black identity can manifest

Great Lake tribes: Fox. Sauk, Potawatomi, Ottowa

-pushed west by the Iroquois seeking land and furs (their hope for survival is in trapping -moved to michigan from Green Bay Wisconsin -the transformation of these tribes= loss of control of land, pushed to the periphery, depopulated and desperate, and subject to a great deal of dependence on this system -in some cases you get a fusion of these tribes bc they are so depopulated -ojibwa= start in Ontario but becomes a fusion of dislocated tribes

structural racism

-racism= deeply situated in the history of the US -structural racism= racial coded disparities in access to power, resources, opportunities and associated outcomes within a system of social institutions -institutional racism= racism within certain institutions -structural racism= all the institutions -a whole wide range of racial coded exclusion and exposure to risk and vulnerabilities -occurs in segregation: poor infrastructure, housing, schools, opportunities, lack of access to open green spaces, lack of political power in decision making about natural resource management -can be thought about in terms of policing, laws, schools, patterns of incarceration -society has an obligation to everyone in society bc there are structural barriers no matter how morally upstanding u are (we need to support communities to grow human capital, wealth and capital but certain structures of segregation stand in the way of this

populist agrarianism

-radical democratization mixed with Locke's vision -relatively equitable division of land = a more broadly based democracy and in this way we will have more equal society and less polarization of wealth

1865-1945

-reconstruction for a brief period -economy -Jim Crow segregation (laws that created segregation cam with the end of reconstruction and Hayes election ) reaffirmed with plessy v Ferguson -new segregation was only possible with settlement in the wetlands -infrastructure development: progressive era water management system (1803-1915), levees only approach, expansion of the city to the north and south and the development of levees -streetcar suburbs = new geography with some mixed housing and job opportunities (lake view= white suburb) -reclamation of the black swam areas and neutralization of topography as a key determinant of urban growth -start to lay the physical landscape on which segregation can play out -transformation of physical geography= transformation of societal geography (blacks pushed to the back lands up north, rents went up + you have opportunities in the back lands for jobs in ports ) -certain neighborhoods were assigned with very high level risk associate with lending and loans (no finance capital/mortgage capital was able to flow into the black communities ) -restricted deed covenants= you can not sell your house to a nonwhite -1927 Mississippi River flood (lots of the water flowed down the atrophic basin, made it clear that the natural flow of the river wasn't toward the plachencha basin, levees channel all sediment down the river or atrapochia flood way (led to major loss of sediment disposition) -cannales erode bc there is a natural saline water inflow from the gulf (natural cypress swamps require brackish fresh water), louisiana loot many square miles of land

-alder willow along riparian areas, stream sides and wet meadows

-red alder -will root= grow along spring break and are used in basket making

in the late 20th century the patterns of segregation become more evident with the passage of the civil rights and voting acts of 1964 as blacks moved to low-lying areas and whites left the inner city, resulting in community disempowerment

-redevelopment w/ the construction of transportation infrastructure gutting right thru them -ex: construction of the freeway in faubourg Treme -very little capacity in this area to development human capital -spatial segregation by race and class is associated and reflected with land reclamation and development

corn mother met

-reflection of the fact that corn has come to this place and so the myth emerges and rationalizes a new social order -given a deeper meaning and power bc they are understood to be tied with universal truths -the corn mother told us how to grow corn and our condition ascended and everything is better -indinan mother who brings corn and sometimes tobacco and tells ppl how to grow it, reflects traditional ecological knowledge -an origin myth of Indian society about corn, tobacco, gender roles, respect for natural cycles legitimates women as owners of property + matrilineal social order+ intrasubjective set of knowledge conveys over time (regulated these and told a story that allowed production that ensures social and ecological reproduction) -associated stories that tell u how much u can take in the hunt, how much u can take from the rivers -adabtable myth: could change between tribes -drawing on Caroline merchants perspective: the system of production for native ppl was oriented and facilitated production and reproduction along a gender division of labor -production was primarily for subsistence and long term reproduction of family, tribe and village (depended on long term reproduction of ecosystems)

Indian Relocation act (1952)

-relocation to denver, sf, LA

new western history: 1980s -present

-replace "frontier process" with the dynamics of place and progress -place as specific landscapes and social histories -process of conquest and colonialism -a voice for invaded and subject peoples (counter hegemonic narrative challenging the narrative of manifest destiny) -expose the "assault on nature" ecocide -concentration of power and the role fo power elite -historians of the west as cultural critics -contested access to and control of natural resources: property, race and legitimacy (plays out thru a process of different groups being able to assert rights to resources thru property rights, and this in american history is almost always tied to race

representing race in the mainstream press/ popular imagination

-representation of blacks and whites in media constitute particularly powerful racial projects -these r racial projects on the macro level -operate as a form of hegemonic narrative -represent a common sense way of perceiving those experiences of Katrina (depicting it as individual decisions and a flawed moral character) -ignores a lot of the history -media shock and awe in reference of the shock and awe campaign on bagdad (that ultimately ended the war on terror) -shock in the sense that they revealed hidden and forgotten poverty, tremendous poverty was right in everyone's face -a sense of awe but fear about the vulnerability of American society

property

-rights and obligations to things that are enforceable by customers, norm or law -not the things themselves -not always absolute, private -"bundle of rights" -runs contrary to our commonsense understanding (I own my car and I can do more or less what I want with it but I do not have the right to break traffic laws) -ex: you are living in an apartment and you have a party, the neighbors are a little upset and next weekend u have another party and ur neighbors call the police saying that u are exercising rights u don't have by making loud noise at night -you don't have the right to infringe on the rights of others (neighbors right to a good night sleep under the city's noise ordinances) -in renting you are purchasing rights and the land lord has obligations to pay taxes, prevent fire hazards etc

formal property rights (de cure)

-rights explicitly acknowledged by the state

contested rights

-rights of collective interests -overlapping rights -formal property rights (de jure) -informal property rights (de facto)

informal property rights (de facto)

-rights that lack the official protection from the state but are held nonetheless and may be held in contradiction with the law -in practice property rights -plays out in throughout Native American history: there has been hunting, fishing and managing of tribal lands and then those lands get taken and they are outside of reservations. Tribal members who want to hunt in these places still do it, asserting their defacto rights, and it is going to be pretty difficult to stop. There then could be decisions made in courts that will actually recognize these rights as de facto rights -ways. in which a community can asserts claim to rights of things that may on the surface run counter to their legal definition of property -imminent domain= the state or gov's right to say that it is in the public interest to demolish blighting housing (for example): bc blighted housing= a public health hazard, they will compensate pp but still some don't always see this as fair, in NO gov wanted to demolish public +blighted housing , can be seen as riding the city of blight and crime and raising the value of the city . Property was an argument for those (politicians and developers) trying to raise assets -community members who might have opposed these actions by asserting their right by opposing it bc it doesn't serve the public's best interest

