ESS 3320 exam 1

Factors Affect Stability

- Bone shape - Articular cartilage improves the fit - Fibrocartilage - menisci - Ligaments - hold the bones together - Muscle tension - have to have muscle activity to hold the bones together - Fascia - connective tissue - Atmospheric pressure

Ligaments arrangements

- Ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-resistant, somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords - Help maintain relationship of bones - Check movement at normal limits of joint - Resist movements for which joint is not constructed - Will stretch when subject to prolonged stress - Once stretched, their function is affected - Viscoelastic

Joint Stability

- Resist displacement - Resist in plane not intended or articulating surface move away from each other (shear - resisting or moving the opposite direction, or traction) - As more movement allowed, stability is sacrificed - This is one of the reasons that shoulders are not a stable joint - they have a lot of freedom to move among the 3 planes

Opposite axes and plane work together!!!!!!!!

- Sagittal axes creates frontal plane motions!!!!!!!!!! - Frontal axes creates sagittal plane motions!!!!!!!!!!- Longitudinal axes creates transverse plane motions!!!!!!!!!!

3 layers of connective tissue in muscle

1. Epimysium (outer layer; covers bundles) 2. Perimysium (middle layer; covers fasciculus) 3. Endomysium (inner layer; covers muscle fiber cells)

Early 1900s

1st department is Physical Educators (PE); Academics "oldest profession" - very first university had one professor (Hitchcock) and one student (Sargent) - #1 pick was muscle fitness/ physical appearance

Condyloid

2 axes, 2 plane; Flex/extend, abduction/adduction, circumduction (making a cone shaped motion - combination of the two plane actions at the same time), • Wrist (radius/carpal) • Knuckle (metacarpal/phalanges) o Some only hinge, but the first row of knuckles abduct and adduct

Ball and Socket

3 planes, 3 axis - Free movement in all direction - Can do circumduction Ex: shoulders and hips

Axes

90° to the plane - An imaginary pin that allows rotation and movement - Can go through in three different directions in the joint ex. Shoulder - from front to back (anterior to posterior), lateral to medial

Cortical (more dense) bone

<30% space between mineralization - More in the shaft of the bone - Not much remodeling because there is not as much blood supply!!! - An all or nothing type of bone - its either not going to break at all, or its going to snap/shatter - Where in the body - In the middle shaft area of the bones (to help hold up and support body weight) - affected most by bone loss or gains

What certification test can exercise physiologists take?

ACSM

ACSM

American College of Sports Medicine; most credible clinical organization

Joint Movement

Cartilage is not static through the range of motion - The bones roll and glide through the ROM - There is hard cartilage to resist compressional forces, discs of cartilage (and the kind that is in your nose) is supposed to be elastic

Types of Diarthrosis

Classified by the # axes and how the bones articulate - Gliding - Hinge - Pivot - Condyloid - Saddle - Ball and socket

Physician Assistant

Don't even need a bachelors degree - Just need a decent GPA and pre-recs for PT school - First line of seeing a physician - Prescribing medicine

Double jointed

Double-jointed o Less stability o Angle of pull compromised High tension and pressures in joint o There is only one joint!!!!!!! Double jointed means that you have excessive range of motion and puts you at more of a risk for injuries

Trabeculae (less dense/spongy bone)

Helps us be lighter so that we are actually able to move - Strands of proteins - has more protein than cortical - Shock absorbing, elastic materials - >30% - Adds strength without weight - High turnover - most "remodeling" - porous - makes up joints - makes up the vertebrae

the bone is constantly changing the structure, taking minerals from one area and packing them into another area

If youre active and taking in the proper nutrients, remodeling takes place, the purpose of this is to redo the bones to keep it strong and light - Movement patterns and how you move determines the remodeling - When the osteoclasts break down, they do it where the reconstruction is taking place - Inactivity and lack of use will lead to decomposition and not as much remodeling of bones - Typically why older people have joint issues

Where is trabecular bone found?

Inner most part of bones, end of long bones Where in the body: - Vertebrae - Hips - Knees - In the joints!!!!

