Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 15 The Urinary System
Dilute urine would have a specific gravity closest to ________.
1.001
In a 24-hour period, a typical volume of urine production is ________.
1.4 l
In one 24-hour period, the kidneys of an average-sized healthy adult filter approximately ________ through their glomeruli into the tubules.
150-180 liters of blood plasma
The average adult urinary bladder is moderately full with ________ of urine within it.
500 mL
The percentage of filtrate eventually reabsorbed into the bloodstream is closest to ________.
99%
What role does angiotensin II play in restoring blood pressure to normal?
Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to vasoconstrict.
From childhood through late middle age, one of the most common bacteria to infect and inflame the urinary tract and cause urethritis and cystitis is ________.
Escherichia coli
Why is the trigone of the urinary bladder clinically important?
Infections tend to persist in the trigone.
What is the primary action of antidiuretic hormone?
It causes kidney-collecting ducts to reabsorb more water.
What is one reason urinary tract infections are more common in females?
The female urethra is only 1.5 inches long.
The blood vessel directly feeding the glomerulus with blood from the cortical radiate artery is the ________.
afferent arteriole
The main hormone that acts on the kidneys to regulate sodium ion concentration of the extracellullar fluid (ECF) is ________.
aldosterone
Arterial blood pH above 7.45 is considered to be ________.
alkalosis
The hormone released by the posterior pituitary to prevent excessive water loss in the urine is ________.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The chemical buffer system that includes carbonic acid and its salt, which ties up the H+ released by strong acids, is called the ________.
bicarbonate buffer system
The kidneys can help maintain a rising blood pH by excreting ________ ions and reabsorbing ________ ions by the tubule cells.
bicarbonate; hydrogen
Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma except for ________.
blood proteins
Filtrate typically does NOT contain ________.
blood proteins
How does the urinary system respond to blood that has become acidic?
both secrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions
Cup-shaped extensions of the pelvis that enclose the tips of the renal (medullary) pyramids
calyces
Antidiuretic hormone prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the ________.
collecting duct
Which one of the following is NOT one of the major roles of the kidneys in normal healthy adults? A) excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes B) maintenance of water balance of the blood C) maintenance of electrolyte balance of the blood D) conversion of ammonia to bicarbonate ion E) ensuring proper blood pH
conversion of ammonia to bicarbonate ion
Most nephrons are located within the renal ________.
cortex
As venous blood is drained from the kidney, which path does it follow ________.
cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
Which of these is a nitrogenous waste associated with muscle tissue?
creatinine
Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine? A) blood proteins B) red blood cells C) hemoglobin D) white blood cells E) creatinine
creatinine
When blood pH begins to rise, the respiratory control centers in the brain are ________.
depressed
The abnormal condition that results from the lack of ADH release, causing huge amounts of very dilute urine to be voided, is called ________.
diabetes insipidus
Specific gravity is the term used to compare how much heavier urine is than ________.
distilled water
Items in the blood that are NOT filtered will travel from the glomerulus to the ________.
efferent arteriole
The voluntarily controlled sphincter fashioned by skeletal muscle at the point where the urethra passes through the pelvic floor is called the ________.
external urethral sphincter
Which of these must you consciously relax for micturition to occur?
external urethral sphincter
Nitrogenous waste products, such as urea and uric acid, are ________.
filtered but poorly reabsorbed
Filtrate formed during glomerular filtration is captured by the ________.
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
Which part of the nephron is involved in filtration?
glomerular capsule
The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called ________.
glomerular filtration
Water and solutes are forced from the blood into the glomerular capsule of the nephron
glomerular filtration
Childhood streptococcal infections that go untreated can lead to ________.
glomerulonephritis
Untreated streptococcal infections in childhood that can lead to the kidney infection characterized by antigen-antibody complexes clogging the glomerular filters is known as ________.
glomerulonephritis
Of the capillary beds associated with each nephron, the one that is both fed and drained by arterioles is the ________.
glomerulus
Aldosterone does NOT directly or indirectly regulate ________.
glucose
Which of these is NOT normally found in urine?
glucose
Renal calculi can lead to ________.
hematuria
A strong acid will dissociate and liberate more ________ ions in water than a weak acid.
hydrogen
The inability to voluntarily control the external urethral sphincter is known as ________.
incontinence
Which of the following is the major stimulus for the thirst mechanism? A) hunger B) decreased urination C) increased osmolarity of blood plasma D) defecation E) increased saliva production
increased osmolarity of blood plasma
Who has the highest percentage of water in the body?
infant
The involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed is called the ________.
internal urethral sphincter
Which fluid compartment contains the greatest fluid volume?
intracellular fluid (ICF)
About two-thirds of body fluid is found within living cells; this fluid is called the ________.
intracellular fluid or ICF
What is the mechanism of aldosterone?
it causes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
Which organ filters blood, regulates blood volume and chemical makeup?
kidney
A calyx is indicated by ________.
label a
The glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) is indicated by ________.
label a
The ureter is indicated by ________.
label b
The efferent arteriole is indicated by ________.