Native American societies and the fur trade: socioeconomic change

-roles in the economy: labor (raw material suppliers)/ middle-men -demography: depopulation and migration (decimation and displacement that causes assimilation to new roles as labor, suppliers of material, middleman, warriors, consumers -change in food systems and subsistence strategies (decline of horticulture with Huron and Iroquois excepted) -division of labor/ gender roles (declining power of women, except Iroquois) -technologies (guns, traps, consumer materials) -politics: kinship vs. status -competition in the economy: warfare (tribes are driven into this bc of territorial disputes between French and English

Theodore Kaufman - Westward the star of Empire makes its Way (1867)

-savators or terrorists in the dark, unknown spaces of nature, starting to look a little bit like the pilgrims going to church -can these ppl be incorporated, not or a long time they are far from western -train tracks

George Caleb Bingham- captured by Indians (1848)

-schimmel describes the madonna type woman looking up to heaven and to god for salvation (Mary and Jesus) -native ppl looking down into the dark -what is more anxiety provoking for European men than white women being captured by Indians

seasonal migration north eastern woodland tribes

-seasonal migration into upland areas during the late fall, winter, and early spring for hunting -late spring, summer, early fall there are lowland settlements for agriculture

new technologies

-selective breeding -plow improvements -road building + canal building innovations -the notion that the entire landscape should be reorganized and converted for a vast agricultural complex -introduction of weapons for hunting -carts for transportation on roads

George catlin-bird's eye view of a Mandan village (1834)

-sense of beauty, simplicity and perhaps a sense of savergry and abundant nature with the buffalo on the green plains -the savagery is almost appealing "you could almost persuade a man to renounce the world and adopt the lazy life of the Indian": a romantic escapist vision, ambivalence in the relationship between western culture -maybe it is a fall from grace or maybe it is a temptation to whites (crude backwoodsman mixing with natives ) -storm clouds gathering above, a sense of impending danger -representation of a voluntary form of separation but maybe it will be hard to acculturate and assimilate these ppl

feds and the tribes

-separatin of powers -trust doctrine -over time there is a set of legal principles that has developed out the relationship with the federal gov and tribes and serves as a basis

guardianship theory

-set of ideas that the state that it is is the responsibility of the early gov of the US to look after the tribes

The frontier as crude outback (17th -18th centuries)

-settlers= backwoodsman/ frontiersmen -ppl moving out of the centuries of cities moving into transappalacian west -culturally and genetically mixing with Indian populations -trade and barter with native ppl, not rly contributing to the development of the american economy -uncivilized society -mixing with Indians-cultural and genetic (Indians were still separated from mainstream culture(voluntary and involuntary)) -production outside of eastern seaboard economy -lots of these ppl are Scotts Irish, this is seen as a fall from grace

ecosystem structure (corn bean squash horticulture)

-small mounds of earth in which corn seeds are planted -mounds 2-3 ft in height rows 5-6 ft apart -corn grows up and provides a scaffolding for the beans -below and coming into the walking rows are the squash plants (important in terms of shading the soil, retaining moisture, preventing predators from getting to the corn bc there are little thornes on the stalk of the squash plants + generally squash plants are not very amenable to weeds growing bc they drop toxins in the soil

traveling the klamath reservation in 1912 a forest surveyor commented that the entire reservation is over run by fire

-solid forest is good for somethings but it rly wasn't ideal for traditional Yurok life

site

-southerneastern Louisiana wetlands: a location refers to a place in terms of its environmental qualities -New Orleans has alluvium soil, formed by the complex hydrology of the Mississippi, it is very fertile but also very unstable especially when water logged -the Mississippi is incredibly dynamic (balize lobe didn't exist before, other lobe floods annually and this is important for the landscape bc the soil from the Mississippi deposits here, this is important bc the wetlands naturally sink -no floods= enormous lowering of the wetlands , floods provide sediment and ground water recharge -wetlands absorb food water and serve as a vegetative barrier from storm surge -situation -classifies that place societally (new orelans has a great situation but a lousy site)

Anton gag - "attack on new Ulm during the Sioux outbreak August 19th -23rd 1862 (1904)

-soux (from Dakota) issued a revolt killing 500 settler colonists in minestoa- the federal gov finally intervened -conflict between savagery and civilization along the fence line (boundary between disorderly, wild, unpredictable space of savagery vs. linear orderliness -indians are able to transcend the boundary along the fence line with an act of violence and murder with guns -orderliness of the farm being thrown into disorder and it represents the tenuousness of control in the west

tenure system (colonists)

-soveriegnty goes to the crown of England who grants a monopoly of property rights to the Massachusetts bay company -property rights largely fee simple (land simple, devoid of most obligations) -goal= to put that to use in the market place, don't waste god's gift -tied to innovations in agronomy which facilitates the development of a land market -private property= an ideology of conquest (ignored native land rights, no lockiean evidence of labor was perceived, cultivated in a superior right to ownership over native lands, rationalized control of nature)

corn-bean-squash horticulture history

-started 7000 yrs ago in central Mexico and moved out from there -arrived in new England in 1700-1800 -by 1800 it had reached its limits due to climate factors

acres of Yurok reservation

-started out as 600,000 acres of tribal lands -reservation started with 5000 acres -decreased with the general allotment act -decreased with the termination era -decreased with self determination period, the indians self determination act kicked in, until the 80s native ppl were not allowed to manage their lands

social construction during termination

-still dependent -similar to communist (communal)

division of labor (colonists)

-still largely gender based : men and women both working in the fields, men hunting, women= still the conveyers of reproduction but also things about religious knowledge and how life (more isolated focused on the nuclear fam instead of the tribe

north eastern woodland tribes technology

-stone antler bone rly no large smelting of metals -locally procured -rather low impact in their extraction -tend to be replaceable -light (if traveling in the winter you need something you can carry) -low impact on the ecosystem in comparison to modern tech

Kat Anderson's argument (tending the wild)