Long bone

Large movements - Shaft, medullary cavity, - Epiphysis - growth plate in between bones at the end - Arms, legs, clavicle, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges - "long" doesn't mean the bone is physically long - the shape is the determining factor

Muscular Arrangement

Muscle that span joints aid in stability - Especially when bony structure contributes little to stability

NSCA

National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978); non-clinical and 2nd most credible - these come up with screening tests

Kinesiology in the 1900's

PE teachers referred to themselves as kinesiologists - kinesiology was part of the PE department - There was a branch called kinesiology and it later became more focused on muscle/skeletal studies

Bony projections

Process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity all projects from the bone

Kinesiology Field

Replaces the Physical Education field name - PE is now a part of the Kines department; 1989

Factors Affect ROM

Same as stability Age Gender Exercise habits

Academy of Physical Education changed to Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education in 1989

Solidified that we would interpret kinesiology more broadly and include everything in the field - There's a hall of fame for the field, Kinesiology - Public health people, athletic trainers, physical therapists Final statement - Kinesiology is the field name!!!! - Broad umbrella that includes health, exercise science, recreation

Joint Capsule

Synovial membrane - when you put pressure and move joints, it fills with synovial fluid (the reason we warm up) Synovial fluid - reduces friction inside of joint Cartilage covers end of bones (hyaline) Ligaments

1960-1970 the term "biomechanics" came about

There were still courses called kinesiology, and some changed them to biomechanics

Certifications/Careers

Titleist Performance Institute: Helping people improve their performance for sports - Developed by golf professor and chiropractor Biomechanist (Cooper, CHEK, Golf) - Cooper Institute - Dallas - CHEK - need a bachelors degree - does workshops Muscle Activation Therapist - Developed by a strength coach - Business certification Somatotherapy: Believe that the connective tissue near the surface is what causes soreness - Pressure point things and such Myofascial Release Therapist

In order to be considered a profession, it must have?

a clear body of knowledge and understanding to be a professional - must pass a certification test

Ergonomics

a good internship to do! - Evaluate worksites and jobs to prevent injuries - Work in any setting

foramen

a hole, usually for nerves or vessels to pass through

fossa

a hollow depression or pit

Tuberosity

a knobby projection

Trochanter

a large, knobby projection

Process

a projecting part of the bone

line

a raised line or small ridge

epicondyle

a rounded projection near the ends of a long bone but lateral to the axis and not necessarily a part of the articulation - the side of the bone that sticks out

condyle

a rounded projection that articulates with another bone

Spine

a sharp projecting part of the bone

Tubercle

a small, knobby projection

facet

a small, smooth, and usually flat articular surface

fovea

a smaller or hollower depression or pit

Irritability

ability to respond to stimulus

Notch

an indentation on the border or the edge of a bone

Biomechanics

analyzing motions of the muscles and bones - certification - can be coach or researcher

Kinesiology began with

ancient physicians, the smartest people of their time practiced kinesiology - it is a relatively new and evolving profession

Fitz 1930's

another professor that said that we should do research instead of basing everything on non-research

Sagittal axis

anterior to posterior (front to back) - frontal plane motion: medial/lateral (ab/adduction)

Osteoclasts

break down the bone

Osteoblasts

build the bone

Order of the muscle fiber cell

bundle fasciculus muscle fiber cell - myofibril - myofilament 1) actin 2) myosin

What was one of the main component of health taught now from the first PE department?

cardiovascular health

Exercise science

combination of exercise physiology and biomechanics (and maybe motor learning) - 2-3 disciplines or major areas that all exercise science programs will have

Fascia

connective tissue on outside and inside of muscle - Intense or prolonged stress may cause permanent stretch - Iliotibial tract and thick skin covering the knee joint are examples

Parallel Elastic Component (PEC)

connective tissue runs parallel

muscle fiber cell

consists of myofibrils held together by sarcolemma (cell membrane), which can propagate nerve impulses

Frontal Plane

cuts your body into the front half and back half - Ex: abduction and adduction - Parallel with the wall

Sagittal Plane

cuts your body into the left half and right half - Ex. Forward lunge, trunk flexion and extension (leaning forward and backward)