label c
The cortical radiate artery is indicated by ________.
label d
The renal pelvis is indicated by ________.
label e
The renal cortex is indicated by ________.
label g
The nephron loop, or loop of Henle, is indicated by ________.
label j
The proximal convoluted tubule is indicated by ________.
label m
The peritubular capillaries are indicated by ________.
label n
The glomerulus is indicated by ________.
label o
Determine the possible cause of bile pigments in the urine ________.
liver disease
What stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?
low blood pressure
The process of emptying the urinary bladder is known as voiding or ________.
micturition
The process of emptying the urinary bladder is referred to as voiding or ________.
micturition
The functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine is the ________.
nephron
Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter in normal children is related to ________.
nervous system development
The need to get up during the night to urinate is called ________.
nocturia
The need to urinate frequently at night, which plagues over 50% of the elderly, is called ________.
nocturia
Hypospadias is a condition of male children that involves ________.
opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis
Highly sensitive cells within the hypothalamus that react to changes in blood composition and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) when appropriate are called ________.
osmoreceptors
The capillary bed surrounding the renal tubule is the ________.
peritubular capillaries
The degenerative condition in which blisterlike sacs (cysts) containing urine form on the kidneys and obstruct urine drainage is called ________.
polycystic kidney
What causes the internal urethral sphincter to open?
pressure from the contracting bladder
Which one of the following is NOT one of the functions of the kidneys? A) manufacture urine B) convert vitamin D from its inactive to its active form C) dispose of metabolic waste products D) produce hormones that assist in digestion E) regulate blood volume
produce hormones that assist in digestion
Which part of the nephron receives fluid from the glomerular capsular space?
proximal convoluted tubule
The portion of the renal tubule closest to the glomerulus is the ________.
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
What part of a nephron is responsible for reabsorbing all the nutrients and most of the water?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Starting from the glomerular capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is ________.
proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), distal convoluted tubule
The triangular regions of the kidneys that are striped in appearance and separated by the renal columns are the ________.
renal (medullary) pyramids
Triangular regions with a striped appearance
renal (medullary) pyramids
The blood vessel carrying blood from the aorta into the kidney is the ________.
renal artery
Cortex-like extensions that separate the renal (medullary) pyramids
renal columns
Renal (medullary) pyramids are separated by extensions of cortex-like tissue called the ________.
renal columns
Outer, lighter region of the kidney
renal cortex
There are three regions of the kidney; the outermost region is known as the ________.
renal cortex
The medial indentation where the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves are connected to the kidney is called the ________.
renal hilum
Darker, reddish-brown internal area of the kidney
renal medulla
What region of the kidney is deep to the renal cortex?
renal medulla
Flat, basinlike cavity medial to the renal hilum of the kidney
renal pelvis
What part of the kidney attaches to the ureter?
renal pelvis
Blood is transported away from the kidney in this vessel
renal vein
In males, the urethra is part of both the urinary system and ________.
reproductive system
Which system removes excess carbon dioxide from the blood?
respiratory system
Which one of the following terms describes the location of the kidneys? A) suprarenal B) retroperineal C) adrenal D) intraperitoneal E) retroperitoneal
retroperitoneal
Which of these chemicals dissociates completely and liberates all the hydrogen ions when dissolved in water? A) strong acids B) weak acids C) neutral substances D) weak bases E) strong bases
strong acids
The driving force for water intake is ________.
the thirst mechanism
The urinary bladder is able to expand as urine accumulates within it due to the presence of ________.
transitional epithelium
The smooth triangular region of the urinary bladder base that is outlined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the ________.
trigone
Aldosterone promotes sodium and thus water to move from the filtrate through the tubule cells into the blood
tubular reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes the movement of water from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries
tubular reabsorption
Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are moved from the filtrate back into the blood
tubular reabsorption
Opposite process to tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
The process that removes ions such as potassium and hydrogen from the blood and places them into the nephron for removal from the body as urine is known as ________.
tubular secretion
Unneeded substances such as potassium, urea, and creatinine are moved from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate
tubular secretion
Which one of the following is NOT a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions? A) glucose B) urea C) amino acids D) sodium E) water
urea
The tube connecting each kidney to the urinary bladder is the ________.
ureter
Tube that drains urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
ureter
The micturition reflex forces urine into the upper part of the ________.
urethra
Transports urine and sperm in males
urethra
Urine is transported from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the ________.
urethra
Inflammation of the urethra is called ________.
urethritis
A feeling that it is necessary to void, which is experienced more regularly in the elderly, is known as ________.
urgency
Contains an area called the trigone formed by the openings of the ureters and urethra
urinary bladder
Contains three layers of smooth muscle known as the detrusor muscle
urinary bladder
Micturition reflex causes this organ to go into contractions
urinary bladder
Muscular sac suitable for temporary urine storage
urinary bladder
Extracellular fluid is found everywhere in the body EXCEPT ________. A) within living cells B) blood plasma C) interstitial fluid D) cerebrospinal fluid E) humors of the eye and lymph
within living cells