-story of California natives (no corn, bean, squash horticulture) -ample supply of carbs and oils and acorns and fish and vast diversity of resources for food systems, no need for corn bean squash

socioeconomic organization of north eastern woodland tribes

-subsistence horticulture/ hunting gathering MOP (mode of production) -the basic way to characterize the modes of productions used by tribes in this region is subsistence horticulture (agriculture without the use of animals for killing and so on) and hunter-gather -corn-bean-squash complex -technologies -divison of labor: gender-based

indian removal act of 1830

-supported by Andrew Jackson and pushed thru congress -the idea was that tribes would exchange land that they held in the east and they would be removed to land in the west -they carved out an area that was eastern Oklahoma and the territorial distinction between Kansas and Nebraska -nominally voluntary, they were not forced to leave by congress but there were ppl on the ground who wanted them to leave

The agrarian myth

-sweat mixed with soil provides the basis of american democracy -the American populist social contract is the basis for the ideas of american prosperity -Thomas Jefferson -social contract -yeoman farmer: the small holder -small holding (160 acres) -could produce in the market place and thus grow and become and good citizen -stake in society: property rights/ civic life -policy: federal land disposal -social charter/ ideology/ agrarian social contract: society is organized thru this ideology, consider how the narratives prescribe, reflect and rationalize forms of social organizations and relationships between ppl and nature -unlike England, there was no such concentration of land holding in America -symbol of american identity and prosperity with pastural life in nature -manifests in policy with the federal land disposal property: ex: homestead act -obscures native Americans and black ppl: in many ways a hegemonic narrative that hides the public land distribution to spectators and excluded native Americans and blacks

homestead act (1862)

-symbolic means of encouraging settlement of in land that used to be indian territory -settler could buy 160 acres at $1.50 an acre or proving that they had cultivated the land for 5 yrs -device used by specualtors to acquire land and sell for a profit

myth of north eastern woodland tribes

-symbolic tales concerning the origin of nature of the universe or key elements of culture -myths serve as charters for social action (Malinowski) in that they reflect and rationalize social order, norms and values by connecting them with universal truths -myths reflect world views-beliefs about the identity and role of the self or group in society and the cosmos (natural/spiritual world) -complex ways of reflecting and rationalizing the social order -characteristics of myth: narrative structure (ascenstionist= our condition improved / declensionist= our condition worsened, ideal vision of the past / inflection= narrative structure goes from ascension to decline or decline to ascension), significance (religious/ spiritual/ secular ex: American dream is a secular myth) ordering of elements: binary pairs/ inclusion and exclusion, ethical implication: boundaries/ moral of the story

production and reproduction (colonists)

-system of the market was very much oriented toward production instead of reproduction (so instead there is a crisis of reproduction created by market based production practices that undermine the natural systems of reproduction) -substituted more simplified means of reproducing a production system (not a reproduction system): this was done thru tech innovation, territorial expansion-scale, resource transfer

colonist system of production resulted in a crisis of reproduction which was solved with

-technological innovations -transferring resources from the periphery to the central places of production

goal of resource management is to continue to manage for new younger vigorous trees, cut them down, and let new younger vigorous trees grow

-temporal change: Douglas fir site, klamath region -with frequent fire you an maintain priority in shrubs -if you don't burn regularly you will get oaks, mass and Douglas fir -if u don't burn for 30 yrs u will have immature Douglas fir -if you don't burn for 100 yrs u will have mature Douglas fir and will do a big burn and then start all over again

trust doctrine

-tension of wardship vs. sovereignty -legal discourse based on guardianship theory -fed gov has a legal obligation (fiduciary duty ) to act in the best interest of the tribes -wardship vs. sovereignty -wardship: supplying them with subsistence items, providing them with education that will allow for acculturation, this is premised on the notion that tribes are dependent -sovereignty = the tribes are independent nations, like the states the tribes have sovereignty and looking out for the tribes best interest can be emphasizing their sovereignty, may be ways in which this reinforces dependence but their may be ways were true independent sovereignty can be recognized -as it moves toward sovereignty there is a tension between tribes whoa re more dependent and tribes who are independent

self determination

-termination fades away bc Johnson and Kennedy administrations aren't interested in enforcing it -Indian self determination and education assistance act (1975) -ammendments (1988/ 1986)= Indians are able to get up and running on tribal resource management, language that describes the tribes as other governments -focusing on soverignty but their is a question of will they be self-sufficient -hybrid identity, raises the possibility of social incorporation to society thru resistance -assimilation and separation at the same time

territorial control and raw material supply (fur trade

-territorial dimensions of geopolitics= conflicts of raw material supplies, labor and territory -North America is contested by the British , spanish, French and Russians -French and Indian war, part of the 7yrs war -on gong war throughout much of Canada and the US and the fur trade was very much tied into this - a means of gaining territory by integrating native ppl into trade networks at the same time they were being integrated into military conflict

omi and winat's arguments embody hegemonic representation and narrative

-the American dream is the ultimate version of the commonsense narrative -the notion that if you work hard you will succeed, less likely to pan out if you are not white -meritocracy in America is discriminated across racial groups as well -if we buy into the American dream then everyone deserves the social position you are in, it is an even playing field

limits to recovery and legacy of poverty (NO)

-the black middle class has struggled to rebound -the exudes of the black middle class whereas middle income white families have come in more

usufruct rights (north eastern woodland tribes)

-the community can be the holder of control rights for what can be done in the land around the village, while individuals and families may have use rights to small areas -use rights can be very place specific, time specific, user specific, and use specific rights (called usufruct rights) -the right to use something without destroying it -the right to derive profit from something without undermining its ability to yield: fruit, renewable resources, you have a right to the fruit but you don't have a right to the tree -can be in all kinds of tenure regimes but we will mostly talk about it in communal tenure regimes

the west as America: reinterpreting images of the frontier (national museum of american art exhibit, 1991)

-the exhibit is "perverse, historically inaccurate and destructive" -former librarian of congress Daniel boorstin -"( it has) a crude, half-baked marxist meanness" (that expresses) "contempt for every achievement of western expansion" -political columnist Charles Krauthammer -the exhibit undermined the sacred idea of the frontier as the anvil of american democracy and exceptionalism. -the exhibit challenged the dualistic vision of civilization vs savagery and wilderness which was central to narratives of american identity -the premise of the exhibit was that 19th century white supremacist culture and racist ideology remained an important part of 20th century american society -the exhibit made it impossible to make America great again bc it showed that it wasn't actually all that great to begin with for many ppl -an attack on the sacred idea of western expansion and progress

image of baby (during Katrina) highlights the notion that things are happening here bc of personal responsibility (where is the mother)