Transverse Plane

cuts your body into the top half and bottom half - Ex: horizontal flexion and extension, rotations of the trunk

Short bone

direct forces (bridges) - carpals and tarsals

Extensibility and Elasticity

enable the muscle to be stretched, and return to normal length - Tendons are continuations of muscle's connective tissue, also possess these properties

Nutrition can be thrown into

exercise physiology - exercise physiologists tend to be cardio people and into endurance - into energy - burning calories, weight management, into health

Muscles have 4 properties

extensibility, elasticity, irritability, and contractility

Plane

gives us a reference point to describe the range of motion - Planes are the same as the axes

Kinesiology Academy changed to Biomechanics Academy

in 1990

Contractility

is the ability to shorten and produce tension

Biomechanics used to be called

kinesiology

Irregular bones

many roles - spine and sacrum

Frontal axis

medial to lateral (side to side) - sagittal plane motion: front/back (flex/extension)

Myosin pulls actin and that's called

muscle contraction

Synarthrosis

no space - AC joint - where the acromion and clavicle come together - Ligaments - Sutured - hip - its all glued together - Cartilage - pelvis

Irregular/gliding/plane

non-axial, curved/smooth/irregular shaped articulation - Carpals, tarsals, facets of vertebrae - Just shift, they direct forces around

In 1960, a professor, Barham, changed the names of the courses because kinesiology was such a broad term

o Anatomical Kines Later called biomechanics o Mechanical Kines o Psychology Kines o Physiological Kines Later called exercise physiology

Kinesiotherapists

o Requires a bachelors degree in ESS o Have to do a full semester internship o Working with the elderly o CERTIFICATION TEST NEEDED

Functions of bones

o Support weight o Muscle attachments o Mechanical advantage o Protection o Store minerals o Make blood cells

Exercise Physiology

oldest discipline in kinesiology - exercise affects health (systems of body); Cardiovascular/cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal - emphasis was on the health of the body

Hinge

one axis, concave and convex - Flex and extend - Elbow, knee - One plane

Pivot

one axis, rotation, atlas/axis, radius/ulna Ex: forearm, first two vertebrae (atlas/axis)

Shear

opposite directions; applied force tends to slide the molecules across each other - we are not good at shearing

Physiotherapists

physical therapists - fancy named used in other countries

Examples of professions in kinesiology/exercise science

physical therapists athletic training teachers/coaches

Ancient Greeks were

physicians, exercise physiologists, personal trainers, and coaches

Compression

pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body - trabeculae resist at end - #1 factor that resists bone - cortical resist due to density (squared effect) - any loss in bone has squared effect on ability to resist

Flat bone

protection and RBC - sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis, patella

Tension

pulling, bending, or stretching force directed axially through a body

Body of knowledge

research: proof, results, scientifically controlled, reviewed by researchers to accept and publish - It's a good source to define the profession non-research: Sell the idea; Comes from people who practice before us - passing down ideas and knowledge from one generation to the next - doesn't have to be tested and researched to be used - Ideas get passed from articles, journals, and conferences

Saddle

saddle shape - concave and convex each bone Can do circumduction Modified condyloid Ex: thumb • Can move side to side and front to back!

Diarthrosis

space, joint capsule - Freedom of motion

Prolonged relaxation reduces

stability ex: sitting, catcher's position

What test did Sargent come up with?

strength and power fitness test - vertical jump

kinesiology

study of movement

Longitudinal axis

superior to inferior (top to bottom) - vertical pin - transverse plane motion: top/bottom (horizontal, rotational, pro/supination)

Stretching activates

tendons/muscles

neck

the part of the bone that joins the head to the shaft

head

the spherical articular end of a long bone

motion

to describe a motion in biomechanics, you use planes to help describe the direction

Is exercise science considered to be a profession?

yes, but there is not a specific body of knowledge - no exam - different criteria - different certifications this is a new field so it is still evolving and changing

If you don't take in the calcium you need through your diet,

your body will go and find it from inside your body and it will start to break down parts of the body (bones) in order to keep its levels of calcium for the heart and brain