-the message of personal responsibility not being exercised, but you might think society has a responsibility to these ppl as well -the dynamic between the 2 perspectives -who has responsibility? the individuals, the gov

the 3 court cases

-the nature of tribal vs federal vs state sovereignty -the obligations of the federal government to the tribes as guardians of tribal welfare under the trust doctrine

obligations

-the notion of American exceptionalism is often built around liberty which is associated with rights (particularly property rights) -there is a notion in the US that property rights are more important than property obligations -ex: I have an obligation to not break traffic laws, maintain my yard a little bit, not create a public safety hazard, pay taxes

ideological racism (personal racism)

-those who deny racism in society bc structures are colorblind -racism as a system of bigotry -racism as an ideology of bigotry, commonsense stereotypes -since 1960 there has been a steady decline in which overtly bigoted ideas and ppl are accepted -some say racism has ended but commonsense is deeply ingrained in the minds of ppl in the US it is not just a matter of intentionality

spatial and temporal diversity of the north eastern woodland tribes

-the patchwork biodiversity of this region is a delight -spatial diversity = there are places with dif forest types -wetland areas in the southeastern part of New England -flood plain areas joining the Connecticut rivers -lots of open fields (possibly done by fire maybe for hunting also lots of areas have been cleared for grazing ) -temporal diversity = seasonal cycles, an aspect of biodiversity, in the fall the leaves all change etc -annual temporal patterns shaped by seasons -annual spatial patterns shaped by topography, hydrology, soils -longer term pattern of temporal diversity can be described in terms of forests and age (field forest succession can be over simplified but show how thru the years forests mature) -stand age= how long each plant has been living (even though the species might be the same, they ill be at different stages and each of these presents certain opportunities for use -this landscape is affected by natural patterns of lightening strikes, fires etc (often cycles restart, natives might restart the cycle every yr or every 3-5 yrs w/ burning) -recent studies in southern new England are arguing pretty conclusively that there were lots less burning than is described in literature -lowland areas= good for agriculture, upland areas= better for hunting, shoreline areas= better for fishing, the social organization is organized to take advantage of these opportunities

transfer of rights (alienation)

-the right to sell to transmit it to airs and reallocate use and control rights -can u transfer rights to a thing -transfer rights are not always included in private property rights (sometimes they depend on who you are selling to (ex: can't sell to a logger but could sell to a nonprofit hypothetically, this is collective claims bc the community ha decided that a logger clear cutting this land is bad -sometimes land appears public in the common sense way and then there are collective claims that can be exercised on common property , state property and even private property -a legal right to prevent someone from externalizing their costs to make a profit (infringing on the rights of your neighbors) -can be done through the law, institutionalized in regulations or monkey wrenching (sabotaging equipment used for logging operations for instance)- is in a sense an assertion of a right -ex: prevent someone from clear cutting bc it could result in a flood down stream

production and reproduction of north eastern woodland tribes

-the system of production was oriented to and allowed for reproduction based on a gender division of labor -the way in which the system is reproduced (sustained) -central structural elements are reproduced and sustained -certain number of animals harvested each yr, burning underbrush -sustaining of the nutrients biodiversity ands on -merchant's argument emphasizes the gender based mode of production (women are essential for being the primary horticulture (account for 90% of the calories in the food system) quite typical of hunter gather systems and subsistence agriculture modes of production

property rights

-the tools through which different interests are exercised as New Orleans is rebuilt -public performance= empowering communities as a counter hegemonic movement -street performance = a property right asserted by community members to that area -express not just a claim to space as public property but also to rly assert a different vision to what this city might be and challenging the market oriented vision -this was highly contested

resource tenure system: private property

-there are private rights to the domicile and those may be privetly held by an individual or family -there are private rights to the tools ppl make -private rights to horticulture areas, ppl have their own plots for the most part (there may be an obligation to work with others and harvest and an obligation to protect land from predatory animals -these private rights don't look like lockian private rights -if ur neighbor's house burns down, u have an obligation to let them in -if ur neighbor wants to borrow ur farming tool and u don't need it, u have an obligation

ceremonial dance hats 1793

-there are rules, part of the reason management of resources worked so well bc there was lots of rules for that too -takes a tremendous amount of knowlege to not only know how to make baskets but also where to find the plants and how to manage them (this knowledge has to be passed down from generation to generation and has to be shared within the tribe

-image of the 84 yr old woman wrapped in an American flag

-there are so many reasons she shouldn't have to be wearing that flag, her president didn't have her back and being an African American woman, America did not have her back -superficial

Indian new deal policy tension: sovereignty v. wardship

-there was continued dependence, continued wardship during the depression (there wasn't rly another viable option due to the state of the economy) , perhaps collier and others saw it as this was a first step in moving toward sovereignty (even tho there was still some dependent ) -Felix Cohen= inherent powers of a limited sovereignty which has never been extinguished -impaired soverignty, look at the tribes in a way similar to states -the states take rights that the federal government doesn't express in the consitiution -the rights the fed gov hasn't taken away remain with the tribes -ben Riffel reading = refers to collier with admiration -rufa casita = describes the Indian new deal as a new form of colonialism Bec it encourages dependency and models indian gov on western gov

-yurok management of forest succession encouraged keeping some areas open

-there were still Douglas fir forests

English colonists (1620)

-those who came in the early 17th century were seeking a better life, mostly protestant but some parts of Maryland and Rhode Island were catholic -most were not puritans or pilgrims, just ppl living a better life -pilgrams= the initial settlement in New England, came on the mayflower( separist, sought salvation outside the Church of England, first went to the Netherlands and then to New England; goals to realize god's vision and build a "city upon a hill" -puritans= religious believers who sought to reform the Church of England from within to make it protestant -in the 1590s portugeus and ___ fisherman in Nova Scotia etc (brought devastating diseases and in some cases killed 90% of ppl, shaped the landscape that the English encountered)

frontier process

-turner gives an address that talks about frontier process and says the history of america and american identity can be understood thru the history of the frontier. The frontier is a state of mind more than a place, it is that process through which american identity is understood -wilderness masters the colonist at first but through hard work, the colonist transforms the wilderness and creates a broadly equitable (for whites) society -narrative of civilizing the untamed wilderness, -progress

impact on ecosystems (fur trade)

-type, intensity, scale, sustainability, production and reproduction -natives + colonists have dif impacts on ecosystems (described by cronan, merchant and wolf) -native modes of production = oriented toward the long term reproduction of the ecosystem -europeans social organization = production orientation to seasonal production -insitu (in one place) -property rights rationalizes the commodification of that ecosystem and leads to crisis of reproduction which is resolved thru the transfer of resources from the periphery to the center and technological innovations and territorial expansion (pushing westward on and on and on) -involves reorganizing species that plays out on a landscape level that results in radical change -best understood within an analytical frame of colonialism ( a process of colonialism that resulted in the dependency of native ppls, involved territorial control/ pushing natives north and west, incorporated them into trade -depriving natives the capacity for social, cultural and ecological reproduction trapping them in dependency

--yurok house made out of redwood

-very fire resistant -door is a small hole, helps keep out intruders -sunk into the ground with a shelf for storing things -in relatively clear area, the villages were generally on bluffs and in the open where they were unlikely to be flooded or burned in a wildfire

salmon runs

-very specific rules about how to harvest resources

the river likes to change, and it is ecologically appropriate for them to change

-we by in large rly fight this

terminology of Indians contested within tribal groups

-we will consciously use these terms interchangeable

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

-westward expansion, right along the Indian Illinois border you start to get settlement and results in a dispute between 2 white land speculators who both acquired titles to the same piece of land -johnson sued McIntosh for the right to the land -issue: right to convey title based on first rights: mcIntosh=conveyance from Crown, Johnson= conveyance from tribes in this area -decision: for McIntosh -docterine of discovery gave feds limited first rights to land and alienation rights -set of ideas that goes back to the Spanish and portugeues when they were dividing up the lands that they discovered -the notion of discovery was u go to a place, stand on a hill and survey ur land and say I claim it -discovery gives title to the government who's subjects made the discovery -says first right goes to who discovered it, tribes retain right to occupancy (tribes are the rightful occupants but not owners, not rly talking about soverignty but it is implied -implications: precedent, property rights to occupancy go to the tribes but maybe there are other rights that could go to the tribes too, its not rly clear at this pint -implication that there might be other complex tribal rights -tribes don't have rights to ownership but perhaps the tribes retain certain sovereign rights but it is left undefined -implies that it is possible there are limits on sovereign right of the federal gov -guardianship theory= government responsibility to protect tribal rights -soverignty: not directly addressed> but the decision suggests the possibility of tribal "impaired sovereignty" from which tribes may retain occupancy rights (and possibly others)

regional flooding

-wetland saltwater inundation: placement parish was flooded, 200 sq miles of wetlands were permanently transformed into open water -louisiana didn't flood the Mississippi River, the levees actually held -infrastructure damage: transportation, housing, services, industry, "cancer alley" -I10 was destroyed -bluxy river boat casino was destroyed (even tho this place floods often, the river boat casino symbolizes bad decision making: doing this for tourism, the politically powerful, culturally conservative constituents were trying to keep the sin of culture offshore, just looking at development -the petrochemical industry in Louisiana was damaged: lots of these rigs were close to shore, damage to some of these rigs and the leaks associated with this were devastating -Louisanan's industrial corridor/cancer ally= lots of industrial plants and low income, predominantly African American communities lived here: all sorts of exposure to ppl to toxics , lots of chemicals from these

broader scale projects:

-white supremacy and domination versus black identity and resistance

Yurok ancestral territory

-wohtek (a village in Yurok territory) -have redwood forests in the territory (dominated by large trees, so they are dark and lack biodiversity ) -redwood belt didn't have that many villages, the villages start to get more common as you get to places with ecosystems that were more biodiverse and manageable than the redwood forest -red woods were considered sacred so the Yurok didn't tough redwoods, fallen redwoods made good boats -most of the game, acorns were located outside the redwood belt -

Worcester v Georgia (1832)

-worcester= a Congregationalist minister who was invited to preach in cherokee territory -he was arrested in cherokee territory by Georgia police for beaking laws that forbid certain ministries from proselytizing in Georgia -georgia exercises it sovereign rights saying that these rights extend into indian territory and give Georgia the right to govern over indian law and essentially federal law -issue: exercise of state sovereignty on tribal land -decision: for Worcester -federal sovereignty trumps tribal sovereignty -tribal sovereignty trumps state sovereignty -says that in this territory the laws of Georgia can have no force, the state of Georgia has no say of tribal lands -implications: precedent (mixed system of sovereignty, foundation for the trust doctrine, as the courts work with these questions of sovereignty they develop a legal doctrine called the trust doctrine (we need some legal guarantees that the fed gov will act as guardians for the tribes) -plays out over time and this legal obligation can be described as fiduciary duty (the fed gove is legally responsible to look out for the well-being of the tribes) -tribes= an orphan child, the state has a legal obligation to look after that orphan child -wardship v. sovereignty (maybe emphasizing tribal gov is the best way to look out for tribes is to emphasize their sovereignty or maybe to recognize tribes as a ward of the government, policy tends to swing back and forth between this) -the state of Georgia argued that tribal governments were below state governments -the Supreme Court said that the federal gov had superiority of the tribes and state gov -the Supreme Court said that federal gov had superiority of the tribes and the state gov but the state gov had no superiority over the tribes, so tribes start to look like states, no forced removal by states

Macpherson: property as a social process

1. "property is a man-made institution which creates and maintains certain relationships between people and people and things" 2. the forms and meanings of property reflect the purposes that a society or dominant groups want them to serve 3. Property rights and obligations change over time and place 4. property rights and obligations are political: they are enforced by society or the state and may be contested

worster's analytical frame work

1. Nature= the nonhuman world, geophysical/ecological, natural resource: natural materials perceived as useful (something occurring in nature that is perceived useful by humans in many cultures, can still refer to processed natural resources as natural resources -nature provides limits and opportunities in uneven spatial and temporal patterns 2. social organization= social institutions, economy, infrastructure etc., modes of production= strategies for engaging perceived natural limits and opportunities (ex: capitalist mode of production or subsistence agriculture, capitalism= class division of labor, subsistence agriculture = gender division of labor, division of labor is often associated with modes of production, how society transforms natural resources and labor and knowledge into goods and services, associated social organizations: technology and division of labor) -social institutions, economy, infrastructure etc. all built in the natural world (the differentiated spaces in nature provide context for but do not directly determine patterns of uneven social and economic development 3. culture= learned systems of meaning that shape perception and behavior (beliefs, ideas, knowledge, language, values, norms, laws, religion, mediates how we experience nature and offers a rational for how we use natural resources) 4. Dialectical interaction = interplay of nature, culture and society over time (knowlege= new ways to harness nature, key driver of historical change and new Orleans and is broadly -learned systems of meaning that shape perception and behavior (culture mediates human relations with nature, and offers means of rationalizing human experience in nature and use of natural resources. Different societies and groups perceive limits and opportunities in nature through their own cultural sense, which, in turn shape relationships between humans and nature

fire management (Yurok Tribe)

1. alter species composition- increase desirable plants and plant parts 2. change patterns of forest spatial and temporal diversity (distribution of habitats and forest states) 3. change wildlife and human habitat

imagery and representation of native Americans (Schimmel discussed this)

1.Noble savage (colonial era-1840s) 2.brutal savage(1820s-80s) 3. conquered ppls (1880s) 4. dependent indian (1900s) 5. ecological indian (1960s) 6. independent Indian (1960s)

new species

plants animals and pathogens -replacing rye with wheat or barley bc of higher yield per acre

control rights

the rights to make decisions about how a thing can be used

the conquered Indian

Henry farny morning of a new day

perspectives on racism

Kanye West: "America is set up to help the poor, the black ppl, the less well-off as slow as possible, George bush doesn't care about black ppl -condoleezza rice (secretary of state) "that Americans would somehow in a color affected way decide who to help and who not to help... I just don't believe it .. ppl are doing what they can for Americans. Nobody wants to see any American suffer" -notion of America as a color blind society -embodying ideas that reveal a lot about power and identity in the US and how racial projects and the ways in which they are carried out through narratives and representations are evident of different interests and ideological perspectives -these 2 narratives represent ways of thinking about race and specific racial projects -condalezza right= center right project (speaking to a very popular concept that America is a color blind society, the things that shape ppl's experiences are color blind, the law/constitution is color blind, we can escape the legacy of racism by declaring institutions color blind -aligns with the notions that what we need to be worried about with racism is ideological (personal racism) -Kanye West= center left project (reference to George bush is more a reference to the institutions and powerful, are they intentionally bigoted, no, they just don't care about the institutions

An indigenous people's history of the US (2014)

The history of the United States is a history of settler colonialism-the founding of a state based on the ideology of white supremacy, the widespread practice of African slavery and a policy of genocide and land theft -awareness of the settler-colonist context of US history writting is essential if one is to avoid the laziness of the default position and the trap of a mythological unconscious belief in manifest destiny. The form of colonialism that the indigenous ppls of North America have experienced was modern from the beginning: the expansion of European corporations backed by gov armies into foreign areas with subsequent expropriation of lands and resources. Settler colonialism is a genociadial policy" -Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz

fences northeastern woodland tribes

is the fence an indication of protection of animals, safety less about public vs private, more about separating nature from culture

Merriam report

The report that told the country about the conditions under which the Indians were living in when they were in the reservations -written in 1938, John Collier was one of the main contributors

Controversy about Krech's argument

Vine Deloria: "It's nonsense... the Indians did not make any appreciable dent in the buffalo numbers in the northern plains. Its anti-endian stuff" (accuses Krech of distorting history and absolving whites -Kim Tallbear: ecological Indian stereotype "perpetuates divisive politics underway in Indian country and delegitimizes efforts of tribes to govern ourselves if were are not perceived as traditional according to a narrow, generic, and romanticized view of what is tradition -refelcts the arguments of traditionalists and modernists on resource management and economic development strategies -traditionalists draw on the notion of the ecological Indian and their traditional knowledge can be used to justify claims to natural resources -modernists say that this delegitimizes things like Indian gaming and other forms of western forest management -need for dialogue within native communities about sovereignty about how it plays out within governance and society and culture

structural analysis

a transformative tool that can transform society for the better not just for ppl of color but for entire communities, regions and the nation -we want to think about the structures that lead tot he differences of outcomes for ppl of Katrina

intersubjective

active subject <> active subject -restraint flexibility and adaptation to limits

instrumental

active subject> passive object -nature as object of manipulation, control and domination -nature is an instrument in human interest

the levees only approach

basis of development in the city -separating Nature and culture= based on an instrumentalist ideology of control over Nature to facilitate economic development -but didn't adapt to nature by retaining wetlands to absorb flood water -risk and illusion of safety: created illusion of safety, while increasing risk -amnesia: explaining why they could ignore betsy etc

philosophical assumptions: protestantism

emerges in England in the 17th century as a force to be reckoned with against the Anglican Church (still protestant), now there is a Calvinist protestantism -universal catholism: there is no distinction between god, church, community and the individual, they are all god's creation -everyone is on the inside (if u couldn't perform the sacraments there is some flexibility here ) -says all are welcome -focused that much more on the second table (the parts of the 10 commandments about moral behavior, embody the traditional values of rural society)

rearranging and mimicking nature

biomimesis= the central principle in city and regional planning, mimicking natural patterns and processes to adapt to nature and climate change -the notion that you are going to replicate the Mississippi River flood system by creating infrastructure -ex: spillways -going to make a compromise with the historical look of the landscape and the historical levees only approach to create something in between -this is an intersubjective approach to natural resource management recognizing that resilience is grounded in adapting to nature, the old infrastructure is still there tho and the new infrastructure must form a hybrid of this

temporal diversity

can be represented by linear models of successional change -not necessarily progress, in Marin, Douglas fir outsides oak "climax stage" , old growth, late serial stage, we tend to manage for the climax stage but it is not necessarily the best , all the stages have valuabe things it is our choice which to manage for

gramsci

communist leader in Italy during facism -prolific in understanding how fascist took power with the support of ppl whose interests were not supported by the fascist -there are ppl who are not rly seeing their interests clearly

acculturation

cultural incorporation thru adaptation of dominant american cultural values and forms (including language) -more about cultural norms and practices (ex: language, speaking English, education) -americans tried to acculturate natives by sending them to boarding school -they were acculturated, not assimilated (they weren't ready to go out and get jobs, be assimilated until after they were acculturated

pluralist

cultural pluralism: a lot of these ppl in cities are not acculturated (still speaking Russian, Croatian, greek etc), these ppl can be assimilated but not acculturated -multiculturalism: late 1900s, everyone can do their own thing, a celebration of cultural diversity

colonization

domination vs dependency in settlement and colonization -ethical differences < 21st cent liberal perspective

gentrification

driven by economic growth in higher paying jobs, reduced housing stock, increased rents and a new immigrant population

market based development

empower private sector to allocate resources rationally in marketplace -color blind policy framework -private sector efficiencies of markets is highlighted

everyday actions= the processes of racial projects

ex: language, art, and music in faubourg Treme -ex: media discourse about Katrina -ex: corporations circulating those images -ex: the institutions in these images (president, national guard) -ex: our discussion on media discourse today in class -anything that interprets, represents or in affect reorganizes race= a racial project

levees only approach to water resource management:

facilitated a segregated racial geography paralleled a geography of vulnerability and risk> giving rise to a landscape of racially differentiated risk -in the city proper= 80% of the neighborhoods flooded were minorities and poor (exception= lake view) -reflected the segregationist institutions of Jim Crow as blacks were pushed into former back swamp areas and in the port area near environmental hazards and whites moved to higher ground and suburbs -levees protect the city from overflow and allows for the reclamation of back swamps and the development of low-lying areas (subsidence of the reclaimed land in the city and the wetlands around the city bc the ground water lowered which lowers the elevation

fences (colonist)

function/ symbolism -separate the agriculture from the forest -represeneted a separation from nature and culture (like the levees) -offered a clear statement to the the community of property rights -facilitated the commodification of property rights -facilitiated the commoditification of property -kept animals in/out -agriculture could be intensified -served a political purpose of excluding natives

great power geopolitics

fur trade= an international phenomenon that drew indigenous ppl throughout the globe into a system of natural resource extraction for the market and consumption

means of community based development

grass roots community empowerment; gov engagement and policy

uneven recovery in New Orleans

growth but also a rebound in poverty -economic sectors= video production and distribution growth, water management growth -entrepreneurship: lots of entrepreneurs who were able to start up often focused on art (not rly tech), many of these were white entrepreneurs -gentrificiation: there have been hotspots of gentrification, unaffordable rent, rents have gone up (more affordable rents in the north eastern part of the city) -emergence of short term rental cultures (in the tea pot area but also in the 7th ward, Treme etc) -emergence of Treme and the seventh ward as hipster areas -Sean cummings= avatar of gentrification: by water river front project = the city's brand has been extending world wide and eliminating crime, "look where ppl are displaced, does it not make a more robust city", "it is our job to fix the city so that they would want to come back", deeply detached from local communities, symbolic of the mindset that goes into rebuilding a market based approach

gulf coast hurricanes

hurricane betsy= predicted hurricanes, flooded New Orleans, caused levee improvements, originally intended to take 13 yrs -when Katrina hit it was only 75% complete in 2003 -soon after betsy fear faded and tourism and development continued -in 2001 FIMA listed a major hurricane hitting New Orleans as one of the top 3 disasters that could happen to the US -62.5 million dollars per yr for levee construction was cut -past as prologue

racial projects as social processes: macro level

ideology and social structure -cutlural signification -"racial formation emerges from a vast web of racial projects mediating between the discursive/ representational ways race is signified and the institutional ways it is effected on the other" -discursive or representational means= the set of ideas, language and the cultural context in which race is defined -institutional and organizational forms= the econ/ landscape -the collective cultural level or racial representation and identity and at the institutional/ organizational/ social structural level in which there is a positionally (where groups are expected to fit with respect to their position in society)

mule deer

important game species

assimilation

incorporation into mainstream american social, economic and political institutions and civic life. It does not necessarily refer to cultural incorporation (ex: emancipation, there were opportunities for blacks during reconstruction to assimilate into culture)

state property

institutional right to exclude -the gov has the right to these things as private property -a form of private property for the state -the state can exclude u from entering Tilden park after dark

state of Louisiana's master plan (2012)

key goals: flood mitigation and recharge of wetlands with sediment -key means: bank stabilization, hydrologic restoration, shoreline protection (horizontal jetties protecting from erosion), ridge restoration, structural protection, oyster barrier reef, marsh creation, canal backfiring (filling in canals) -key mgt. technologies: MOLD systems (spillways to mitigate seasonal flooding on the Mississippi River, river diversions to mitigate storm surge flooding, restoration by machine and human labor, multiple lines of defense

procedural injustice

lack of access to decision making institutions and arenas -we need to have a stake holder process that opens up conversations about land management etc

accumulation and inequality

locke transforms the individaul's right to the fruits of his lobe into a right of unlimited accumulation by means of a "little piece of yellow metal" (gold ) -says that use is key, not wasting god's gift, the amount of property rights one has in land is limited by an amount an individual can consume -property is limited by labor and consumption: can't waste the property, but money won't deteriorate so it will not be wasted, money allows for the unlimited accumulation of wealth and inequality

power , race and consent

max weber on power: "that opportunity existing within a social relationship which permits one to carry out one's own will even against resistance and regardless of the basis on which this opportunity rests" -defining power in terms of will and the ability to dominate others, no ethical dimension to this -an overt way in which power operates as the exercise of the will -not the ability to set agendas, what ppl are even going to be talking about, doesn't address the ability to shape cultural meaning and understanding within individuals -power at the macro level

turner's thesis

moment of crisis- anxiety over american identity -1893 -to bring in ppl from Armania + russia= harder to assimilate (also question of how to assimilate native) the frontier is closing, there is no land left to settle

frontier

more than an idea in ppl's mind -they place this idea on western expansion -as the frontier is tamed and natives are dealt with like children/ with violence -fredrick Jackson turner embodies the idea of the frontier as the home for the machinist Americans -depicted lots in the 1950s, later in the 1980s this was heavily criticized

natural law

natural right to one's own person -the nature of nature, nature is god's gift to man to serve god -instramentalist cultural perspective of nature -humans must make it productive and not waste nature -in beginning all was a garden of eden held in common property and nature was in abundance -the apple of knowledge was eaten bc it was too tempting, in Lockes ivison everything was to open and accessible -man can't resist when everything is common property -private property allows for the resolution of man's morally flawed soul and his relationship with nature -natural law=. these are things that can be intuitive they seem natural: humans have a right to their body and survival, every man has a property to his own person

bear grass

need long flexible leaves, turn white after they died/ dry

agroecology (the ecosystem of the fields themselves within the village and around the village)

polyculture -corns, beans and squash (sometimes other plants) are planted so that much of their growth cycle over laps -burning the fields after harvest to return nutrients to the soil

media representation and African American identity

racial formation= a process " the sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created and destroyed" -encompasses ideas and forms that give significances and meaning to race -encompasses social processes and affects social positionally -to understand how racial projects play a part in racial formation= understand that racial projects are any sort of ideas, institutions, practices and outcomes that give meaning to race and situate it at the social level

Henry farny

represents that doomed image -progress is not the path of the new day, rather it is headed off the hill pushing into the czar -natives heading the opposite way of the train -rly powerful image -train heading into the light, natives heading into the dark -is there a chance for nobility, redemption and acculturation

crisis of production

resulted in mining resources

community based development

seek equity through inclusive decision making and strategic public funding -recognition of structural inequality as the basis of policy

intrasubjective

society and nature as one whole

north eastern woodland tribes (nature)

spatial and temporal diversity -over the landscape what does the biodiversity look like (meteorological diversity) (geographical diversity) -opportunities and limits

sovereignty

supreme political authority in a geographic region or group of ppl -the sovereign: government, monarch, the ppl -the ultimate authority to grant/ take property -manifested in laws and the power to apply them around taxation and regulation etc -there can be more than 1 sovereign

american interpretations of the locket social contract

the basis of American ideas of the social contract -written in the declaration of independence by Thomas Jefferson (a bit more emphasis on democracy ) -don't want to highlight possessions bc ppl are considered possessions -so they consider health and possessions into the pursuit of happiness -what are the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of the social contract -citizenship, now later court decisions extend that in many ways to all persons none the less it is a tightly concerned with whiteness and maleness -idea that there is so much abundance, so there is this notion that the social contract can be expanded thru land if everyone has property then they have a stake -the property reflects a certain amount of labor, that virtue is associated with property and reflects freedom -landless ppl= seen as servile, corruptible and not worthy of citizenship -this plays out in how to allocate land rights in the American west and of course what era the nature of those rights -populist interpretation or possessive individualism interpretation on land

racial democracy

the consent of the oppressed in terms of commonsense terms of racial identity -the state is projecting and reinforcing the old ideas of defining americanness in terms of whiteness in many ways -defining the realities of life in low income communities as a failure of individuals -society guarantees equality before the law but doesn't demand equity for those caught in a cycle of poverty -there are structural inequalities that underpins systemic differences in access to the supposedly race neutral institutions of the state (ex: affirmative action, ways in which the state may or may not play a role in opening up the opportiltiy structure within society) -admission to the UC system is structured in a way that precludes applicants of color from benefiting in any way from an understanding of the disadvantages they may experience in grade levels and SAT scores (rn proposition 16 is on the ballot to repeal this proposition) -the state is implicated in an institutional means of reproducing racial inequity or fostering means of effectively overcoming racial inequity) -the state is empowered to shape racial formation through policy, law, administrative acts, institutional structures and schools -deep involvement of the state in the organization and interpretation of racial projects -race has changed meaning in the US in the last 50 yrs (in 2015 the confederate flag was flying over the statehouse in SC, 2017 removal of general lee statue, state is exercising certain sorts of power in the present time, what they are rly talking about is the shift from racial dictatorship (period when we have the commonsense racial identities produced violence and cohesion from the state: slavery, Jim Crow) -through the passage of the civil rights act there was a shift in the norms of how race is seen in society is integrated into the state -common sense stereotypes are fundamental to republican party rhetoric about African Americans -apply many of the things our current prez has come out and said explicitly

why property

the forms and distribution of property have great implications for socioeconomic organization and natural resource management -property relations shape and reflect: access to and control over natural resources, social and economic processes -power: ownership often conveys power to make decisions affecting ppl's lives -property is the historical basis of political rights -natural resources management: property relations shape landscapes and resource use

racial projects

the means by which the process of racial formation plays out -might say racial projects= racialization processes, the processes by which the categories of race and associated meaning and social patterns form -organize and distribute resources along particular racial lines -sometimes purposeful, sometimes not purposeful -play out at multiple -ex: white supremacy: kkk working under the white supremacy frame: but it is also a much broader frame work, going back centuries with the advent of colonialism and the notion that whites are superior -has a very long legacy and is still very with us today in terms of a whole social order (omi and winat refer to as a democratic racial project) -ex: black resistance: broadly defined, not just homer plessy getting on the bus

first rights to private property

the natural right to one's own body justifies a right to private property by mixing one's sweat with the soil -this is almost absolute right -morally infused notion of labor "that is mine with which I have mixed my sweat" -goes from an assumed natural right to one's own body to property by connecting them through labor, an obligation to cultivate the earth and not waste

Antonio gramsci on cultural hegemony/hegemonic power

the process by which dominant culture maintains its dominant position, not only thru political and economic control but thru the ability of the dominant class to protect its own way of seeing the world so that those who are subordinated by it accept it as "common sense" and "natural"

use rights

the right to use a thing in the way specified by the holder of control rights

racial formation

the socio historical process by which racial categories are created inhibited, transformed and destroyed

tenure

the system of rules defining allocation of property -law/ custom -tenure rights= rights within a tenure system -rules of tenure describe how property rights are distributed (who can use what resource for how long)

mercantilism theory

theory: a theory of political economy and economist system that runs counter too and historically precedes our economic system -in a competitive global economy, national prosperity depends on national accumulation of wealth thru a high balance of trade -you need to export more than you import -depends on importing cheap raw materials and manufacturing in the home country and exporting these manufactured goods

dominant culture

white supremacy and the legacy of it today -omi and Winant demonstrate this by discussing common sense -those in power will remain in power by reproducing power relations, through cohesion to some extent from the state and also other actors) ex: Wisconsin recent events -through shaping perceptions, through education and media and also thru the wide range of cultural forms and institutions -these ideologies that are conveyed determine what is potential to consider in terms of policy or just dinner convo -shaping perceptions and determining what is legitamety can be talked about in terms of creating/ manufacturing consent thru media -can be achieved by the state/ private interests by distributing opportunities broadly enough that ppl feel accepted into cultural norms -omi and Winant suggest that the distribution of opportunities to some minorities helps us to open up that meritocracy and establish a middle class and legitimizing the whole system that makes it possible -racial commonsense= a fundamental form of hegemonic power and a key driver of racial formation -not a conspiracy of overt acts, but it is something that simply happens -there are think tanks on the right and left pushing and pulling at these things -cultural actors contesting these things

meteorology of the storm

wind: despite 100 mph winds most damage was caused by rain -percipiatation -storm surge: as much as 28 ft in parts of Mississippi, took out low lying wetlands

replacing rye

with wheat or barely bc of higher yield per acre